1393/10/1 :
1394
1392/11/1 :
" #$%
/1
/
!
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
"$ & '
3
2
1
,- .&
! "#" $ ! % "% &' ( ) *$
:
;
$<;= /; . ; :
!:
4 -# $ 4 $ 94 5# 67 8 "742
/ 0 12 $ 3
.
.&( ) "G ! 2 % 6 ! "2:
4A.BC7 &( D.= $ E F =
> ?7 4 @
O; ;A3 2 1N . " L$ ! 2 % 6 4 1 M" = "2:
292 4HIJ2 HK I2 / :
; !";2 : 8 % R - . " Perry $ Buss 2 1D =
9 -F QJC;2 2 1D ;=
$: ; P .
.
U.AC7 $ PT7 20 5 SPSS P( M
ANOVA $ % $ST2 9t-test
(P=0/036) E; F = $ 4A.;BC7 &( ;D.= /.;
;2: P.K : . " 77/71±18/25 E F =
/.E .2 :
E F = . 17\
E F=
/.E .2 ].H^ ! "2:
$ ! D 1H2 I 9
! %
MT
9 ! D R - . ! D 1H2 I (P=0/003)
`" $ (P<0/001) ,- ) 2 9(P=0/004)
/.E .2 9 42 M T 4E1# $ /DF
% ( $ 1-F =42
$ & 8 -D. %
(
;I
; M ;T ! ;2 ) ;2 $
`" 9
M T 4A.BC7 &( D.= 2 . 1-D. E F =
.&
41H2
-/( 1.6 ,- &6#
S & . $ ? / $ 7 M$PK 9 ^ ;3 HK I2 R #"7 : !
;.K"7 &;6# . ;7 a ; 7 /.1b .&
$ ^ / " 4 "2: 8 %
! "1 ! "2:
L "2: 2
$:
. 42 61D.= Ac52 U3 ) 62 $ &.*dF L $ = &6# 4 "2: e $ 4
! "2:
94A.BC7 &( D.= 9 E F = 9
: "# $ !%&
.(5-8) *
( > ) ( '*L M
-?%= )%
-*/
N
2
$
? = G
F
: /F
' (
(9) *
$ $) N
(
$ %
T $R
?
$)
!
!" # !" #
!
@'
?
65
034-31215733 :
/ 32
4
% :;2
% ? 2 2 ? /' )
/'% ? "
A
% (3-4) *
! " # ! " # $%
,-
!" # !" #
-1
'
,-
"
. ' %' )
' :37
* *+ ,# "
* *+ 8 9" 1 )2 3 4
Email: f.balali@ yahoo.com
034-32114231 :
$ %&
! ,% -./01 - 2
" -=/> ! /< $
) EF ('
*/ 1'
!
! "#
2 4 5 ...% *+
2 B@
*/G , % (" S '
? /'
) $
% (1-2)
(
-$) F /A $R PQ -( O % $ 0 $
U ' -? T/
?
/L
A
$
#' (
-2
5 6 " 0$
# -3
:
!" #
$%&' ( ) " *+, - .%
1394
/1
/, 0
1% "
/4
:
–
( )
'
$
#$ % & '
$)
)%
?& *,% ) *"
.(16)
$
$ $)
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
%?2 2
;A $
2*
o0A
1O
$
%$ "
* ;A % $ > A F )% U '
? ; ! W/W1 .(10) *
?
( */L X
%
)% -
Q
?
M \ % (9)
%?2 2
>; )
? & ]
T
= - % & *L $
;A (
$
% $ $)
$ */0@
$ ;/
- / F E5 !="
% > A F-
p ) 2( 2? Z
% Genti
% $ ;/
> A F
%
/
$
-(r
2
$
$ $)
/
.(20)
-
c
' ! W/W1 ) $
?;
/1
$ $)
/" .(10)
(
O 97 2
$ > A F
' M
N
'
(' ? ;
) (Z - L
(
(G/01
ZG " : 2
67 / j
ZG "
(
? ') ! ' % N
%?
$)
? ') ! '
/
2
$ $)
T
2 % < n
/4
–
.(21)
T
5
A O
$ $)
(11)
5
2 ) %54 % < %
'
%
(0@;' '&
' -
*"
1-5 ! O
5
(6) *" 6
5 ? /G/' 46 % < -*/X
?
