Environmental Development ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY Item B­ET (03­2007) MC 19/04/2007 APPROVAL OF EKURHULENI METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY’S ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY RESOLVED: 1. That the report on an Energy and Climate Change Strategy BE NOTED. 2. That the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality’s Energy and Climate Change Strategy attached as Annexure “A” to the report BE APPROVED. 3. That all EMM departments and entities IMPLEMENT sectoral activities relevant to their functions, subject to budgetary provisioning. 4. That each department INCLUDE energy efficiency in their IDP goals and objectives. 5. That the Executive Director: Environmental Development ARRANGE a workshop in respect of the Energy and Climate Change Strategy with all relevant stakeholders.
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Ekurhuleni
Energy and
Climate
Change
Strategy
Strategy development coordinated by Sustainable Energy Africa
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy CONTENTS CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS STATISTICS INTRODUCTION ENERGY USE IN EKURHULENI THE FUTURE OF ENERGY IN EKURHULENI VISIONS AND GOALS TRANSPORT INDUSTRY, COMMERCE & MINING RESIDENTIAL AGRICULTURE EKURHULENI METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY ENERGY SUPPLY TARGETS AND PROJECTIONS IMPLEMENTATION PLAN APPENDIX A: Modelling Information APPENDIX B: ‘Energy Issues’ identified by the Ekurhuleni State of Energy Report APPENDIX C: Proposed Methodology for Developing a Solar Water Heater By­Law 2 3 4 5 6 9 13 21 26 28 36 42 48 50 55 60 66 83 85 88 This Energy and Climate Change Strategy is based on the State of Energy Report for Ekurhuleni. All information contained in this strategy stems directly from this report unless otherwise indicated (the State of Energy Report was developed by Africon (Pty) Ltd, for the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality). The development and finalisation of the energy & climate change strategy involved extensive consultation with key stakeholders within Ekurhuleni local government, as well as externally. A technical team comprising key internal departments and external stakeholders guided the entire process and provided detailed comments on the various draft versions. In addition, a series of internal stakeholder workshops and an external stakeholder workshop were held. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This Energy and Climate Change Strategy has been compiled by a joint Technical Team from the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality and Sustainable Energy Africa. This team was led by Deborah Ramalope (Environmental Development), and included Fred Fryer (Electricity and Energy Department), Marius van Huysteen (Infrastructure Services­Transport), Pieter Grobler (Infrastructure Services­Buildings), Thandi Radebe (Environmental Development­Air Quality), Miemie von Maltitz (Housing), Richard Worthington (Earthlife Africa­Johannesburg), Philip Goyns (University of Johannesburg). Please address any comments or queries to: Environmental Development Department Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Tel: 011­456 0019 Fax: 011­456 0114 E­mail: [email protected] Strategy development coordinated by Sustainable Energy Africa (association incorporated under Section 21) www.sustainable.org.za [email protected] Tel: 021 702­3622
page 2 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy LIST OF TABLES Table 1: General Information on the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality .................... 6 Table 2: Relevant Policies and Legislation.................................................................. 11 Table 3: Average electricity consumption per customer class ..................................... 14 Table 4: South Africa’s energy efficiency targets......................................................... 16 Table 5: The Future Picture for Ekurhuleni.................................................................. 21 Table 6: Summary of trip time for work trips by mode ................................................. 28 Table 7: Energy and Air Pollution Savings achieved from the Cleaner Textile Production Projects............................................................................................................... 40 Table 8: Summary of Savings in Rands/year from the Cleaner Textile Production Project ............................................................................................................................ 40 Table 9: Energy or fuel for lighting, heating and cooking for households in Ekurhuleni42 Table 10: Energy use patterns in Ekurhuleni households............................................ 42 Table 11: Technical comparison between the 60­Watt incandescent lamp and the 15­Watt CFL........................................................................................................ 53 Table 12: Possible LFG projects at the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality .............. 59 Table 13: SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC ENERGY TARGETS BY SECTOR.................... 60 Table 14: Summary of Savings from all Energy Efficiency Scenarios in all Sectors (all fuel types) .................................................................................................................. 62 Table 15: Summary of Savings for the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Sector from Energy Efficient Measures .................................................................................. 62 Table 16: Savings from Renewable Energy Targets ................................................... 62 Table 17: Savings from all Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Targets in all Sectors................................................................................................................ 63 Table 18: Summary of Global Warming Savings from implemented policies ............... 63 Table 19: Summary of Implementation Steps Common to All Targets......................... 67 Table 20: Transport Targets Implementation Plan....................................................... 67 Table 21: Industry, Commerce & Mining Targets Implementation Plan ....................... 71 Table 22: Residential Targets Implementation Plan .................................................... 73 Table 23: Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Targets Implementation Plan ............. 76 Table 24: Energy Supply Targets Implementation Plan............................................... 81
page 3 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality ............................................ 6 Figure 2: Energy Use in South Africa by Sector .......................................................... 11 Figure 3: Typical Energy Unit Multipliers ..................................................................... 13 Figure 4: Energy Consumption in Ekurhuleni compared to National............................ 13 Figure 5: Ekurhuleni Energy Demand by Sector ......................................................... 13 Figure 6: Percent of Demand Supplied by Energy Carrier in Ekurhuleni ..................... 14 Figure 7: Percent Contribution to GHG Emissions by Sector ...................................... 19 Figure 8: Percent Contribution to GHG Emissions by Fuel Type................................. 19 Figure 9: Future Energy Picture for Ekurhuleni if business continues as usual ­ by fuel type..................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 10: Business as usual global warming potential by fuel type ............................ 22 Figure 11: Business as usual Energy Demand by Sector............................................ 23 Figure 12: Business as usual Global Warming Potential by sector.............................. 23 Figure 13: Sustainable Energy Path for Ekurhuleni..................................................... 24 Figure 14: Energy Savings from Transport Modal Shift from Private Vehicles to Bus.. 24 Figure 15: Energy Savings from Solar Water Heater Scenario for the Residential sector ............................................................................................................................ 24 Figure 16: Savings from Commercial Efficient Lighting Scenario ................................ 25 Figure 17: Transport Modal Split for Ekurhuleni .......................................................... 28 Figure 18: Train Lines and Capacity in Ekurhuleni ...................................................... 29 Figure 19: Energy savings from Modal Shift from Private Vehicles to Public Transport (Bus) ................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 20: Financial Savings possible from Modal Shift in Transport .......................... 34 Figure 21: Percent of Energy Use for Industry/Construction by Fuel Type .................. 36 Figure 22: Percent of Energy Use for Mining/Quarrying by Fuel Type......................... 37 Figure 23: Percent of Energy Use of Commerce by Fuel Type.................................... 37 Figure 24: Typical Energy use Profile for Malls ........................................................... 40 Figure 25: Savings from Commercial Efficient Energy Lighting Scenario: all lighting to be efficient by 2015.................................................................................................. 41 Figure 26: Savings from Meeting National Target of 15% Energy Efficient by 2014 for Industry and Commerce ...................................................................................... 41 Figure 27: Percent Energy Use for Households by Fuel Type..................................... 42 Figure 28: Financial Savings from Residential Energy Efficient Lighting Scenario: 100% using CFLs by 2025 ............................................................................................ 46 Figure 29: Electricity Savings from Energy Efficient Lighting Scenario: 100% using CFLs by 2025 ............................................................................................................... 46 Figure 30: Energy Savings from Solar Water Heater Scenario: 10% of all households to have SWHs by 2010, 50% by 2020..................................................................... 47 Figure 31: Financial Savings from Solar Water Heater Scenario: 10% of all households to have SWHs by 2010, 50% by 2020..................................................................... 47 Figure 32: Percent Energy use for Agriculture by Fuel Type ....................................... 48 Figure 33: Electricity Savings from Energy Efficient Lighting Scenario: all buildings using CFLs by 2010...................................................................................................... 54 Figure 34: Financial Savings from Energy Efficient Lighting Scenario: all buildings using CFLs by 2010...................................................................................................... 54 Figure 35: Comparison of Job Creation by Generation Technology ............................ 56 Figure 36: Global Warming Potential with all policies in place..................................... 64 Figure 37: Global Warming Potential in business as usual scenario ........................... 64
page 4 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACSA AQMP ARC CBD CCC CCTV CDM CEF CFL CO2 CP DEAT DME DSM eCO2 EE EGDS EMM EMS EDD GDACE GHG HOV IDP ITP IP IS LED LPG Metro MSA MWe NDOT NCPC NERI NERSA NMT ORTIA PTP RE SAEDES SARCC SDF SMMEs SOER SOV SUV TDM Airports Company South Africa Air Quality Management Plan Agricultural Research Commission Central Business District Customer Care Centre Closed Circuit Television (surveillance cameras) Clean Development Mechanism (for carbon trading under the Kyoto Protocol) Central Energy Fund Compact Fluorescent Lamp Carbon Dioxide Cleaner Production Department of Environment and Tourism Department of Minerals & Energy (national) Demand­side management Equivalent carbon dioxide greenhouse gas contribution Energy efficiency Ekurhuleni’s Growth & Development Strategy Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Management System Environmental Development Department (for the Metro) Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment Greenhouse gas High­occupancy vehicle Integrated Development Plan (for the Metro) Integrated Transport Plan (for the Metro) Illuminating paraffin Infrastructure Services (for the Metro) Light­emitting diode (highly efficient light bulbs with prolonged­life) Liquid petroleum gas Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Municipal Services Act Mega­Watt equivalent National Department of Transport National Cleaner Production Centre National Energy Research Institute National Energy Regulator of South Africa Non­motorised transport OR Thambo International Airport Public Transport Plan (for the Metro) Renewable Energy South African Energy Demand & Efficiency Standards (National Building EE Standards) South African Rail Commuter Corporation Spatial Development Framework (for the Metro) Small, medium and micro enterprises State of Energy Report for Ekurhuleni Single­occupancy vehicle Sports Utility Vehicle Travel Demand Management
page 5 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy STATISTICS
Figure 1: Map of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
Table 1: General Information on the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
Total Population (Census 2001)
­ Population: Northern SDR ­ Population: Eastern SDR ­ Population: Southern SDR Total Population (Estimated: 2010) Number of households Unemployment Rate Total number of Wards (Ward 2005)
­ Number of Wards: Northern SDR ­ Number of Wards: Eastern SDR ­ Number of Wards: Southern SDR Date of Metro Establishment Cities and towns amalgamated Industries Supporting Enterprises Commercial Enterprises International Airports: Johannesburg International Airport (JIA) Metro Area in km % of national GDP % GDP from Manufacturing Major Highways: N3, N12, N17, R21and R24 Major Metropolitan Projects (including Blue IQ­projects contribution)* §1 JIA Industrial Development Zone (Blue IQ­project)* (R190 million) §2 Wadeville­Alrode Manufacturing Corridor (Blue IQ­project)* (R72 million) §3 Gauteng Rapid Rail Link (Blue IQ­project)* §4 Germiston­Daveyton Activity Corridor (GDAC) §5 R21 Corridor §6 Tourism Development page 6 2 478 630 770 913 780 812 926 905 3 200 000 745 115 26 – 32%
88 27 29 32 5/12/2000 9 8 000 5 000 19 000 1 1 924 km² 18 % 28 % 5 5
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Energy Demand by Sector SUMMARY
ENERGY OVERVIEW Total energy demand in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality represents 5.6% of South Africa’s total energy demand. The transport sector accounts for the largest use of energy in the Metro, followed by industry and households. Liquid fuels is the main energy source, followed by electricity, which is used by approximately 455 500 customers from all sectors. Significant piped (Sasol) gas is also used by industrial customers. Although coal represents a relatively small source of energy, it is a significant source of air pollution. Renewable sources of energy are not well utilised in Ekurhuleni. However the Metro is currently assessing the potential to use landfill gas from its landfill sites, and developing options such as mass use of solar water heaters by households and bio­fuel production and use. Energy efficiency and Demand­Side Management potential in Ekurhuleni is huge, and numerous cost­effective opportunities exist for energy use reduction, including lighting efficiency, efficient building design, domestic geyser ripple control, and industrial equipment efficiency.
