Introduction: The Nature of Leadership
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Leadership in Organizations
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After Studying this Chapter you should be
able to:
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Understand the different ways leadership has
been defined.
Understand the controversy about differences
between leadership and management.
Understand why it is so difficult to assess
leadership effectiveness.
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Leadership in Organizations
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Understand the indicators used to assess
leadership effectiveness
Understand what aspects of leadership have
been studied the most during the past 50 years.
Understand the organization of this book.
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Leadership in Organizations
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Understand the different ways
leadership has been defined
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Leadership in Organizations
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“Always, it seems, the concept of leadership
eludes us or turns up in another form to taunt
us again with its slipperiness and complexity.
So we have invented an endless proliferation of
terms to deal with it…and still the concept is
not sufficiently defined.”
Bennis (1959)
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Specialized role or shared influence process
Type of influence process
Purpose of influence attempts
Influence based on reason or emotions
Direct versus indirect leadership
Leadership versus management
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“Leadership is the process of influencing
others to understand and agree about
what needs to be done and how to do
it, and the process of facilitating
individual and collective efforts to
accomplish shared objectives.”
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Leadership in Organizations
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Understand the controversy about
differences between leadership
and management
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Leadership in Organizations
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Leaders and managers as qualitatively different
and mutually exclusive types of people
Leading and managing as different roles or
processes
Leading as an influence relationship and
managing as an authority relationship
Integrative approach
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Leadership in Organizations
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Understand why it is so difficult
to assess leadership effectiveness
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Leadership in Organizations
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Many different indicators
Immediate and delayed outcomes
Stakeholders with different preferences
Different conceptions of leadership
Development of a composite measure
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Leadership in Organizations
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Understand the different
indicators used to assess
leadership effectiveness
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Leadership in Organizations
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High group performance
Follower satisfaction
Improved group processes
Career success of leader
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Leadership in Organizations
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Understand what aspects of
leadership have been studied the
most over the last 50 years
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Leadership in Organizations
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Type of variable emphasized
Type of leader characteristic
Level of Conceptualization
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Characteristics of the Leader
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Characteristics of the Follower
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Characteristics of the Situation
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Trait Approach
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Behavior Approach
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Power-Influence Approach
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Situational Approach
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Integrative Approach
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Intra-individual process
Dyadic process
Group process
Organizational process
Multi-level theories
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Leader-centered versus followercentered
Universal versus contingency
Descriptive versus prescriptive
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Leadership in Organizations
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Understand the organization of
this book
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Leadership in Organizations
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Behavior Approach
Trait Approach
Situational Approach
Power and Influence Approach
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Dyadic level
Group level
Organizational level
Multiple levels
Summary of Major Findings
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