Q
O 31%
( Z '& $
.*
X' Q ? ) '&: (G/01 * ;/F
/
/hg' 2 $ $) g
: %_F (A l
) :/ ( 2
2
( Z '& ?
i;' $)
/')
T
Xe
(; %_F
-?
.(15) ) F(' $
T
(
.(14)
$
(' ( % %
1 ' !R
g% % $
)% 3-5 - O 21 % )%
(0@
*/L X
> A F $
12-17 /
(' Tg
('
(' B QS % $ /
-=/'&* ;A
XL Q' .(11)
%(
T (A ; %
-
A ) $ ;/
'/ *
A F 2
-(
*X O
1394
)
/bq
%
% $
$)
U -$
75 ? /'
%$
' -(12-13) *
('
< -
2
$ $) (5 ' [
/
? ; ? ) '&: (G/01 * ;/F ?& Q % $
5
$
(A
: 2 d"
% $ ( X' !% 5 - ) F('
$) )
2
U
5
$
! b % a@;' `#' 2
) (2 < YG @' ! XL Q' .
$ >
)
/W"
*
2 ( ?& %
$ $) )
? >; %_F (A
g
2 ( ) '&: (G/01
$) g
)
=/'&*' 0A
T
?; ? M
$
(' ? % % ? /
*'# : 2 * M
$ $)
(' ? ) '&:
?R
(
?;
% $ > A F !R <
/ 2
/W"
% $ $) c
_%
2
(18)
a@;' ( M ? ) '&:
$ $)
;/
, ;A $ $)
.(19)
T -? = G
% ? % % ^% *'# $
?& ?
F\ 1
/h' 2 $ $)
*1 2
[
? Z
) F(' ) .Z;' $
$ > gA F
('
> A F
? ; $ XL Q'
g<
' Y/L Z
.(11) % ('
< % Z -
2
Rg
(' $)
;/ 2 (
% =/'&* ;A !
% Walther .(17)
=>
GO U ' [
Rodeheffer % Barlett .(10)
2
! "
5 ? /G/'
&$
2 -
$ $)
$
$)
66
( )
'
#$ % & '
$ gG< ' g
$ g/
%
Ug 2 ) EgF g2 Ug/
l
gg' ) ( gg /L -
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
gX Eh .
.
% ggF %
/M
., g< l#2
M
.
XL Q'
x :/F) (
' 15
% B g@
g ( 0 ! O
() '& : 20
g ( g
g l#g2 \
:g
/g
$ %&sg
-./ Z ) X GO # % s ) ? ) '&
$ %&sg
' ; F 292
g' $ g = .*
X * M
$)
$ > A F
X' Q
.* (22-24) (G/01
$
?
, ./G1 % =T
4 5
c
A
% v 2 ;,
? g
*/X
! "#
g2 ! gO ) $ g
$ >g A F
g
' g; F
.
*gg/X
- gL
! g"#
g
-
?& $ gM
g c g ' !R zg
gA Xe -E
g2
. g (g'
... %
-
.'
-$
! O
$ $)
$
(
$R $
:( A
% $ $)
F /bq % ?
$ $) c
? ) '&:
% oA %
\ ? "
.]/
-]
(G/01 * ;/F
-1392
, :T
?' 2
' (10)
F /bq
' :@
-N -
:g (gG/G1 -(5/gO -(gXQW' : %_F
? ' 2 M \ /< (
-.1'
' $)
]gT< . g
:@ .*
, z
*g
g $
g' 29
? ) '&
*2 g;' 1392-93 (G/g01
lg
g
]T<
' \ 2
., g g< d=0/0585 - =0/05 -P=0/39 % N /ggg
? g ) g ' g; F g (g % % g " . /T ('
g c g 'P
| g % 2 $ g5L& U gS % *g
/q (
gXL Q'
2 * $ > A F N / ? =/'
0/84 ' ; F
g gg
g .*g
g
.(25-26) '& *
g $ > A gF
c
g' !R z :@
}g F $ g -\ ) / ' ., < 2
€2 g< % «
67
?&
X'
c
(Ggg2 $ >gg A gF ? =/gg' g2
z
('
>
% (
%
5
? ) '&:
$ >g A F ' g; F
M
.(2)
L % .i % !#/01
A gF ? g') ! ' % G/ %
'
% :gg@
/g F =g/ ) g'&: . ,
-$) g N%
g
Perry% Buss
'
(' ? ; :/F ) :/
% $ > A F -$
(a@
*+
A Fu O-
.(11)
(10) (
$ g $) g g
? ) '&:
!% S -
5g
$)
2 (L <
% ? 2 2 *,% u#
yggW1' ' g ; F .' g : %_ggF g
' ! "# % ( A
(
]M'
'%
)
ZG " $
(' ? ;
$ $)
.