Transport 41% Agriculture 1% Local Government 1% Commerce 3% Households 14% Industry, construction 36% Mining and quarrying 4% % Total Energy Use by fue l type Sasol gas 10% Electricity 37% LPG 2% Coal 3% Paraff in 2% Furnace oil 1% Diesel 16% Petrol 29% SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY Key components of a sustainable energy development path for Ekurhuleni include: 1. Economic growth through efficient use of resources rather than increased use of resources. 2. Steady reduction in fossil fuel dependence. 3. Focus on energy efficiency. 4. Steady introduction of cleaner and renewable forms of energy. 5. Efficient transport system based on public transport. 6. Increasing household access to safe, affordable, healthy forms of energy. In addition to local sustainable development concerns, South African cities need to increasingly consider climate change in their sustainable development strategies. This phenomenon is widely recognised as the most critical environmental crisis facing the planet. Electricity generation is responsible for most of the global warming emissions, although transport fuel also contributes to such emissions significantly. The heart of the strategy comprises a set of targets which have been developed to pursue specific goals which support the social, economic and environmental priorities of the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality. These targets are summarised in the below table. The Metro acknowledges that in order to meet these targets listed in this Strategy, support from local partners, national government, and international agencies will be necessary.
ENERGY TARGETS BY SECTOR
Sector
Transport Targets
1. Adopt the following targets in the EGDS for Ekurhuleni: a. Reduce the travel times and the travel distances of commuters by 10­15% by 2025 (EGDS), based upon the 2004 baseline information. b. Reduce, within the financial means of the Metro, the kilometers of the road network experiencing saturation levels higher than 90%, with 10% by 2025 (EGDS), based upon the 2004 baseline information. 2. Transport modal split shift: 10% of private vehicles shift to rail/public transport by 2020, based on the 2004 baseline information. 3. Include dedicated bicycle lanes on at least 20% of the roads identified for possible bicycle lanes by 2020 4. Enforced bus­lanes and/or HOV or appropriate Public Transport lanes on suitable roads by 2020 Adopt the National DME Energy Efficiency target: Energy demand in transport sector reduced by 9% by 2014
page 7 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Sector
Targets
Industry,
Commerce
and Mining 1. Increased energy efficiency in commerce & industry buildings in support of DME Energy Efficiency targets: a. 15% reduction in industry energy demand by 2014 (DME EE Policy targets). b. 15% reduction in energy demand in commercial buildings by 2014 (DME EE Policy targets) 2. The following targets to support above targets: a. Commercial efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2015, and develop adequate CFL disposal plan. b. All new buildings to comply with SAEDES (national building energy efficiency standards) from 2010.
1. Increased energy efficiency in households: 10% reduction in electricity consumption by 2014. The following targets support this: a. CFL use in 100% of households by 2025, 50% by 2015 b. Develop By­law by 2008 requiring solar water heaters (SWH) and insulation in all new middle to high income housing c. 10% of all households to have SWHs by 2010, 50% by 2020. d. Ensure that all low­income formal housing has insulated ceilings – new housing by 2010, retrofit existing by 2015. 2. 10% reduction in CO2 emissions, in real terms, by 2015 (resulting from RE and EE/DSM implementation in households). 3. Develop policy that promotes green building of houses by 2008, with a by­law in the future. 4. Disseminate information on efficient appliances, SWHs, efficient building etc to all Metro residents through electronic media, Metro residents newsletter and billing system annually, starting in 2007 (immediately). Provide relevant information to particular user groups.
11. Increased energy efficiency in agriculture: 9% reduction in electricity consumption by 2014 (DME target).
Residential Agriculture Ekurhuleni
Metropolitan
Municipality 1. LED signals for all traffic lights by 2015, 20% by 2010 2. Increased vehicle energy efficiency of local government fleet by 2011. 3. Commence with the use of cleaner vehicle technologies for vehicle fleet and install a tank for refuelling by 2011. 4. Govt efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2010 5. Accessible CFL disposal system to be put in place by 2010 6. Reduce energy consumption by at least 5% in all municipal operations by 2010 7. Key staff in Metro departments (Environmental Development, Transport , Building Maintenance, Electricity, Solid Waste) to have undergone capacity building around EE, RE and/or DSM by 2008 8. Approved green procurement policy by 2010 9. Approved green­building policy by 2008. 10. Reduction in GHG emissions of 10% by 2015 11. Video conferencing available to all staff by 2008. 12. Target training to the value of 1000 NQF points around energy efficiency to be delivered to staff in all departments involved with energy efficiency matters by 2012.
Energy Supply 1. Quantity of CO2 emissions reduced by 5% by 2010, 25% by 2020 2. All households to have access to electricity or alternative energy service option by 2012, inclusive of households not located close to the grid. 3. Diversify energy supply to include renewable and cleaner energy sources with a target of 10% by 2020 a. Implement landfill­gas projects by 2010 Details of the full set of measures and implementation plans can be found in the relevant sections of the strategy.
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy INTRODUCTION The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (the Metro) was formed in 2000 and is the fourth largest municipality in South Africa. Ekurhuleni is situated in the Gauteng province to the east of Johannesburg and south of Tshwane. Ekurhuleni embraces some 88 wards, is heavily industrialized and is considered the economic engine of South Africa. The Ekurhuleni area consists of about 192 355 hectares of land and is occupied by about 2,5 million people occupying approximately 750 000 households. The pattern of households, as of 2004, is still characterized by a smaller, largely white suburban component occupying cores within larger, densely populated, predominantly black settlements arranged on the historical township model. Ekurhuleni is responsible for some 23% of the Gross Geographic Product of Gauteng with the inputs of some 33 000 business entities, including 8 000 industries, over 5 000 supporting enterprises and a bustling commercial sector. Ekurhuleni is an entity of globally competitive business and industry. Ekurhuleni has the largest industrial and manufacturing base on the African continent, making it a centre for energy intensive activity. One of the key performance areas identified for the Metro’s Environmental Development department is the development of a strategy to institutionalise sustainable energy approaches and practices in the Municipality. This is a key step to move Ekurhuleni towards the goals of sustainable development. Ekurhuleni is also one of eleven participating South African cities in the Cities for Climate Change Protection (CCP) Programme of the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI). The aim of the CCP programme is to mobilise cities to address both their own urban service priorities and those of the global climate change agenda. The CCP Programme requires that local authorities conduct an emissions inventory and forecast, set emission reduction goals, develop & implement an emission reduction action plan, and monitor the results achieved. CCP internationally includes 550 cities representing some 8% global greenhouse gas emissions. The Metro’s Environmental Development Department has appointed Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA) to assist in formulating a detailed Energy and Climate Change Strategy, for the Ekurhuleni area. This strategy will be used as the management and performance­monitoring tool for energy use within the Metro. Energy in Cities Energy is the lifeblood of modern society. Modern cities rely heavily on energy for the maintenance of essential services and for powering devices that are used in industry and commerce. Energy powers homes, transport systems, industry, infrastructure and commerce. The availability of abundant, cheap power in the form of fossil fuels has enabled societies to develop machines and systems that can enhance the quality of human life and increase the efficiency and productivity of our work. Industrialised societies have relied on cheap, abundant supplies of fossil fuels, particularly oil and coal, and their usage has increased steeply over the past century. This pattern is being emulated by many developing nations. However, things are changing as the drawbacks of heavy reliance on fossil fuels become increasingly apparent. Concerns are growing about the environmental and social impacts of the consumption of fossil fuels which include air pollution, global warming, waste disposal problems, land degradation and the depletion of natural resources. Furthermore, cheap supplies of oil are running out, contributing to the tripling of oil prices in less than 3 years. These trends are likely to continue and even accelerate throughout the 21st century. Due to the instability of fuel prices, energy intensive industries will find it increasingly difficult to maintain a competitive position. Householders and government agencies may experience budget over runs on items that are fossil fuel dependent. As a consequence of these concerns, attention has been focused on ways of saving energy in both supply and use. Energy management offers the opportunity to stabilise prices and to reduce the adverse environmental and social impacts of energy use in cities, while improving the availability of work. It provides opportunities to make substantial savings in energy bills across all sectors ­ domestic, commercial, industrial and government ­ through various means, many of which require minimal investment of funds. By making such savings the energy costs of production can be reduced with consequent benefits for consumers, society and the environment.
