Bodleian Social Science Library
Plagiarism, Referencing
and
Reference Management
Mark Janes
Subject Consultant
[email protected]
Bodleian Social Science Library
Bodleian Social Science Library
Citations
Citations are references to published or other sources within the body of a
paper/book/thesis etc.
Follow a set citation scheme (Harvard, Chicago etc.).
Indicate an intellectual link between the work and the cited source
Citation as credit: used to measure impact, research performance etc.
Bibliometrics:
Systematic measurement of individuals,research groups, institutions,
journals, map fields and trends using publication and citation data.
Research Assessment
Uses bibliometric and other assessements to measure the research
output of universities = money!
Bodleian Social Science Library
Plagiarism/n
1. The action or
practice of taking
someone else's
work, idea, etc., and
passing it off as
one's own; literary
theft.
Bodleian Social Science Library
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-12608869
Bodleian Social Science Library
Chatzimarkakis breached
university policy by failing to
quote direct passages of
other works appropriately;
instead of using quotation
marks to show that the passage
was not written by
Chatzimarkakis, he simply
used a footnote at the end of
the text referring to the work
it came from.
"Such a practice gives the
impression that it is
Chatzimarkakis who is
speaking, while in reality texts
of other authors are being
reproduced."
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/14/plagiarism-row-jorgochatzimarkakis-germany
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15232002,00.html
Bodleian Social Science Library
Bodleian Social Science Library
What to avoid
Verbatim quotation without clear acknowledgement
Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either quotation marks or
indentation, with adequate citation.
Paraphrasing
Is misleading. It is better to write a brief summary of the author’s overall argument in
your own words than to paraphrase particular sections of his or her writing.
Cutting and pasting from the Internet
Information derived from the Internet must be adequately referenced and included in the
bibliography.
Collusion
This can involve unauthorised collaboration between students, failure to attribute
assistance received, or failure to follow precisely regulations on group work projects.
UAS Education Committee
http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/edc/goodpractice/about/
Bodleian Social Science Library
Inaccurate citation
It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions of your discipline. Additionally,
you should not include anything in a footnote or bibliography that you have not actually
consulted. If you cannot gain access to a primary source you must make it clear in your
citation that your knowledge of the work has been derived from a secondary text
Professional agencies
You should neither make use of professional agencies in the production of your work nor
submit material which has been written for you.
Auto-plagiarism
You must not submit work for assessment which you have already submitted (partially or in
full) to fulfil the requirements of another degree course or examination
UAS Education Committee
http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/edc/goodpractice/about/
Bodleian Social Science Library
http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/current/index.php
Bodleian Social Science Library
Bodleian Social Science Library
Turnitin
• Electronic text matching system
• Used to find text matches between students’ submitted work
and existing electronic sources, including other student
assignments and the internet.
• An Originality Report is produced for each submission. The
OR highlights matches with text already held in the database
and an overall score (the similarity index) is assigned.
• A tutor or supervisor needs to set up a class and
an assignment to allow students to upload their papers.
http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/turnitin/index.xml
Bodleian Social Science Library
Referencing
• Harvard
– Author-date system
– Use for broader social science approaches
– Some but not all legal citations included (e.g. international treaties)
http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/current/_Harvard Citation Guidance.pdf
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm
Bodleian Social Science Library
Harvard
• Enclose direct quotes in quotation marks.
• Give the author, date and page number (s) in brackets.
“Information literacy is knowing when and why you need
information, where to find it, and how to evaluate, use and
communicate it in an ethical manner” (Armstrong et al, 2005,
p.24).
• Indent the text if quoting more than 2 lines.
• Use square brackets if inserting your own words in to the
quotation.
• Indicate any omitted words with three dots … (called ellipsis)
• If the quotation includes an error, include it too and add [sic].
Bodleian Social Science Library
Harvard
• For 1, 2 or 3 authors, cite their names.
– (Clarke, Janes and Pritchard, 2009).
• For 4 or more authors, use et al (‘and others’) after the first
name.
– (Clarke et al, 2009).
– NB: all names would be noted in the reference list.
• If the source is anonymous use the title instead.
• If there is no date use n.d. for no date, or write no date
– (Clarke, n.d.).
– (Clarke, no date).
Bodleian Social Science Library
Harvard
• If citing more than one work by the same author published in
the same year, use lower case letters after the date (Clarke,
2009a).
• If citing several works at the same point in the text, list in
order of publication date separated by semicolons.
– Studies in to online searching behaviour (Andrew, 2001; Smith, 2006b;
White, 2009) reveal that…
• ibid ‘in the same place’ can be used when the next reference is
the same as the last one.
• op cit ‘in the work cited’ can be used when the same reference
has been cited before, but not most recently.
• ibid and op cit are also used to avoid duplicating references in
the bibliographies of numerical referencing systems.
Bodleian Social Science Library
• OSCOLA (Oxford university Standard for
Citation Of Legal Authorities)
– Use for legal essays
– Citation of authorities, legislation, and other legal
documents
– Primary sources and secondary sources
http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola.php
Bodleian Social Science Library
Bodleian Social Science Library
http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola_endnote.php
Bodleian Social Science Library
Reference Management
Bodleian Social Science Library
Bodleian Social Science Library
Choosing your reference manager
• Getting to know a reference management system well
takes a little time and effort
• There are many different products available and
development is ongoing
• Good use of reference management software can define
your workflow
• Ask: what is important to your workflow?
Choosing your reference manager
• What is important to you/your workflow?
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cost
Exporting/importing references from databases
Integration with word processors
PDF management
Cross-platform support (Mac, Windows, mobile)
Online storage/syncing
Sharing and social networking
Endnote
• Pros
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Excellent integration with Word and Pages
Desktop software
Online searching of subscription databases
Export from subscription databases
Can manage large numbers of references, good de-duplication
Endnote Web store and import references
Officially supported by OUCS
• Cons
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–
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Expensive
Lack of backwards compatibility
No cloud storage of pdfs
No mobile apps
Falling behind newer more innovative products
Zotero
• Pros
– Free
– Able to import references from many sites on the fly (Firefox,
Chrome, Safari)
– Word and Open Office toolbars
– Standalone client (Winows, Mac, Linux) with online sync
– Document management (including drag and drop pdf)
– Metadata search
– Scan barcodes (mobiles)
• Cons
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Limited online functionality
No Internet Exlorer support
No iPhone/iPad app
No pdf annotation
Refworks
• Pros
–
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Free to use
Integration with Word
Export from subscription databases
References management, de-duplication
Unlimted online storage
Officially supported by OUCS/Alumni access
Mobile Web access
• Cons
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Offline use is limited
No searching of subscription databases
Temporary citations entered as code in Word
No apps
Find out more…
Plagiarism: university regulations and information
University Education Committee (including online tutorial).
http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/epsc/plagiarism/index.shtml
University Proctors and Assessors Essential Information for
Students.
http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/proctors/pam/index.shtml
MSc Criminology and Criminal Justice Student Handbook.
http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/MSC/
Further information
Referencing
OSCOLA guidelines.
http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/published/oscola.shtml
OSCOLA tutorial.
http://ilrb.cardiff.ac.uk/citingreferences/oscola/tutorial/
Harvard guidelines.
http://library.leeds.ac.uk/info/200232/referencing
http://www.crim.ox.ac.uk/current/_Harvard Citation Guidance.pdf
http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm
Further information
Endote and Refworks
RefWorks and EndNote training.
http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/itlp/courses/atoz
Bodleian Refworks pages
http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/eresources/refworks
Bodleian Endnote pages (including connection files)
http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/sers/resources/endnote