X' c
" ) ? ; (A % (10-11-19-20)
) t A 2 ( "
' g; F % B g@ ( g0
X' =/ ; ' 2
(2 < ! W/W1 (A *5 :/F UL Q'
! ,% ) $ ) :@
) Eh
$ > A F
.(10)
$
A (
'
sQW' ? ) '&:
%
) gg'& ) ) ggT'
F%
(
! "
*g/O g0A
= 5$
`#O »
=
%
) g'& )
- g
B @g
1394
"
'
. '& *
268
2
= (11) (WL @L "
ggg
g
g'& l
g 2 g
F XL Q'
'
) %50 `
W
F135 % A 135 -U
/1
/4
–
% F
' a/0@
( )
'
#$ % & '
% ( 5 237) %81/2 XL Q' *1 */X
(104) %72/2 ? A
?
F%? A
% (133) %89/9 ?
$
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
= %
$
( X' u# A XL Q'
>
?
l
? ) '&:
='
;/
121) %51/3 %
.
:
2% >
2(' X
) ("
' * ]/
$)
7
$) ?
XL Q'
'
2
\/
('
-$
$) )
/
$)
c
Q
.
' !#/01 %
2 (L <
.(2 %
$)
%
T
)
/1
X' $)
/4
–
l
U/ &
'
T'
? ) '&:
-: %_F
p
Y/XS 15 )
‚#A * " *M
p'
? ')
! "# ?
%
.
(G/01
\ 2 %
` S.
.*
18-20 /
ƒ/ ?% % (0@ * S
UG
1'
]/ W
2 ( ) '&:
' 15-17/99 % B A ? "
.
/ F%
XL Q'
?
(' XL Q'
2*2
%$
' 1' % $ * ' „5< %
(<
% 20 @
'
.
' -B A
X'
24 ?%
SPSS =
"
' ; F
* M
ANOVA% t-test -$ 2 % T' -$ '& $ ? ')&
P<0/05 $ ( X' PQ .
./G1 % =T
.
$ ( X'
p
X' $ '&
(G/01 * ;/F
T ? ') ! '
( gg
gg g
$ g
1394
% (<%
/X'
F !#/01 -E
.*
% $) N -$
1
$ > A F
/i ' (G/01 * ;/F / .*
%% $
, Y/XS % n
( X' $ '&
F !#/01 -*/
XL Q'
p )
.
2 ? ) '&:
;/ $ > A F
X' . (' B
?
5
. g
v#' . , (G/01
n
/j
/> /' 2 (L <
$
' g; F g
( 5
12
$ > A F
$ ( X' c
'%
g
.
/X' ) $ /') (
(>L
2
T
Q
;/
XL Q' t% A $
:
-$)
$
g g2 25% 7 !R z
/ % ( % !#Z;' W
' ! /O 0A
! ' % $) N
Q
g
/ ? W -? ' 2 M (
( (
.,
1 %
* ;/F % $ > A F
$
'
) . , ? ) '&
.*
/> /' / -
Rg
5)/'
«]g (' */O 0A
.
b <
$
N%
) X ( 5 48) %20% (>L
%
} F$
g 2 % 145 g
? g;
$
T $ =
) ( 5 42)%17/7 …$)
S $
=
gp
g l gZX'
29 ?&
g
g
F ? ) '&:
( 5 6) %2/5 nW .
* ]/
.
g
(0@
(XBOX 360) E2 EZ % ;/ (GF
T $
g - g
$
'
g ) /g »
) ( 5 220) %93/2
- > -$ & ./ , ) $)
$)
•=g
p )
?& ) ( 5 136) %57/6 %
='
F
$) N / . '& *
.(P<0/001) *
$)
g $
.2
! "
/> gg/' g ) '&: 292 XL gQ' g
/>g g/' . gg
$) N / .