page 9 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy EMM Energy Planning Energy plays a central role in the functioning of cities and yet South African cities are still new to current global energy debates (although they are rapidly catching up ­ 11 cities form part of the International Cities for Climate Change Partnership, and at least four cities are involved in developing energy strategies). South Africa has ratified the Kyoto Protocol and is one of the developing world’s heaviest carbon emitters: this means that, while not yet obligated, South African cities should become part of leading the way in reducing carbon emissions. Driven by issues of climate change and inspired by cost savings and better service delivery, other cities around the world are making pioneering and cutting edge interventions to address their energy issues in an integrated way. This is having far reaching implications for these cities in terms of social development, environmental sustainability, service delivery, citizen involvement and resource efficiency. For local governments, sustainability means thinking, planning and acting in the long­term, examining all the impacts of decisions made today with tomorrow in mind. Local governments make decisions affecting land use, building codes, transportation systems and waste management, and each of these decisions impacts energy use. A Metro Energy & Climate Change Strategy is a plan that aims to integrate and entrench sustainable energy approaches and practices at the local level, within a framework that has a clear vision and direction. This strategy will prioritise and co­ordinate ad hoc energy & climate change projects and activities, and will help to integrate energy and climate change objectives into relevant functions and programs. It can improve service delivery and quality of life, save money and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It will assist the metro in building its overall metro development strategy. Energy is the backbone of the metro, and, while being very specific, it is also an entirely cross­cutting sector which has serious social, economic and environmental impacts. It is clear that the issue of energy is a fundamental underpinning of both sustainable development, as well as poverty alleviation, such as contained within the Millennium Development Goal process. The detrimental impacts of modern energy consumption practices cannot be reversed overnight, so sustainable energy planning must be an ongoing, dynamic activity. ENERGY IN CONTEXT International context South Africa signed and ratified the Kyoto protocol in response to the objectives of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Unlike many developed countries, South Africa is not obliged to meet the stated targets of emission reductions, but nonetheless, as the eighteenth worst polluter in the world, it needs to take steps to implement GHG emission reduction measures. There is also a possibility that South Africa will be required to meet targets in the next round of the Kyoto Protocol after 2012. The effects of climate change will be mostly felt in poor, developing countries because of their poor resilience to natural disasters (e.g. the Mozambique floods in 1999). A number of cities internationally have developed energy and climate change strategies. The development of the Energy & Climate Change Strategy for Ekurhuleni has been informed by a review of international best practice with regard to energy strategies. The following strategies in particular have been reviewed: ­ City of Cape Town Energy & Climate Change Strategy ­ Mayor of London’s Energy Strategy: “Green light to clean power” ­ Energy Strategy for Portland, Oregon ­ Barcelona energy policies and strategies ­ San Francisco energy policies and strategies ­ Curitiba energy policies and strategies ­ Leicester energy policies and strategies The National context In SA as a whole the energy sector contributes approximately 15 % to the total GDP and creates employment opportunities for approximately 250 000 people. Large­scale, energy intensive industries dominate the South African economy and are to a large extent responsible for South Africa’s having one of the planet’s highest per capita energy
page 10 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy consumption. The country’s high energy demand is provided for through the use of amongst others, coal, fuelwood, electricity, liquid fuel and gas.
Figure 2: Energy Use in South Africa by Sector Source: DME: Digest of South African Energy Statistics 2002 Energy in South Africa is dominated by electricity and liquid fuels supply for Agriculture Other transport, the former mainly generated 1% 3% through the burning of coal in large coal­fired plants, the latter largely imported from oil producing countries. The Transport economy is considered energy intensive in Industry 28% comparison to other emerging economies. 41% Industry accounts for approximately half the country’s total energy consumption. Households and transport make up most of the other half, while agriculture accounts Mining for the remainder of South Africa’s energy 6% consumption. Due to the diversity of Commerce Residential socio­economic groups in South Africa, 4% 16% there is still significant diversity in the role of energy in the life of ordinary South Africans. The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) bears the primary responsibility for developing energy policies in South Africa. The National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) is mandated to regulate the supply, transmission and distribution of electricity within the confines of the Electricity Act of 1987, as amended, the Energy White Paper of 1998, and Act 4 of the Electricity Regulation Act of 2006. Non­energy other 1% Relevant Policies & Legislation The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Energy and Climate Change Strategy is located within an international, national and local policy framework. Some key relevant policies, strategies & plans are listed below.
Table 2: Relevant Policies and Legislation INTERNATIONAL United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change & the Kyoto Protocol WSSD 2002 Johannesburg Plan of Implementation Millennium Development Goals NATIONAL DME Energy Policy White Paper (1998) National Energy Bill (2004) DME’s Integrated Energy Plan NERSA’s Integrated Resource Plan DME White Paper on the Promotion of Renewable Energy – May 2004 (wherein South Africa's renewable energy target for 2013 is set for 10 000 GWh). DME Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of South Africa – March 2005. National Energy Regulator of South Africa’s (NERSA) Regulatory Policy for Energy Efficiency and Demand­Side Management for South African Electricity (2004) DEAT Draft National Strategy on Cleaner Production and Sustainable Consumption DEAT Air Quality Act (2004). NLTTA: National Land Transport Transition Act NLTSF: National Land Transport Strategic Framework DEAT National Climate Change Response Strategy – 2004 LOCAL GOVERNMENT Municipal Systems Act Municipal Structures Act Municipal Finance Management Act White Paper on Local Government OTHER RELEVANT Constitution of South Africa National Environmental Management Act LOCAL – Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
page 11 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Metro Vision and Mission Ekurhuleni Growth & Development Strategy (EGDS) Air Quality Management Plan Integrated Development Plan (2003); Spatial Development Framework (SDF) Strategic Integrated Transport Plan Bicycle Strategy Northern Region Environmental Management Framework The State of Energy Report for Ekurhuleni The State of Environment Report for Ekurhuleni Sources: www.dme.gov.za; www.nersa.org.za; www.deat.gov.za
page 12 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy ENERGY USE IN EKURHULENI an overview Total Energy Consumption Typical energy unit multipliers kilo = 1 thousand 1 000 mega= 1 million 1 000 000 giga = 1 billion 1 000 000 000 tera = 1 trillion 1 000 000 000 000 peta = 1 thousand trillion In the State of Energy Report for Ekurhuleni, an energy balance was done to assess the fundamental movement of energy via its main carriers through the Ekurhuleni. This addressed both demand and supply of energy by demand sector and energy carrier. The total demand for energy in Ekurhuleni in 2003 was 118 652 TJ (terajoules).
Figure 3: Typical Energy Unit Multipliers Ekurhuleni Energy Consumption Compared to National Energy Consumption (2003) 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 Bi
om
as
s
oa
l C
na
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The total demand for energy in Ekurhuleni in 2003 is compared to the South African total for 2003 in Figure 4. Ekurhuleni consumes 4.5% of the national total of all energy forms and more than this average for Sasol Gas (28.8%, which is understandable as it is only one of the three areas that is supplied with this gas) and liquid fuels (stationary applications at 13.5% and transport applications at 7.2%). Electricity is about the same as the total average but coal and biomass are significantly lower. (Source: DME, 2001 extrapolated and Energy Balance for Ekurhuleni, 2003).
To tal fo r Ekurhuleni St
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10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 To tal fo r So uth A frica Figure 4: Energy Consumption in Ekurhuleni compared to National
Ekurhuleni Energy Demand by Sector City of Ekurhuleni Commerce 1% Agriculture Mining & 3% 1% Quarrying 4% Transport 41% Industry, Construction 36% Energy Profile The transport sector accounts for the largest use of energy in Ekurhuleni (41%), followed by industry (36%) and then households (14%). The three remaining sectors, including local government, are low in energy use in comparison, each accounting for 1% to 4% of the total.
Households 14% Figure 5: Ekurhuleni Energy Demand by
Sector
page 13 k M G T P Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy % Total Energy Use by fue l type Electricity 37% Sasol gas 10% LPG 2% Linked to this distribution of sectoral energy use, liquid fuels supply most (49.1%) of the energy consumed in Ekurhuleni, followed by electricity with 37.7% and pipeline (Sasol) gas with 10.1%. Petrol is by far the dominant liquid fuel that is used within Ekurhuleni (60% of liquid fuels) followed by diesel (29%), with low usage of the other liquid fuels. Petrol and diesel use is about 25% of that of the Province and petrol forms a high 9.3% of the national total. Ekurhuleni uses a surprisingly large component of IP (42.4%) and LPG (59.8%) in relation to Gauteng.
Coal 3% Paraff in 2% Furnace oil 1% Diesel 16% Petrol 29% Figure 6: Percent of Demand Supplied by Energy Carrier in Ekurhuleni
Table 3: Average electricity consumption per customer class
CUSTOMERS
Eskom
Ekurhuleni Metropolitan
Municipality
KWh/customer/month 320 1 378 1 055 14 806 853 93 236 3 062 5 395 kWh/customer/month
Household low usage 123 Household n/a Agriculture 5 359 Mining 3 111 901 Manufacturing 7 861 846 Commercial 8 159 General* ­ *includes own use, streetlights Source: State of Energy Report, figures updated from latest information available at time of print. SUPPLY­SIDE SYSTEM
Liquid Fuels (49%) The consumption of petrol and diesel in Ekurhuleni was 991 560 kL and 488 277 kL respectively in 2003. The most important marketing channel for liquid fuels is through service stations (66% of total sales), followed by “other resellers” (14%) and the direct marketing to larger companies as “other commercial” and “road trucks”, 7.4% and 8.9% of the total respectively. About 92% of the illuminating paraffin (IP) used in the East Rand is consumed by households. Smaller amounts of IP are used by Industry/Construction and Agriculture. Paraffin can be purchased from a number of outlets, the most common being informal spaza shops and individual homes, formal supermarkets and filling stations. The degree of accessibility varies from one area to another. To a large extent this established paraffin distribution network has worked well in promoting the use of paraffin in poor communities. On the other hand, the long paraffin distribution network works to the disadvantage of the final consumer. Recently, campaigns have been mounted to improve the safe use of paraffin by the Paraffin Safety Association. The DME is promoting LPG and other low­smoke fuels (coal) in order to minimise the use of paraffin mainly for safety reasons. There are plans to accelerate the use of LPG in the residential sector, particularly in low income households in order to reduce the use of dangerous paraffin. A strategy is being developed by the DME to roll out LPG, and it is envisaged that municipalities will play a key role in implementing the LPG strategy. Another approach is to move towards sustainable ethanol gel, which is both non toxic and far less likely to cause the devastating fires seen. The South African government is supplying cleaner petrol and diesel since 2006.
page 14 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Electricity (38%) Total Ekurhuleni purchases from Eskom and City Power in 2003 amounted to 10 529 GWh. Eskom supplied an additional 3,870 GWh to consumers in Ekurhuleni. Eskom mainly supplies Large and Small Power Users (mining, commerce, agriculture and industry and certain townships i.e. Daveyton, Etwatwa, Wattville, Duduza, Katlehong and Tsakane) and certain key consumers in mines and industry. The key consumers are distinguished by their reactive power consumption, measured in KVA. Ekurhuleni serves some 315 500 customers and Eskom some 140 000 customers. Eskom’s consumers are split into small and large power users and key consumers. Ekurhuleni dominates the supply of electricity to households, manufacturing and commercial customers (52% of households other than low usage, 99% of the manufacturing and 90% of the commercial customers in the Ekurhuleni boundary) while Eskom dominates supply to mining (96%).
