Ch 6 - Motivation
Part 2: March 6, 2007
Justice Theories (cont.)
• Procedural Justice theory (Greenberg)
• Perceived fairness of an outcome – what
was the process used to determine it?
– as opposed to distributive justice –
– Structural dimension –
Procedural Justice theory (cont)
• Structure decisions such that:
– 1)
– 2)
– 3)
– 4)
• Social dimension – quality of interpersonal
treatment (information given; respect)
Expectancy Theory
• Broad approach – 3 components in
rational judgment of motivation: (VIE
theory - Vroom)
– Valence – value of a motivator/reward
– Instrumentality – link between perf and
reward
– Expectancy – link between effort and perf;
VIE (cont.)
• Motivation – based on multiplicative
function of 3 components
– if any = 0, no motivation
• Dominant theory applied in orgs,
practical:
– How should it be applied?
• Support for the theory, limitations?
• What does it best predict?
Expectancy/Goal Conflict
• On surface, conflict betw these 2
theories…
– Goal setting predicts challenging goals
lead to higher perf/motivation
– VIE theory predicts easy goals lead to
greater effort  perf/motivation
• How can VIE explain the motivating
effects of hard goals?
• Role of self-efficacy, training?
Pay-for-Perf plans
• Wage incentive plans (for production jobs)
– introduction usually leads to incr
productivity.
• Potential problems:
– 1)
– 2)
– 3)
Pay-for-Perf
• Merit pay for white collar jobs:
– If employees see strong link betw pay and
perf, will have pos effect
• Potential problems –
– 1)
– 2)
– 3)
Motivation through Job Design
• Job enlargement – expand job content
• Job enrichment – expand control over job
• How is it done? Job Characteristics Model
(Hackman & Oldham) is one example…
– 5 core job dimensions lead to…
– 3 psychological states (to improve motivation)
Job Characteristics Model
• 5 Core Job Dimensions: define each
– Skill variety
– Task identity
– Task significance
– Autonomy
– Feedback
Job Characteristics Model
• What are these dimensions related to?
• Any important individual differences?
• Support for the model?
Integration of Theories
• Motivation is only one component of
performance (also skills, teamwork…)
• Each theory helps explain a different motiv
component
(arousal/direction/maintenance)
• Some theories (equity) have feedback
loops