*g2 g;g' 13/87±0/7
77/71±18/25 $ > A F
68
( )
'
#$ % & '
!"#
$%
±
$
!
! "
:1
(
)
" #
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
0/210
0/036
0/004
<0/001
0/003
0/896
0/136
0/607
0/026
69
79/03±16/29
148(%50/7)
"#$
76/35±20/02
144(%49/3)
"*+,
76/56±17/95
206(%70/5)
3 +
78/24±18/20
65(%22/3)
4 *
87/28±19/23
21(%7/2)
5. 6
79/20±17/66
237(%81/2)
<,- ; 7
71/29±19/46
55(%18/8)
<,- 7 ; 7
72/72±16/42
79(%27/1)
? 1 : "* >
81/23±17/71
106(%36/3)
? 1-2
84/92±16/70
52(%17/8)
? 2 : A.
71/29±19/46
55(18/8)
<,- 7 ; 7 9:
80/11±18/55
79(%27/1)
-7 .<
85/76±15/56
55(%18/8)
-C ! D2+
74/64±17/33
50(%17/1)
EF+ 9"G1
75/33±16/85
53(%18/2)
-* H
71/29±19/46
55(18/8)
<,- 7 ; 7 9:
78/65±17/82
65(22/3)
J K8, "8:
77/38±17/53
110(37/7)
J K8,
77/50±19/25
117(40/1)
J K8, 9L
80/77±18/51
44(15/1)
J K8, "8:
78/71±17/19
146(50/0)
J K8,
74/96±19/39
102(34/9)
J K8, 9L
82/75±15/10
12(4/1)
O ,=
77/23±19/41
132(45/2)
77/73±17/44
148(50/7)
78/33±18/01
209(71/6)
73/00±19/53
60(20/5)
84/35 ±14/30
23(7/9)
!
- ./0
9 7 8 9:
:
, 9: ; 7 = :
9: B 7
$ IF./0
, IF./0
$ MN
P O,
".N*
O,
O ,=
, MN
P O,
".N*
1394
O,
/1
1"2.$
/4
–
( )
'
#$ % & '
!"#
$%
$
(
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
0/002
5(3/5)
24(16/7)
115(79/9)
"*+,
19(8/0)
54(22/8)
164(69/2)
, ,
2(3/6)
11(20/0)
42(76/4)
,
$
54(68/4)
? 1 : "* >
17(16/0)
81(76/4)
? 1-2
5(9/6)
18(34/6)
2(3/6)
11(20/0)
11(13/9)
20(25/3)
48(60/8)
-7 .<
4(7/3)
15(27/3)
36(65/5)
-C ! D2+
1(2/0)
9(18/0)
40(80/0)
EF+ 9"G1
3(5/7)
10(18/9)
40(75/5)
-* H
2(3/6)
11(20/0)
42(76/4)
<,- 7 ; 7 9:
8(12/3)
21(32/3)
36(55/4)
J K8, "8:
8(7/3)
28(25/5)
74(67/3)
J K8,
5(4/3)
16(13/7)
96(82/1)
J K8, 9L
4(9/1)
19(43/2)
21(47/7)
J K8, "8:
13(8/9)
27(18/5)
106(72/6)
J K8,
4(3/9)
19(18/6)
79(77/5)
J K8, 9L
/ F PQ
T %
2
d"
/1
gg' ?% /
1 '
W'
) *
Z ' 2 ( */L X
'
$ IF./0
, IF./0
u
X' ) ? ; $
Y/XS ? ) '&:
XL Q' .
- GO < [
$ > A F
% (WL @L " .(16)
2 ( ) '&:
2
l
/ =/ ? Z
( X' Q ?
? Z
[
$)
$ R $ > A F
(G/01 * ;/F
%
: %_F
(G/01 * ;/F % $ > A F
$
$ Z
g (' $ gg g $ $) gg (
(
? ) '&:
gA *,%
- ) h (Z/ % ZgL
–
/ c
Q
4
) ?& (F
/4
9: B 7
0#1
? ) '&: (G/01
) %(' *G5+ -
) g'& )
<,- 7 ; 7 9:
42(76/4)
,
' Y/L Z
\ ?% .
) .(20)
, 9: ; 7 = :
? 2 : A.
29(55/8)
=/ ( X')
( †
("
:
$ ;/ $ > A F
.(11)
> % l
7
19(24/1)
% (' ?