Piped Gas (10%) Pipeline gas is distributed directly by Sasol gas by means of a medium pressure pipeline and exclusively to larger industrial consumers. Sasol supplied 11 976 TJ of piped gas to 363 customers in Ekurhuleni in 2003. Gas is priced on a market value pricing mechanism under 400 TJ per annum consumption. For customers purchasing more than 400 TJ per year, prices are negotiated.
Coal (3%) Total coal supplied to Ekurhuleni in 2003 was 149 344 tons for industry, commerce and households. Coal is supplied to both industry and households in Ekurhuleni, in proportions of about 70% and 30% respectively. It represents an almost negligible source of energy comparatively, but a significant source of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Not much coal is consumed in Ekurhuleni, considering the fact that of the national annual coal sales of about 3 million tonnes, only 149344 tonnes (5%) were consumed in this area in 2003. Coal is used mainly in coal­fired boilers and in households for space heating and cooking. Reasons cited by households that use coal, especially for space heating during winter include the fact that coal is comparatively cheap and the lack of financial resources to purchase new appliances for other fuels. In most households, old coal stoves that have been used by previous generations are still in use.
Biomass (negligible) Little woodfuel is used in Ekurhuleni relative to electricity, gas, paraffin and coal. This appears normal, as Ekurhuleni is fully urbanised, with limited access to “free” woodfuel as in rural areas. The little woodfuel used in the East Rand is generally confined to heating and cooking by destitute households. There is some that is used more for recreational purposes (such as braais) and in traditional ceremonies. Nationally, the bulk of the woodfuel utilisation occurs in rural areas where most of the trees and plantations are located. No data was received for biomass, as it is mainly non­commercial and non­monetised. The use of traditional biomass is insignificant in percentage terms vis­à­vis other fuel sources.
Renewable Energy (negligible) There are few significant or large­scale renewable energy (RE) projects in Ekurhuleni. Ekurhuleni is currently assessing the potential to use landfill gas from its landfill sites for flaring, boiler gas, electricity generation and vehicle fuel. The potential biogas fabrication from waste sources needs to be considered for possible renewable energy beneficiation. There are no effective existing biogas initiatives (except the Weltevreden pilot methane purification plant) that were reported for the State of Energy report. However, there is an ongoing survey investigating the viability for biogas production from agricultural sector within the area.
Data Constraints Energy data is not readily available, which impacts negatively on energy sector analysis and strategy formulation. Liquid fuels and pipeline gas data was obtained relatively quickly indicating the use of an integrated database. In the case of electricity many persons had to be approached for different parts of the data. It was clear that an integrated database was not available and the data had to be extracted from a number of sources and spreadsheets. Recommendations around future data collection and monitoring options are included in the section detailing the implementation plans within this strategy document.
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT Other than provided by electricity tariff price signals and the current installed base ripple­control relays for residential water heating load control, few demand side management activities appear to be in place in Ekurhuleni. There is potential to use demand side management (DSM) measures such as passive solar designs for building and SWHs (solar water heaters), as well as further residential load control focused on the installation of ripple control systems for geysers. There are a number of companies that are involved in energy efficient technologies (including manufacturing and retail of modern renewable technologies such as SWHs) in Ekurhuleni, although this is still on a relatively small scale. It is important to note that few of these companies are serving the local population, but rather supply nationally. It is anticipated, however, that as the country implements its strategies to increase the use of efficient technologies, significant demand for energy efficient technologies will be generated and the existing companies will become more economically viable.
Role of the Municipality with respect to Energy Efficiency and Demand Side
Management Municipal electricity distributors will have to become directly involved in the efficient use of electricity in future. This will result from the energy efficiency strategy of national government and the policy of the NERSA on regulating energy efficiency and DSM activities. The policies will most probably lead to local policies and programmes linked to national programmes. It may require that energy efficiency and DSM plans be developed and approved by the NERSA in order to share in national funding for this purpose. As one of the highest consumers of energy in Ekurhuleni, Ekurhuleni is expected to lead the way in articulating its own demand­side management measures. For energy efficiency strategies to achieve their intended goal, they should be robustly implemented across all important economic sectors: residential, commercial, industrial and public buildings (health care, street lighting). However, EE programmes should serve socio­economic goals as well. Other benefits, such as the reduction on electricity costs in large commercial and industrial plants, lowering of energy costs at the household level and creation of employment and economic benefit arising from energy efficiency market, should be highlighted. Targets The DME has set the following energy demand reduction targets by the year 2014 in South Africa’s demand sectors:
Table 4: South Africa’s energy efficiency targets
DEMAND SECTOR
REDUCTION IN DEMAND BY 2014 Industry 15% Commercial and Public Buildings 15% Residential 10% Transport 9%
Total
12% Source: DME Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of South Africa, March 2005 EMISSIONS The potential impacts of energy on environmental change include, but are not limited to: · Depletion of non­renewable resources, i.e. fossil fuels · Increase in atmospheric concentrations such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and lead (amongst others) and these have an adverse impact on health and the natural environment · The emission of greenhouse gases also has an impact on climate change · Fossil fuel combustion increases the entropy of the planet, due to the generation of heat as a waste product and this may alter microclimates, e.g. the atmosphere over industrial cities is hotter than rural surroundings. · The availability of fossil fuel energy has reduced the relationship between economic activity and environmental carrying capacity, making it possible to establish concentrations of humanity and economic activity in places where it could not otherwise be sustained. The form and function of modern metropoles is largely due to this fact, which raises the question of whether modern cities can be considered to be ‘sustainable’ at all, dependent as they
page 16 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy are on external sources of energy (and frequently, on external sources of water, whose transfer to the metropoles is enabled by the expenditure of vast quantities of energy. (Source: Ekurhuleni State of Energy Report)
Local emissions 'Local' emissions are those that affect the air quality in the Ekurhuleni area and have local health and visual impacts. They include nitrogen and sulphur oxides, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter. Due to the nature of activities that are undertaken within the Ekurhuleni, sources of pollution within this area vary considerably and include heavy manufacturing industries, a coal fired power station, mines and associated infrastructure, light industrial processes, waste sites, motor vehicles, farming and domestic fuel combustion. Domestic coal burning and coal fired boilers are recorded as the most significant fuel burning related sources of airborne particulates in the Ekurhuleni region. Particulate matter especially those in the respirable size range (<10µm) poses both a health risk to human receptors and degrades the visibility of an area. Wood and coal combustion is an important energy source in low income population groups as well as the numerous informal settlements that are dispersed across Ekurhuleni. This is significant during winter when strong inversion conditions prevail over the Highveld resulting in poor dispersion conditions i.e. the accumulation of air pollution levels in the first 100 to 300 m above ground level. Although industrial activities do indeed contribute significantly to air pollution in Ekurhuleni, it is not possible at this stage to disaggregate the data to show to what extent the pollution relates to energy generation or consumption. Based on the number of industries that operate in this area they could have a significant contribution to the total load. Given the strategic location of Ekurhuleni, its road, rail and air networks also support a significant amount of passing traffic. Hence air emissions from the various transportation modes that are encountered in this area are likely to be a significant air pollution source. Due to the significant role petrol and diesel play in Ekurhuleni’s energy use profile, these energy sources are responsible for much of the local pollutants in the atmosphere. Of the various transport modes, road (vehicle) transport is considered to be the most significant regional source of air pollution. The South African government plans to supply “cleaner” petrol and diesel as from 2006. South Africa is currently giving substantial attention to biodiesel and bioethanol production and use, and these renewable fuels are expected to play a significant part in the transport sector in the medium term. The various transport planning and rationalisation activities will also lead to a more efficient transport sector with lower energy use. In particular, public transport should be a key underpinning of any transport strategy, together with disincentives for single person vehicles. Two topics that also need to be addressed are the use of bicycles and pedestrian transport, both of which have very specific planning and legislation and implementation implications. They are at present administered in a very ad hoc fashion with significant consequences in terms of lack of safety. Besides motor vehicles, emissions from the air transportation sector are also a source of pollution that needs to be considered primarily in respect to air quality around the Johannesburg International Airport (JIA) in Kempton Park. JIA is the largest and busiest airport in SA. The primary pollutants from aircraft are hydrocarbons (including VOCs), NOX, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. The highest emission levels tend to occur during take­off and when the aircrafts are in idle mode. The Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA) (owners of JIA) has recently undertaken a study to characterise the impacts of the activities at the airport on air quality.
Global emissions 'Global’ emissions are those that impact on climate change globally. Fossil fuel combustion produces carbon dioxide, which absorbs radiant energy, contributing to the greenhouse effect. There is global consensus that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide, methane and manmade chlorofluorocarbons) enhances the greenhouse effect and causes global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the principal energy­related global emission, and is largely responsible for the alarming global warming phenomenon. Electricity is responsible for most of the CO2 emissions. The social and external costs of coal­fired electricity are not internalized in local electricity prices. Due to the fact that these impacts remain unaccounted for, the cost of power generation remains lower than it would be if the cost of burdens imposed on society were also included. South Africa currently has the cheapest coal and electricity prices in the world yet South Africa’s GHG emissions intensity is about 240% above world average, and the highest of the developing countries. In terms of emissions per capita, South Africa is 189% above the world average of 1,07 tons of carbon per person. Considerations of environmental externalities have thus become increasingly important in the resource planning operations of domestic electric utilities, especially in regard to the use of fossil fuels which impose real and substantial damage to human health and the environment.
page 17 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Although much of Ekurhuleni’s electricity is generated by coal power stations elsewhere in the country, the resulting emissions are still part of the metro's energy use 'footprint'. CO2 emissions reduction via efficient use of electricity and changing to renewable sources of electricity generation are thus important components of this Energy and Climate Change Strategy. Landfill methane capture projects are also significant in terms of global emissions, as methane has 21 times the global warming potential compared with an equal quantity of CO2. . However, separating organic waste for composting and methane capture can result in a far superior energy balance, as landfill gas capture will, at best, capture around 70% under ideal conditions, but if organics are collected separately, close to 100% can be captured. Based on the number of industries that operate in this area, their cumulative contribution to greenhouse gas emissions may be significant since many of these operations use fossil fuels ­ coal, oils and diesel ­ which generate greenhouses gases on combustion.
Human health The detrimental effects of air pollution on human health are well documented. These are, in summary: · Acute/short term: bronchitis, tightness in the chest, wheezing. · Chronic: lung cancer, cardiopulmonary disease. Mortality rates are higher in cities with dirtier air: it is estimated that exposure to particulate levels exceeding the World Health Organization health standards accounts for roughly 2 to 5 percent of all deaths in urban areas in the developing world 1 . More critically for Ekurhuleni, it has been shown in South Africa that mortality is dramatically increased in those families which chronically breathe coal and woodsmoke emissions in poorly ventilated dwellings, which is typically the case for poor residents during highveld winters. It is estimated that around 2000 children die annually as a result of respiratory infections caused by air pollution, the sixth largest killer of children under four in South Africa 2 . Vulnerable groups include infants, the elderly, and those suffering from chronic respiratory conditions including asthma, bronchitis or emphysema. However, even healthy adults can also suffer negative effects. Due to the significant air pollution problem caused by the combustion of coal, particularly in households, there are strategies by the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) to provide townships with low­smoke fuels and other relatively cleaner forms of energy. Air pollution emanating from the domestic combustion of coal results in acute respiratory illnesses, poor visibility and mars the aesthetics of physical structures. In this regard, the use of relatively cleaner forms of energy like electricity, LPG, paraffin and piped gas is being advocated by the DME. Future options in this regard include the production of ethanol and biodiesel from various sources, often waste. There are concerns over the links between exposure to power line frequency magnetic fields and childhood cancer, particularly leukaemia in children. Concern has grown over the potential health effects of long term exposure and/or peak exposure to weak electromagnetic fields (EMF), such as those generated by high voltage transmission lines or electricity distribution lines. In North America and Europe, EMF has become an influencing factor in planning and siting new transmission lines. Ekurhuleni electricity and health staff should ensure they are jointly well­informed regarding research on the subject, as part of a long term agenda to assess the health and environmental effects of energy in Ekurhuleni.
CLIMATE CHANGE & CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality recognises the global concerns around climate change, and acknowledges the responsibility of all players, including local authorities to be proactive % Contribution to GHG Emissions on this issue. Ekurhuleni is a City for Climate Change and has through (tons eCO2) by Sector the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, signed the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the International Council for Households Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) which requires that Local 24% Industry/ Construction Authorities:­ 42% · Conduct emissions inventory and forecast, · Set emission reduction goals, Transport · Develop emission reduction action plan, Mining and 19% · Implement emission reduction plan, and Quarrying Agriculture 7% · Monitor the results achieved. 1% Commerce Local Government 2% 1 2 World Resources Institute, 1999. EIA 2002
page 18 5% Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Figure 7: Percent Contribution to GHG Emissions by Sector From the available data in the State of Energy report, the total GHG emissions for Ekurhuleni is 18.15 million tons eCO2. This compared to London at 40 million and Cape Town at 16.5 million tons. Electricity consumption is the largest contributor (three­quarters) to GHG Emissions for Ekurhuleni. The industry and construction sector is the greatest contributor to GHG emissions in Ekurhuleni at 42% of total, followed by households at 24% and transport at 19%. Emissions reduction action plans include those outlined in this strategy.
Figure 8: Percent Contribution to GHG Emissions by Fuel Type
% Total Contribution to GHG Em iss ions by Fuel Type Kyoto Protocol South Africa has ratified and acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in Furnace IP 2002. Although South Africa is not obliged to reduce Oils 1% LPG Diesel greenhouse gas emissions during the initial period required 1% 1%
8% under the Protocol (2008 to 2012), this could change after Petrol 2012 especially when the protocol is implemented. Important 13% commitments include quantification and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that are emitted within South Coal Africa. The collation of this information will almost certainly 2% require local government input either in the form of promulgation of legislation or collation of information that has Electricity been supplied by generators of air pollution that fall within its 74% jurisdiction. The Kyoto Protocol, as of 16 February 2005, governs the international implementation of carbon reduction commitments by industrialized countries. One such mechanism to facilitate emissions reduction is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), where these countries are able to claim carbon reduction ‘credits’ by supporting non­industrialised countries in reducing their CO2 or other greenhouse gas emissions. Many measures in this Energy and Climate Change Strategy are aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of Ekurhuleni, and the metro will request the support of relevant international organizations to enable the implementation thereof. The CDM is one such method for facilitating this process by providing opportunities for financing carbon­emissions reduction projects such as the harnessing of methane landfill­gas, and more pro­actively, renewable energy­based electricity and process­heat generation. PRIORITY ISSUES The State of Energy Report for Ekurhuleni identified the following key energy issues: 1. The Metro is already implementing measures which will improve energy service delivery and improve the Municipality’s contribution to management of South Africa’s environment. 2. The most energy intensive sector in Ekurhuleni is the transport sector, and little related data is available on which to base long term energy management decisions. 3. Vehicle transport and households contribute the most to undesirable emissions in Ekurhuleni. 4. Energy services for low­income households have historically been inadequate. 5. Households suffering unemployment and poverty rely on less convenient and often unhealthy fuels. 6. Most decisions on the choice of household energy carriers are taken by women. 7. Illegal electricity connections are a problem both in terms of danger of electrocution and in terms of reduction of revenue for the Municipality, as well as a drain on the Municipality’s human resources to resolve the situation. 8. Coal use in urban areas results in indoor air pollution as well as adding to South Africa’s net contribution to CO2 emissions, and therefore to climate change. 9. Energy security for low­income households can help reduce poverty, improve livelihoods and living standards. 10. Few alternatives to fossil­fuel burning vehicles are available to Ekurhuleni’s population, although improvements in the refining process are resulting in more environmentally­friendly, reduced­emissions diesel. In addition to the above, the State of Energy report highlighted energy issues in Ekurhuleni with respect to a common Service Delivery Framework of Strategy & Policy, Planning & Design and Operation & Maintenance. These are included in Appendix B. The major objectives of government policy for the energy sector are spelled out in the 1998 Energy White Paper as follows:­ · Government will promote access to basic energy services, and · Targets will be set for the reductions of energy­related emissions that are harmful to the environment. · Improving energy governance
page 19 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy · · Stimulating economic growth, and, Securing supply through diversity.
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy THE FUTURE OF ENERGY IN EKURHULENI The decisions taken in Ekurhuleni today regarding energy use largely determine the future energy profile, including regarding local emissions, health, cost competitiveness and global warming. Decision­makers therefore need to understand the longer­term impact of different options. The information in Table 6 includes statistics which show the issues facing decision­makers in Ekurhuleni with regard to housing, population growth, expected GGP growth, transport needs, air quality, and suggest areas which need the most attention in order to develop in a more sustainable way. With the implementation of visionary strategies it is possible to meet the needs of the current and future generations. The key focal points for developing sustainable energy use include: 1. Economic growth through efficient use of resources rather than increased use of resources. 2. Steady reduction in fossil fuel dependence. 3. Focus on energy efficiency. 4. Steady introduction of cleaner and renewable forms of energy. 5. Efficient transport system based on public transport. 6. Increasing household access to safe, affordable, healthy forms of energy.
Table 5: The Future Picture for Ekurhuleni
Population* Households Low­income households Mid­hi­income households Housing backlog** Number of private cars*** Carbon Dioxide (eCO2) 2005
2,900,000 745,000 525,000 225,000 170,000 300,000 5,4 billion tons 2025
4,500,000 1,374,200 961,900 412,200 311,500 523,600 9 billion tons % increase 64% 54% 55% 55% 54% 57% 60% * Extrapolated from Census 2001 using a population growth rate of 3.8% until 2010, where after the growth rate of 2.5% is used (although some experts consider these figures to be high, and figures of below 2% more realistic). ** Extrapolated using LEAP, based on expected growth rate of households. This is the number of new low­income households expected in 2025. Total number of low­income households in 2025 is 961,900. ***Increase calculated by using 2005 vehicle figures and projecting the growth as per population. Data sources: State of Energy Report; 2001 Census If energy consumption continues on the current development path, the projected energy consumption is expected to almost double by 2025. The corresponding greenhouse gas emissions with this projected energy consumption will result in devastating environmental catastrophes. Figure 11 depicts, by sector, the largest consumers of energy and Figure 12 shows the corresponding global warming potential of this consumption. The greatest opportunity to improve on energy efficiency is then in the Transport, Industry and the Residential sectors, in order of priority. With the implementation of some or all of the targets set out in this document, it is possible to redefine the picture of energy use in Ekurhuleni. The various sections following describe the current status and discuss the measures that can be taken to meet certain targets. Various financial and environmental savings are highlighted, which, if certain measures are implemented now, will free up large sums of capital which can be injected into suitable projects. If a sustainable energy use path is followed (implementing the policies outlined in this strategy), the cumulative energy saved by 2025 could be as much as 92 million GJ in the final modelled year of 2025 as shown in Figure 13.
page 21 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Figure 9:
Future
Energy
Picture for
Ekurhuleni
if business
continues
as usual ­
by fuel
type
Figure 10:
Business as
usual global
warming
potential by
fuel type
page 22
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Figure 11: Business as
usual Energy Demand by
Sector
Figure 12: Business as
usual Global Warming
Potential by sector
Exploring a more sustainable future A modelling exercise was undertaken to assess potential savings from implementing various measures to move towards a more sustainable future. The modelling projection methodology is explained in more detail in the ‘Targets and Projections’ section, and additional sector­relevant projections are discussed under each section later in the report. A few example measures are highlighted below to illustrate the significance of adopting a more sustainable approach. Overall, different implementation scenarios to pursue a more sustainable energy future result in significant energy savings. A shift in the transport mode from private vehicle to public bus could result in cumulative fuel savings of approximately 45 million gigajoules of energy by 2025. The shift to solar water heaters in the residential sector could save a cumulative 25 million gigajoules of energy by 2025, while the commercial lighting efficiency scenario could save up to 8.4 million gigajoules cumulatively by 2025. Implementation of all policies could result in total cumulative savings of 118.9 million gigajoules by 2025. The following are some of the benefits of taking the sustainable route: 1. Reduced energy consumption for same energy service. 2. Economic efficiency. 3. Reduced local pollution and global emissions. 4. Financial savings. 5. Safer, affordable energy available to households.
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy 6. Affordable, clean public transport system.