$ g $) g
9 7 8 9:
8(7/5)
$ $)
?2 2
!
6(7/6)
ZG " p ) -
.A
)
"#$
0/002
ZG "
(
91(61/5)
0/001
B
)
41(27/7)
0/136
1394
(
+
16(10/8)
0/076
*
,-
)
0/434
$
:2
$& '# () *
. /
(G/01
&' ()* +, - & . . , / 0#*
! "
-
2
?/
2
.*
/> /'
% (" T
/> /'
;' l ZX'
A XL Q'
g %#" - ) gF(' $ g $ g $) g
70
( )
'
/
#$ % & '
% ) h
2
?&
.(9)
$ $) g
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
?; $
: %_F .
$)
) F('
*
2 ( ) '&:
? Z
T %$ > A F /
. g XL Qg'
) (
-$)
%$
X' Q
5
$
5
5
" ) (2 < : %_F
? ') ! ' % N -$)
=/ ? Z
% (5 Q, .
' %
(G/01
g'
2( l
!R# A % (
$ '
.
? T/
$)
(>
) ?
!#Z;'
$ > A F %
-
:
! Z'
('
=>
% ?
2 (22)
*+
A
2
! ,% $) ( + %
y
$) g N g g $ > A F
71
$ g $)
T 2$
.
n
u
Z
l ZX'
% Gentile
$ ;/ ? ')
$ Y/XS
ZG " % $
N
-
) $
g> )
! O
2
X'
?2 2
' .
(G/01
ZG "
(' T ( ) % % (
.
$ $)
(GA
Q
X' ? ) '&:
(' p
*
'
, Y/XS %
u O !"
Z '' -
2
L%
(G/01
( % % (Z =/ (> A d" - />
(
1394
.(20)
2 ( ) '&: (G/01
' PQ
$
- XL Q'
*
$)
$ $)
* ;/F
/> /' /
$)
(G/01
$
]
.(20) *A
g % gS < : %_gF $ g g
-(>
A XL Q'
? ') ! ' / Q (21) ? Z
? =/'
? (' U '
( =>
/
.(19)
? ; $% .
$
$ $) $
5
* ;/F
]/
(
$ g
( M' XL Q'
? =/' ) ` /W ]/ / ?
T
$ $)
? ; =/ ? Z
X' ? ) '&:
(1 5 % ( ) % ! Z'
gQ
%
;' $ /
$
$
ZG " - 2(' $)
$) )
(' ( A ; %
(' : = $
/G@ $
(G/01
b
(G/01
ZGg " % $ g $)
! ' 2 ( ?&
$)
T
ZG "
%
g
? ') ! ' % N
( X' Q
( X' Q
/ (' ?
2 * ('
% $ '&
! W/W1 .(9-11-12-23-24)
%
/
&
…
% ? g2 g2 ) $ g ) $‡ gg $ g $ $) g
(' ? & (> A d" %
(G/01
/ ! XL Q' ) $ X 2 (L <
/
g
(' M ;/F
‚
;' $ ( X' !% 5 $
$)
? T/ *5 ? (' - T/
%
2 (L <
)
-(19)
g/5' ?
2
$ $) )
$
z' =/ (10)
' *g/X
sg, %
2 * <
T % (G/01 * ;/F
Q $
, . W'
%
% XL Q' : = *
*g
* ;/F /
$ > A F #A
% (9) ? Z
g g
)
p .
/> /'
2 ( ) '&:
$ R PQ
%(
2
% (WL @L "
$)
.(27)
?
sQW'
% Gentile ! XL Q' .
? Z
$
(
(11) ? Z
) '& $
n ' $ */L X
$ ;/ $ > A F
?; ( %
%
X' Q
T $
p )
-
'
$ > A F % $
.
('
% ? 2 g2
/ $ '& =/L & - S < XL Q'
?
$
T
A (G/01 * d"
Tg
) '&:
A Y/L Z
! "
?
/1
% ? 2 2 T/
/4
–
( )
'
?
#$ % & '
*gg/ ' g ( g $) g g/L
g2
gg 2
gg % ( gg X' -‚#A -( ) g'&
.