Cumulative Energy Savings in a Sustainable Future from implementing all policies 0 thousands GJ 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2014 2015 2020 2025 ­20000 ­40000 ­60000 ­80000 ­100000 Year Figure 13:
Sustainable Energy
Path for Ekurhuleni (Note: These are the savings from implementing all policies recommended in this strategy. Negative values indicate savings from ‘business as usual’ scenario)
Figure 14: Energy
Savings from
Transport Modal
Shift from Private
Vehicles to Bus (Note: negative values indicate savings from ‘business as usual’ scenario)
Figure 15: Energy
Savings from Solar
Water Heater
Scenario for the
Residential sector (Note: negative values indicate savings from ‘business as usual’ scenario, positive ‘solar’ values indicates use of solar energy)
page 24 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Figure 16: Savings
from Commercial
Efficient Lighting
Scenario (Note: negative values indicate savings from ‘business as usual’ scenario)
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy VISIONS AND GOALS All strategies, programmes and actions pursued by the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality must be measured against the following four macro principles:
THE FOUR EMM MACRO­PRINCIPLES: 1. PRODUCTIVE CITY: Will the strategy promote general productivity and result in increased levels of wealth in the metro? 2. INCLUSIVE CITY: Will the strategy promote inclusiveness in terms of decision making and governance and equitable sharing of the social benefits of life in the metro? 3. SUSTAINABLE CITY: Will the strategy result in sustainable settlement patterns and utilisation of resources? 4. WELL­GOVERNED CITY: Will the strategy be in line with and contribute to good governance and the deepening of democracy in the metro? The strategic focus of the Ekurhuleni Energy &Climate Change Strategy is to build on the vision of Ekurhuleni:
VISION: The Smart, Creative and Developmental City. It is on this vision that a mission statement was developed:
MISSION STATEMENT: Ekurhuleni provides sustainable and people centred development services that are affordable, appropriate and of high quality. We are focused on social, environmental and economic regeneration of our city and communities, as guided by the principles of Batho Pele and through the commitment of a motivated and dedicated team. The development of the visions and goals of the Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change strategy is informed by macro­principles of the framework above as well as the strategic focus of the Ekurhuleni Growth & Development Strategy. The priority issues identified in the State of Energy Report, the State of Environment Report, Air Quality Management Plan and the Integrated Development Plan, as well as other key national and international imperatives and commitments have also directly informed the strategy visions and goals. In line with the Ekurhuleni Growth and Development Strategy (EGDS), the Vision & Goals of the Energy & Climate Change strategy are related to the focus areas for the Physical, Economic and Social Landscape. The Visions & Goals for this strategy are therefore:
STRATEGIC ENERGY VISION FOR THE
PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE
Vision 1
A compact, integrated & sustainable city with an efficient & equitable transport system.
Goals Provide an energy efficient integrated transport system based on (i) improved Travel Demand Management, (ii) promotion of public transport and (iii) discouraging inefficient private vehicle use. Compact city planning to promote transport energy efficiency Promote cleaner fuels and technologies for transport, and improve transport energy efficiency. Core­urban areas to facilitate the use of non­motorised (bicycle & pedestrian) transport. Benefits Database to enable key indicators and trends to be tracked. Improved quality of the environment by reducing the harmful environmental impacts of energy production and use (pollution & global warming) as well as health improvements. Functional, sustainable & attractive urban areas. Higher degree of mobility and choices to consumers, equitable services, reduced trip times. Improved quality of life and productivity. Improved planning ability through improved energy data management.
page 26 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy STRATEGIC ENERGY VISION FOR THE
ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE
Vision 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goals Improve economic efficiency and sustainability of all sectors according to the following hierarchy: ­
Avoid energy use through demand­side management (DSM) that focuses on alternative options for the provision of energy services ­
Minimise unsustainable energy use through improved energy efficiency and cleaner technologies ­
Replace unsustainable energy sources with renewable energy sources where feasible Government to exhibit good governance and lead by example by improving energy efficiency Energy prices and quality supports economic competitiveness Energy planning includes full economic cost of energy Increase renewable and clean energy contribution to the total energy supply mix for Ekurhuleni (starting with the most financially viable options). Maximise employment opportunities and facilitates skills development in the energy sector especially relating to energy efficiency, demand­side management and renewable energy. Provide incentives for improved energy efficiency and use of renewable energies for all sectors. Database to enable key indicators and trends to be tracked. Benefits Reducing dependence on non­renewable energy (increasing use of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, alternative options for energy services) result in increased energy security and self­reliance for the metro (less dependent on external centralized sources) Promoting innovation and inward investment in technology. An environmental profile that will enhance competitiveness and investment, trading & tourism. Fulfilment of the metro’s constitutional obligations and global responsibilities (especially those related to climate change and sustainable development) and adapting to change in accordance with global demands. Improved skills levels, job creation and labour absorption.
STRATEGIC ENERGY VISION FOR THE
Vision 3
Goals SOCIAL LANDSCAPE
All people have access to affordable, safe, healthy and modern energy services.
Reduction in energy­poverty related diseases Provision of energy services and infrastructure to meet the needs of all according to the ‘avoid, minimize, replace’ hierarchy Universal access to electricity throughout urban areas Promote more efficient and safer energy appliances Create and promote sustainable human settlements that use energy in a safe & sustainable way (through smart & creative urban planning, energy efficient housing, integrated transport and urban greening) Energy to support increasing level of safety & security in human settlements Database to enable key indicators and trends to be tracked. Benefits Improved health & quality of life of all people, particularly for the poor. Higher level of safety & security. Urban greening areas also serve as carbon sinks. Energy can be a significant portion of low­income household expenses. Provision of energy services (such as energy­efficient houses and appliances as well as improved mobility through public transport) reduces energy poverty. The measures, targets and projects linked to each goal are included under the relevant sectors later in the strategy. Desired outcomes are indicated by proposed targets. Suggestions for implementation and monitoring for each sector and financial implications are explored where feasible. It must be noted that historical and recent urban planning has not been in line with the above overall visions and goals and it will take a significant effort to begin to steer a course towards more sustainable urban planning in line with this strategy. The implementation plans under each section detail how this can be done.
page 27
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy TRANSPORT The transport sector was the highest consumer of energy in Ekurhuleni in 2003. In absolute terms this was 48 million GJ and represented 41% of the total energy consumption in the municipality. The relatively high energy consumption gives credence to the fact that residential areas are far removed from businesses, making commuting very necessary. This sub­sector is therefore among the most critical from an energy perspective. Transport is viewed as a key enabler and catalyst in realising the vision of prosperity in the region. Excellent infrastructure links towns within the metropolitan area with highways and national and provincial roadways of the highest international standard. The Germiston Railway Station is the sub­continent’s major east­west and north­south rail intersection and the rail system in Ekurhuleni comprises 70 existing commuter rail stations. Situated within Ekurhuleni Metro, the Johannesburg International Airport (JIA) as well as a host of regional and municipal airports service the sub­continent’s import and export requirements by air, in addition to the millions of airway passengers, comprising both the tourism and business sectors, arriving and departing each year. Ekurhuleni is part of the Gauteng Rapid Rail link Blue IQ Project. JIA is the busiest airport in Africa. Because of the significant industrial base in the Ekurhuleni area, freight transport accounts for a significant proportion of infrastructure usage, and efficiency of freight transfer is therefore an important consideration in any transport and spatial planning. Three main public transport modes operate in the Ekurhuleni area, namely trains, buses and minibus taxis. Despite the fact that train services are the backbone of commercial public transport in Ekurhuleni, only around 5% of all work trips are made by train. The largest proportion of train trips are in the Kempton Park area, comprising commuters from Tembisa to Kempton Park and beyond to Johannesburg. Around 50,000 people commute to work daily by train.
Figure 17: Transport Modal Split for Ekurhuleni Overall, over half of the work trips are made by private car. Private transport is the dominant mode of transport in Ekurhuleni. There are a total of approximately 300,000 private vehicles travelling in Ekurhuleni (includes travellers from external origins and those heading to external destinations) during the peak morning rush hour (06:00 to 09:00). The public transport passenger share is dominated by taxis, with 82% of passengers, followed by rail (16%) and bus (2%). Mini­bus taxi services claim the lion’s share of the public transport market, accounting for 32% of all work trips. Cars account for 51% of work trips, train 5%, bus 2% and, surprisingly, nearly 10% of work trips are made on foot or by bicycle (all figures from the Ekurhuleni Strategic ITP). Transport Modal Split for Ekurhuleni Walk/ Cycle 36% Train 5% Other 1% Bus 1% Car 29% Taxi 28% Considering walking and bicycles (primarily used by scholars) the modal split is shown in the pie chart above. Based on international benchmarks and the MSA action agenda, the above modal distribution is distorted and needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency on the short, medium and long term (Ekurhuleni’s Strategic ITP)
Table 6: Summary of trip time for work trips by mode Total daily work trips Local ­ external trip split Average travel time for work trips in EMM Internal trip time Average bus trip duration Average train trip duration Average car trip duration Average taxi trip duration 604 406 13% external, 46 minutes 40­50 minutes 41.5 minutes (8.6 min access time) 32.6 minutes* (12 min access time) 12.5 minutes 30.5 minutes (7 min access time) * In considering the length of train trips it is evident that feeding to stations by other modes or long walking times to and from stations has a serious effect on the overall travel time by train.
page 28 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy In the transport sector strategies for saving energy range from technical solutions to full­scale urban planning solutions. The transport sector is a large user of energy and uses primarily liquid fuels. Considerable scope exists for energy savings through the improvement of driver habits, better vehicle maintenance and improved vehicle design. Incentives to produce fuel­efficient vehicles or to use public transport are also important.
Figure 18: Train Lines and Capacity in Ekurhuleni TRAINS PER HOUR Key Issues Olifantsfontein 30 15 6 1. Fare evasion is reported to be a Tembisa major problem in the rail network in Ekurhuleni and fare evasion rates Kempton Daveyton varying between 10% (Germiston ­ Park Alberton) and 80% (Nigel – Springs) have been reported. These rates Dunswart Johannesburg vary from station to station depending on the extent of ticket LINE CAPACITY UTILISATION Springs IN PEAK HOUR control (55 per cent of stations in 0 ­ 25% the Ekurhuleni area do not have 26 ­ 40% Kwesine fixed access control). 41 ­ 55% Nigel 2. The average age of coaches in 56 ­ 70% To Ekurhuleni is 30 years. The age of 71 ­ 85%
Vereeniging rolling stock also has a negative impact on the present levels of customer satisfaction. International experiences have shown renewed support of public transport after fleet recapitalisation programmes. 3. Bus services are generally under­developed in terms of its low market share of public transport services. Three types of subsidised bus operators currently operate inside the boundaries of Ekurhuleni, namely municipal operators, privately owned state­subsidised operators, privately owned, non­subsidised operators and small bus operators. There is no co­ordination of services between the entities, limited service between municipalities within Ekurhuleni, but substantial cross­boundary movement between Ekurhuleni and the City of Johannesburg. 4. Road conditions in some of the residential areas are poor, as are passenger facilities. Passenger information is also poor, as evident from the difficulty of establishing accurate supply information. The inability of these buses to handle peak hour traffic passenger volumes leads to overloading and sometimes under utilization as passengers seek other modes of transport as this fleet is old and unreliable. 5. The bus service is controlled by three different municipal services with different operating systems and structures, with no uniform tariff. 6. Ekurhuleni has 22 Taxi Associations, five of which are long distance transport (i.e. they travel the inter­provincial route) and the remaining 17 are local, with some travelling to Johannesburg and Pretoria. The taxi associations are effectively acting as the regulatory authority for their respective operating territories, which often results in forced transfers for passengers at municipal boundaries. Except in isolated cases, supply generally exceeds demand. More than 50% of all routes in Ekurhuleni are over supplied. This over­trading, coupled with a flat fare structure regardless of distance travelled, contribute to a lack of financial viability. 7. There are good road linkages between the nine commercial centres. The N3, N12, N17 and R21 provide for long­distance movement within and beyond Ekurhuleni. Congestion on these freeways is increasing, with heavy freight vehicles becoming an ever­increasing proportion of the traffic. The congestion index for all roads in Ekurhuleni is considerably lower than either Johannesburg or Tshwane. Increasing travelling distances and times as a result of urban sprawl. 8. The positive effects of empowerment will lead to an increase in the use of private cars and particularly fierce challenges will have to be overcome through strategies such as travel demand management to increase the market share of public transport. Public transport will, however, receive more attention from a policy perspective and imaginative solutions will be required at local government level to attract more people to public transport. With the implementation of the principle of subsidiarity and the establishment of Transport Authorities, local authorities will have the challenging task of improving public transport. 9. There is a weak public transport network to and from the Johannesburg International Airport 10. Multiple jurisdictions amongst many levels of authority have lead to fragmentation and lack of accountability in the transport sector. page 29 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy The above information confirms certain inefficiencies that will require concerted efforts from a planning and implementation perspective. The major issue is to what extent the integration and coordination of the different transport systems that are taking place will address the issue of energy use and therefore the influence of air pollution and greenhouse emissions. Ekurhuleni’s Strategic ITP The Strategic Integrated Transport Plan (ITP) aims to direct the future of transport in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality during the period 2003­2008. The primary focus is on strategic rather than operational matters with a strong implementation agenda. The establishment of a Transport Authority will be a first significant step towards empowering the Metro for its challenging task of optimising transport resources to the benefit of all stakeholders. The comprehensive ITP is under development, and will be completed by March 2007. Although the private car is the most common mode of transport currently, it is not cost­effective and will not be sustainable over the long term. The Metro is therefore planning to take active steps to promote public transport and to strengthen the mass transit system. Specific attention will be paid to the provision of public transport along all the main corridors, promotion of mixed use, high­density development along the corridors and the promotion of Transit Orientated Development along the main railway infrastructure. The Draft Strategic ITP includes: · The Public Transport Plan (PTP), which focuses on integration of the various modes, improvement of cost efficiencies, managing supply and demand of public transport, rationalisation and promotion of public transport. Customer care initiatives could result in improved market share for public transport. · The Infrastructure Strategy, which focuses on the development of the most effective and affordable infrastructure and facilities to enhance modal integration, to improve customer satisfaction and to protect assets. · Travel Demand Management (TDM) supports these and aims at the improvement of mobility within historic and present constraints. It is a response to traffic congestion and an inability or unwillingness to provide more road space. It is also an important energy strategy prompted by a concern for the increasing air pollution and the consumption of non­renewable resources. Based on the ‘avoid, reduce, replace’ hierarchy, reducing the need to travel is the primary priority for transport energy strategies, followed by increased use of public transport and improved efficiency of energy use in private vehicles, and the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable options. An ideal structure within an already distorted urban structure will probably remain impossible within the lifespan of the present generation. TDM is therefore the only practical short term solution that could have substantial impact in alleviating congestion and improving mobility within the Metro. Without increasing road infrastructure, TDM can improve the quality of travel, social, economic and/or environmental conditions, in contrast to a ‘more road space to solve congestion’ approach. However, it is recognised that a ‘systems approach’ is necessary, considering TDM, public transport, and road space, amongst other options. In addition, the transport infrastructure needs to be reconciled with the current focus on compact cities (and densification) that might even be contradictory to the drive for energy efficiency and improved air quality, if such strategies are not properly entrenched in spatial planning. It therefore calls for an improved focus in establishing spatial frameworks that will ensure integration of these issues with the development trends as well as transportation demands.
page 30 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Transport Vision, Goals and Measures
VISION 1
A compact, integrated & sustainable city with an efficient & equitable transport
system.
Goal
Measures Short­term (2 years) 1. Support the implementation of a Comprehensive Integrated Transport Plan (ITP), particularly the following: a. Support the establishment of a Transport Authority (suitable form and functional area to be decided upon) to ensure effective integration of the various components of the Integrated Transport Plan (the Public Transport Plan, Travel Demand Management (TDM) and Infrastructure Strategy) and promote integration with the EGDS and the IDP. b. Steadily improve the relationships between nodes and the facilities at public/private interchanges. c. Lobby with the NDOT and SARCC in order to ensure that EMM gets its equitable share of attention and funding for the upgrading and provision of rail services and infrastructure for both passenger and freight services. d. Continue to exercise influence on the Gautrain project to meet local needs. e. Restructure and integrate municipal bus services. 2. Progressively improve synchronized/phased traffic light systems to improve traffic flow, particularly at peak hours, with a resultant decrease in fuel consumption. Investigate intelligent transport systems (e.g. SCOOT) in this regard. 3. Develop and integrate the “Road to Rail” programme for passengers and goods. 4. Engage with National Government to encourage implementation of differential licence fees to discourage inefficient vehicle purchase. Long­term 5. Investigate feasibility of partnerships to improve taxi services so that they are acceptable forms of travel to a higher number of users (possibly in conjunction with a tiered taxi­rate) 6. Support various TDM measures (planning to be concluded in the medium term ­ by 2010 ­ with actual implementation thereafter ­ beyond 2012), such as: a. Identify and implement potential ‘rapid transport bus systems’ along key corridors b. Identify and implement bus/taxi lanes on major commuter routes. c. Identify and implement dedicated High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes with monitoring and enforcement through appropriate mechanism (such as CCTV systems at key points). d. Explore disincentives for private vehicle use into congested areas e. Encourage and support lift clubs where possible f. Coordinated development of park­and­ride facilities particularly for the proposed Gautrain initiative. Provide an energy efficient integrated transport system based on: (i) improved Travel Demand Management, (ii) promotion of public transport and (iii) discouraging inefficient private vehicle use. Compact city planning to promote transport energy efficiency Short­term (2 years) 7. Promote mixed use areas in city planning in conjunction with appropriate corridor development principles. 8. Promotion of Development Corridors and Nodes with public transport services to connect disadvantaged communities to areas of opportunity, avoiding the need for transport altogether where possible.. 9. Sporting facilities in EMM to focus on public transport access and limit parking for private vehicles. This is important for the successful staging of international events, in particular the 2010 Soccer World Cup tournament. 10. Lobby for efficiency of transport linked to location of schools. Schools must be built at same rate as the surrounding developments. Better coordination between roads, planning and education departments is required. Long­term 11. Include requirements in zoning regulations, development plans, construction permits, and ordinances and bylaws to improve residential density and the proximity of commercial and retail services. 12. Include life­cycle energy consumption of options as input to decision­making process. Promote cleaner fuels and technologies for transport, and improve transport energy efficiency. Short­term (2 years) 13. Keep abreast of international developments in cleaner transport forms of energy, via contact with research institutions (e.g. NERI, CSIR), and institute pilot projects of suitable options (including biodiesel, LPG, electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, pedi­cabs, scooters / motorbikes, etc.) 14. Periodically provide information to the public on feasible alternative transport energy sources. Long­term 15. Pursue measures to reduce fossil fuel dependence and to replace fossil fuels with cleaner transport energy sources. 16. Develop and implement a Driver Education Programme to promote improved fuel­efficient driving techniques and build efficiency awareness of drivers, including taxi­drivers. 17. Regularly prepare and disseminate information on fuel efficiency and life­cycle costs of different classes of vehicles.
page 31 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy VISION 1
A compact, integrated & sustainable city with an efficient & equitable transport
system. Core­urban areas to facilitate the use of non­motorised (bicycle & pedestrian) transport. Short­term (2 years) 18. Approve and promote the Bicycle Strategy. 19. Work with the planning function to ensure that bicycle and pedestrian access is included in all development planning processes, in accordance with the Bicycle Strategy, and link pockets of developed land that have been divided by natural or man­made occurrences. Long­term 20. Flagship parks and recreational facilities to include bicycle and pedestrian routes as well as public transport access. Some routes can be exclusively for these modes of transport, with private vehicles being excluded
VISION 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goal
Measures Short term (2 years) 21. Support the following measure of the EMM Air Quality Management Plan: a. Require that all airports operating within the Metro conduct a GHG emissions inventory and report source and emissions data to Environmental Development Department for inclusion in the Metro’s (AQMP) emissions inventory. 22. Assign a specific energy­efficiency post/s within a the Roads, Transport and Civil Works Department (or the equivalent planning department/s to be established as part of the Institutional Review) of EMM Long­term 23. Investigate options for staggering (flexible) working and school hours (TDM Measure) 24. Promote work from home (tele­commuting) where feasible within the commercial sector Improve economic efficiency and sustainability of all sectors according to the hierarchy: Avoid energy use, Minimise use through efficiency, Replace energy options with cleaner alternatives. Government to exhibit good governance and lead by example by improving energy efficiency. Short term (2 years) 25. EMM Transport fleet efficiency to be improved (e.g. via driver education, efficient vehicle procurement, alternative fuels etc.) (see Local Authority section of the strategy for further measures) Energy planning includes full economic cost of energy
Short­term (2 years) 26. Obtain information on the economic cost of different transport modal splits to input into the planning process (in order to make the case for more efficient, cost­effective modes). 27. Use existing project assessment tools developed to consider full economic, social and environmental costs of transport projects. Long term 28. Investigate feasibility of a ‘carbon tax’ and/or ‘congestion charge’ for private vehicle use (TDM Measure)
VISION 3
All people have access to affordable, safe, healthy and modern energy services.