: 2-
% g \g
5 g ? ')
g
('
s, % /5' ?
g . g
/> g/' $
$) *"
W'
$ g;/ $ >g A F
/> /' -
:=
g
;A $ $)
g / $ g
%$ g
gXL Q' 2 (L <
$) g N % $ > A F / $
.(9)
2 : %_F
ygg
g2 *5gg ? gg (g' Tgg/
*gggg
? g
g ?g
! ggggXL Q' ) $ ggggg/
? > ) g ) g $) g
? g') g2 ( g
$ g $)
2
=
2 (1984)
g//
% ? g 2 2 Bandura
ˆgg /'% g XL Q' g g ' (9-11-14-16-20-28-30)
g
&
(
"
% (g
) .gW )
. " -* $ > A F % * ;A ?
-$)
? &(
-
% */
! g,% ) $ g ) :g@
g
g $)
(
U ' ( Z'
U '$
?
L% $
gS
-
% gg 1' gg /')
gZ
p
(
) XL Q'
(G/g01 sgQW' \ nW %
-:g
/G2
/bq
$) g
) .
/1
–
U X'
(' Mg ;/F
% F%
) '& \
B@
- bz' .' "
g ( ? ) '&
g $ g
2 $) g
-$)
$) T' $ /
$)
? =/'
. 2('
%% %
* ;A s, %
.* (X, % $ /
gg
g ;/ gg $) g
. g (' : = =/ ?
* ;A
gg )
5g
%?2 2$ > A F
! /bqg % $ >gg A F % * g ;A : =gg
% *g =g/'&* ;A $ $)
]/g X $ g
g/2
2
]/ X . , XL Q' [
/4
ggL %
'
L.
g
>L
% 2(' T5 ' - ;2(' - ) F('
ggT/
$ % S *"
% $ g> gA gF 2 ( gT & ) %
1394
>
=')
gg' /L ‰gg ' %
: %_gF $ * % 1' G
%ˆ
. ) ('
! p %?
)? "
/< $ '& X'
)$
(' p
l
.
g
gA % ) g $) Tgg' $ gg/
$
,
]/Wg '
t gA (gX, % $ g/ )
% ? 2 2 *+
/h' 2 ?
? 2 % 1' $
> A F
.(10) (? Z
% ? g2 2 $ g */L X
) g'&
/
1O
. 2(' $
o ggA gg/
g
gg p
;A $
` g'%=L - g 2(g' ( r g % $ $) u O $ )
g
(' T
0A $ *L < )% %
gg - g (gg' : =gg =gg/ $ > gg A F gg g
( gggg
XL Q'
A F =/ Sherry .(10)
(g X' gQ ? gZ
$ $) )
% ;A
%(
( gT/ $ g $) g g g
/> /' / Q
g X' =g/ $ g
(>
?; ? Z
.(28) 2(' / q
)%
$ > A F
2 ( ?& g
*"
$) g
*
g $ ;/ $ >g gA F -( g, %
;A $ $)
/g ? ) '&: * €2 XL Q'
g2 g A F(g' $ g
.*g
g - g B gT'
( A g % (g 4 $ g ! gM' * W
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
$ gZ -‚#gA $ $) g
g 2 /L - ;A $ $) B @' ! /bq
! "
? Z
) g'&
*
g'
?& ? (
% Sahin
L .(20)
$
* ;A
#
?& B @'
$) N
/>g;/F ( g g'
g/2q
'
g L
% (<
*
*/
2
> //i $
S ? (' -(29)
L % ? 4 $) l < % (
('
,
N# %
72
( )
4 @g
'
#$ % & '
/ jg
% ( ) '&
.*g $ % gS g g (g ) '&
Z%
! gM' % */,#A
( $)
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
` gS . g (g' g/2q - g
? 2 % 1' $
L%
2
) '& -
gQ
1' *'#
g2
X ' .' " /bq *1 (G/01 * ;/F
M g;/F - g (g' (" gg % $ 0g , -(g %
/L *M $ /
% F d"
-( g
G‰ ' .<
/gg/X $ g $ g ;/ ! g XL Q' -
$ g'& gX'
$) g N g g ! gp % $) g
A F!"
(gg ) '& $ gg gg'
5 gg
. /
.
y/W1
?
T
$ g $) )
5
?%= )% : =
*2 g ? ) g'& :g %
-
/
$
'
% F%
) '&
1'
g, % Zg; -: %_gF g
% ? ) '&:
% $ >g A F /g
5*
2 ( 2 /G2 ) ]/ (' )R
g' % /L% ‰g ' _ %
.]/ g (
4
2
%
=
3 2
gXL Q' [ g
$
%
gg'
, /L% ‰ '
g (gg'
$ >g A F % (G/01 * ;/F
(' M ;/F
*gg L%
! "
$ g $) g
g X' gQ
g2 ? ) '&:
*g / % g
$ %& g
\g 2
)
g
/M
? g"
* "
$
> / 2 S<
(G/01 * ;/F
%
%=L -
(' $
5
*M
( $
? ) '&:
) '& '
References
1. Ho SM, Lee TM. Computer usage and its
relationship with adolescent life style in Hong Kong.
J Adolesc Health. 2001 Oct;29(4):258-66.
2. Haratiyan AA, Nouzari M. The impact of
computer games on adolescents' empathy scale.
Ravanshenasi-va -Din. 2012;4(4):121-40. Persian.
3. Kowsari M. Game period (video and computer
games in contemporary society). Tehran:
Daricheyeno; 2010. Persian.
4. Sotudeh H, Rashidi K. Consequences of
information technology on mental, ethical and social
health. Health Inf Manage. 2013;10(2):1-16. Persian.
5. Zamani E, Chashmi M, Hedayati N. Effect of
addiction to computer games on physical and mental
health of female and male students of guidance
school in city of Isfahan. Addict Health.
2009;1(2):8–104. Persian.
6. Allahverdipour H, Bazargan M, Farhadinasab
AA, Moeini B. Correlates of video games playing
among adolescents in an Islamic country. BMC
Public Health. 2010 May;10:286-92.
7. Alipour A, Agah Heris M, Siadati M, Noorbala
AA. Effect of different rated violent video games on
salivary IgA, salivary cortisol and body
temperature. Journal of Behavioral Sciences.
2009;3(1):1-8. Persian.
8. Takacs B. Changes in leisure activity among
young people aged 15-18 years in Hungary: physical
73
activity, media-consumption and smoking. Orv
Hetil. 2013 Apr;154(15):581-9.
9. Javadi MJ, Emamipour S, RezaeiKashi Z.
Relationship of computer games with aggression and
parent – child relationship among students. Journal
of Psychological Researches. 2009;1(3):79-90.
Persian.
10. RajabiGilan N, Reshadat S, Ghasemi SR. The
relationship between playing computer games and
aggression in guidance school students of
Kermanshah (2012). J Kermansha Univ Med Sci.
2013;17(3):164-71. Persian.
11. Abdolkhaleghi M, Davachi A, Sahbaie F,
Mahmoudi M. Surveying the association between
computer – videogames and aggression in male
students of guidance schools in Tehran, 2003. Med
Sci J Islamic Azad Univ Tehran Med Branch.
2005;15(3):141-5. Persian.
12. Azari S. Computer games and violence.
Quarterly
of
Communication
Research.
2008;15(54):121-37. Persian.
13. Mitrofan O, Paul M, Spencer N. Is aggression in
children with behavioural and emotional difficulties
associated with television viewing and video game
playing? A systematic review. Child Care Health
Dev. 2009 Jan;35(1):5-15.
14. Lenhart A, Kahne J, Middaugh E, Macgill AR,
Evans C, Vitak J. Teens, video games and civics:
teens' gaming experiences are diverse and include
1394
/1
/4
–
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
( )
'
#$ % & '
significant social interaction and civic engagement.
Pew Internet & American Life Project. 2008:1-76.
15. Valadez JJ, Ferguson CJ. Just a game after all:
violent video game exposure and time spent playing
effects on hostile feelings, depression, and
visuospatial cognition. Comput Hum Behav. 2012
Mar;28(2):608-16.
16. Shojaei S, Dehdari T, Noori Jelyani K, Dowran
B. A survey of the predictors of amount of
aggression in the adolescent users of violent video
games in Qom city, 2012. Qom Univ Med Sci J.
2013;7(3):71-9. Persian.
17. Barlett CP, Rodeheffer C. Effects of realism on
extended violent and nonviolent video game play on
aggressive thoughts, feelings, and physiological
arousal. Aggress Behav. 2009 May-Jun;35(3):21324.
18. Walther B, Morgenstern M, Hanewinkel R. Cooccurrence of addictive behaviours: personality
factors related to substance use, gambling and
computer gaming. Eur Addict Res. 2012;18(4):16774.
19. Gentile DA, Lynch PJ, Linder JR, Walsh DA.
The effects of violent video game habits on
adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and
school performance. J Adolesc. 2004 Feb;27(1):522.
20. Ghatrifi M, Rashid K, Delavar A. The effect of
computer games on mental health and academic
performance of guidance students of Tehran City.
Journal of Psychology & Educational Science.
2006;3:8. Persian.
21. Mehrabi Far F, Mortazavi H, Lesani M.
Reviewing the type of computer games and the time
spent on them and their relationship with the
students educational achievement in Kerman's high
1394
/1
/4
–
! "
schools(2009-2010). Research in Curriculum
Planning. 2012; 9(7):125-35. Persian.
22. Shaverdi T, Shaverdi S. Children, adult and
mothers’ view about the social impacts of computer
games. Iranian Journal of Cultural Research. 2009;
2(7):47-76. Persian.
23. Anderson CA, Dill KE. Video games and
aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior in the
laboratory and in life. J Pers Soc Psychol.
2000;78(4):772-90. Persian.
24. Walsh D, Gentile D, Walsh E, Bennett N, Walsh
M. (2005). Tenth annual media wise video game
report card. National Institude on Media and the
Family. [cited 2007 Jul 12]. Available
from:http://www.mediafamily.org/research/report_v
grc_ 2005.shtml.
25. Samani S. Study of reliability and validity of the
Buss and Perry's aggression questionnaire. Iran J
Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2008;13(4): 359-65.
Persian.
26. Araghi Y. Comparison of the quality of parent –
child relationship of two groups of aggressive and
non-aggressive boy students. Psychological Studies.
2008;4(4):113-29. Persian.
27. Adams SS. The case for video games in libraries.
Library Review. 2009;58(3):196-202.
28. Sherry JL. Violent video games and aggression:
Why can't we find effects? Mahwah, New Jersey,
US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2007.
29. Sahin R, Baloglu M, Unalmis M. Turkish
adolescents attitudes toward violence. ProcediaSocial and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;2(2):2092-8.
30. Colwell J, Payne J. Negative correlates of
computer game play in adolescents. Br J
Psychol. 2000 Aug;9( Pt 3):295-310.
74
Journal of Health & Development
Original Article
Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring 2015
Received: 21.01.2014
Accepted: 22.12.2014
Downloaded from jhad.kmu.ac.ir at 1:01 +0430 on Saturday July 29th 2017
The Relationship of Playing Computer Games with Aggression and
Academic Achievement: a study on Kerman students
Hedayat Tirgar1, Fatemeh Balali Meybodi2, Mehdi Hassani3
Abstract
Background: The rapid growth of computer games, has taken a major part of teenagers
leisure time. The improper and overuse of these games, can be considered as physical, mental
and social threats. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between playing
computer games and students’ aggression and academic progress.
Methods: In this cross- sectional study, 292 students in grade 3 of Kerman middle schools
were selected through multistage sampling method. Data were gathered using a researchermade questionnaire as well as Buss & Perry Questionnaires. Data analysis was done through
SPSS20 and using t-test, chi-square and ANOVA.
Results: Mean aggression score was 77.71±18.25. Statistical analysis showed a significant
relationship between academic progress and aggression in users of computer games. Weak
students had a higher mean aggression score. Agression showed significant relationshipwith
playing computer games (P=0.004), duration of playing (P<0.001) and the type of game
(P=0.003). Users who had played more than one hour during a day and aggressive and
military games showed higher mean aggression score, but there was no significant
relationship between academic progress and variables of playing computer games, the type
and duration of playing.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, planning strategies and policies for the
purpose of optimum use of technology as a modern co-educational media seems to be
required. Also using measures for designing educational games that can increase the creativity
and the ability of problem solving is suggested.
Keywords: Computer game, Aggression, Academic achievement, Students
1- Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University of
Kerman, Kerman, Iran
2- MSc Student, Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3- BSc, Head of International Relations, Deputy for Research and Technology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman,
Iran
Corresponding Author: Fatemeh Balali Meybodi
Email: f.balali@ yahoo.com
Address: Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Jomhori Blvd, Kerman, Iran
Tel: 034-31215733
Fax: 034-32114231
75
1394
/1
/4
–