Goal
Measures Short­term (2 years) 29. Improve air quality via the implementation of the Air Quality Management Plan Reduction in energy­poverty related diseases Ensure that all residents have access to cheap and efficient public transport (see measures under Vision 1) TRANSPORT TARGETS b. Adopt the following targets in the EGDS for Ekurhuleni: a. Reduce the travel times and the travel distances of commuters by 10­15% by 2025 (EGDS), based upon the 2004 baseline information. b. Reduce, within the financial means of the EMM, the kilometers of the road network experiencing saturation levels higher than 90%, by 10% by 2025 (EGDS), based upon the 2004 baseline information. c. Transport modal split shift: 10% of private vehicles shift to rail/public transport by 2020, based upon the 2004 baseline information. d. Include dedicated bicycle lanes on at least 20% of the roads identified for possible bicycle lanes by 2020 e. Enforced bus­lanes and/or HOV or appropriate Public Transport lanes on suitable roads by 2020 f. Adopt the National DME Energy Efficiency target: Energy demand in transport sector reduced by 9% by 2014
page 32
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Challenges Affordability of some of these goals poses a real challenge if the benefits of energy efficiency are not clearly articulated and properly entrenched into the priorities of EMM. As an example, benefits to the Council for improved co­ordination of traffic signals can only be measured against savings (money and time) of the road user, improved air quality (and perhaps improved service delivery) without real tangible benefits to Council. It should be noted that some of the targets might be very optimistic especially viewed against the affordability of some of the projects envisaged. Although the promotion of non­motorised transport should be encouraged it is likely to be a slow moving process with measurable benefits only achievable in the longer term. Dependency on external factors like Provincial and National authorities might also impact on some of the measures/projects. It should also be noted that the aim is to establish these targets and KPI’s as part of the development of a comprehensive ITP, which at that stage might require revisiting regarding achievability and appropriateness. Although non­motorised transport should be promoted from an energy efficiency point of view, the strategy must avoid a situation of over emphasizing one specific component. Each component must remain part of an overall integrated strategy. In the development of implementation plans, clarity will be required on responsibilities and the coordinators of such committees to be established. These should be viewed against current capacity constraints and achievability. Spoornet to spend R23 billion to lure customers back to rail Spoornet would over the next 5 years invest about R19billion in lines dominated by road transport to lure customers back to rail, according to a presentation by Maria Ramos, the chief executive of the parent company Transnet. A further R3.8billion would be invested in dedicated lines that were usually used by mining companies. The ministry of public enterprises say that the investments would focus on providing a speedy service on the railway line to help companies meet production deadlines. (“The Star”, Business Report, 11 May 2005).
Transport Projects Gautrain Rapid Rail Link The Gautrain Rapid Rail Link is a provincial public transport initiative that will have a significant impact on the Ekurhuleni area. One of South Africa’s most significant links with the international market, namely the Johannesburg International Airport (JIA) is situated in the Ekurhuleni area. The fact that the JIA will be one of the key destinations of Gautrain further underpins the value of this strategic rail network from a spatial and transport perspective. The alignment of the planned Gautrain Rapid Rail Blue IQ project, which will provide a link between Pretoria Central and Johannesburg, runs through the Northern SDR. This link ends in two stations within Ekurhuleni, one in Rhodesfield and the second inside the JIA. Infrastructure for this project will include civil works, rail track, rolling stock, stations and surrounding access roads to stations, telecommunications, electrification, buildings and deposits. In addition, some 42 000 job opportunities will be created during the construction phase, with an additional 60 000 jobs a year created and sustained, in the vicinity of the stations. In order for the project to be successful, a secondary public transport distribution network will be required (Blue IQ, 2003c). The Gautrain is planned to successfully compete with the private car. Distinctive modern trains will offer levels of service and comfort never seen before on public transport in South Africa. These trains will cover the 57km link between Johannesburg and Pretoria in less than 35 minutes and at speeds of 160km/h or higher. A study was done by EMM in collaboration with the Gautrain Project Team to determine station functional area guidelines (Source: Ekurhuleni State of Environment Report 2003). Bicycle Strategy Cycling as a sustainable and an attractive way of urban transport can be motivated by the following aspects: · Cycling improves mobility for those who cannot afford motorised transport. · Cycling is non­expensive to operate compared to motorised transport. · In general, infrastructure requirements for bicycles are substantially less onerous compared to infrastructure requirements for motorized transport. However, where interaction between bicycles and vehicles emerges, additional infrastructure usually becomes necessary. · In congested urban environments such as the Ekurhuleni area, experience has shown that the average speed of cycling is sometimes as high as the average speed of motorized transport because it is a door­to­door transport. · In the long term, communities where cycling is prevalent, are cleaner, more economically vibrant, efficient, more liveable and people are healthier In view of the above, a Bicycle Strategy for Ekurhuleni is in development and includes the following: · The development of Guidelines to promote the utilisation of bicycles as a mode of transport. · The development of standards for the development of facilities, including lane widths, gradients, school gates, parking facilities and standards on safety at such facilities. · The identifying of needs that should be addressed, emanating from the demands from both social/sport and community/scholar demand. The Municipality has made an effort to align the strategies contained in the Bicycle Strategy document with those
page 33 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy developed at both national and provincial spheres of government ­in particular, the Shova Kalula project. The bicycle promotion plan would like to include formally introducing bicycle issues as an item of the Integrated Transport Planning (ITP) process, as a mechanism to incorporate bicycle planning projects in the IDP of Ekurhuleni. Special initiatives such as bicycle fun races, car free days, closure of certain routes on special Sundays for the exclusive use of bicycles, safe cycle campaigns etc, would hopefully encourage people to buy bicycles for use during such events, and ultimately on a regular basis. Conversion of petrol vehicle fleet to LPG The Metro petrol vehicle fleet to be converted to LPG is to be pursued, taking note of the constraints embedded in the process. 15 percent of the fleet is to be converted in the short term (2 years), with a further 15 percent to be converted in the longer term. LPG is a cleaner fuel with far lower GHG emissions. At present, it is also cheaper (partly because no transport tax is levied on LPG, as is the case with petrol and diesel). Projections: The impact of implementing a modal shift from private vehicles to bus
Figure 19:
Energy savings from
Modal Shift from
Private Vehicles to
Public Transport (Bus) (10% of private vehicles (diesel and petrol) shift to bus by 2020) Note: negative values indicate savings from ‘business as usual’ scenario.
Total Cumulative savings from 10% shift from private cars to public bus R 25,000.00 Figure 20:
Financial
Savings
possible
from Modal
Shift in
Transport
4000.00 3500.00 2500.00 R 15,000.00 2000.00 R 10,000.00 1500.00 1000.00 R 5,000.00 500.00 R 0.00 0.00 20
20 05 2006 20 07 2008 0
20 9 2010 20 11 2012 20 13 2014 20 15 2016 20 17 2018 20 19 2020 20 21 2022 20 23 2024 25
MILLION ZAR Saved 3000.00 MILLION Litres fuel Saved R 20,000.00 page 34 total cumulative Rands saved total cumulative L fuel saved overall Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy page 35
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy INDUSTRY, COMMERCE & MINING
Figure 21: Percent of Energy Use for Industry/Construction by Fuel Type The Ekurhuleni area now contains approximately 8,000 industries and 5,000 supporting enterprises, contributing about 25 % of Ekurhuleni’s total GGP. % of Energy Use for Industry/Construction by Fuel Type Diesel Petrol 6% 1% Coal 6% Industry & Construction Furnace Oils 3% Industry and construction consumed 36% of the total energy demand in Ekurhuleni in 2003. In absolute terms, this amounts to 42 million GJ. This comprises the second biggest sectoral Sasol Gas consumption of energy after transport. Ekurhuleni 28% contains some 8000 industries that occur in twenty separate industrial areas, which are concentrated in seven industrial nodes. Electricity (55%) and Sasol gas (28%) account for the greatest contribution to total energy consumption by this sector. IP 1% LPG 1% Electricity 54% Ekurhuleni contributes some 23% to the Gross Geographic Product (GGP) of the Gauteng Province. Approximately 40% of all industrial activity in Gauteng derives from the Ekurhuleni area, which is the largest industrial area in the country. Manufacturing, together with wholesale and retail trade, collectively contributed approximately half of the GGP for Ekurhuleni in 2001. Mining & Quarrying Although gold mining is the primary mining activity within Ekurhuleni, other resources that are mined include coal, silver, dolomite, clay, sand and rock. Most of the mining activities occur in the Southern and Eastern SDRs. The total energy consumed by mining and quarrying in 2003 amounted to 4,510,144 GJ, which represents 4% of the total energy demand in Ekurhuleni. Eskom dominates the electricity supply to mines. Mines are mainly classified as Large Power Users and Key consumers. The main distinction between Large Power Users and Key consumers is the KVA demand, as opposed to kWh used. % of Ene rgy Use for Mining/Quarrying by Fue l The contribution of mining to the economy of Type Ekurhuleni has declined in recent years to almost Diesel marginal proportions (only 2 % of the GGP), which IP 5% could be attributed to global economic trends, the Petrol 0% escalating costs of deep level mining and a general 0% shift toward an export­based manufacturing economy. Within the Eastern SDR it appears that mining activities would still offer an economic base and job opportunities for at least the next five years. This is partly due to new mining techniques, which opened up opportunities to mine rich ore­bodies through open cast methods. In the Eastern SDR natural materials such as clay, are being mined just Electricity east of the Vorsterskroon industrial area, resulting 95% in the establishment of three brick­making yards. Brick­making is a high energy intensity industrial process.
page 36 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Figure 22: Percent of Energy Use for Mining/Quarrying by Fuel Type
Figure 23: Percent of Energy Use of Commerce by Fuel Type
Commerce The energy consumed by commerce in 2003 was 3,554,479 GJ. This represents 3% of the total energy consumed in Ekurhuleni. In 2001 wholesale and retail trade contributed 22 % of the GGP in Ekurhuleni and accounted for 15 % of job opportunities, while finance represented 12 % of the economy and 21 % of employment opportunities. These sectors have shown substantial growth in the period between 1996 and 2001. % Energy Use of Commerce by Fuel Type LPG 22%
Petrol 5% The commercial sector uses energy for transport, Electricity heating and cooling of buildings, running appliances 73% such as computers and office machinery and for lighting and cooking. It has similarities to the domestic sector because efficient appliances and building design are key factors in achieving energy savings. There is some incentive in the domestic sector for modifying user behaviour with regard to energy use since the home occupier generally pays the energy bills. However, in commercial situations energy audits, incentives and employee training are often more effective ways to promote saving of energy. In total for this sub­sector, the highest contribution to total energy use is electricity at 73%, followed by Sasol gas at 22%. Key issues 1. Environmental degradation due to mining activities, urbanization and industrialisation is a major problem in Ekurhuleni and the draft EGDS currently states that environmental upgrading will be a major focus of the metro in the years to come. 2. Industry, mining & commerce are significant contributors to local air pollution (20% estimate in Ekurhuleni’s State of Environment report) as well as global greenhouse gas emissions. As this sub­sector is the largest electricity consumer, and electricity is responsible for the vast majority of CO2 emissions, efficiency in this sub­sector must be a focus for greenhouse gas reduction. 3. There are a number of feasible opportunities for improving energy efficiency in industry, mining & commerce. There are large opportunities for energy savings through improved processes and operating procedures, as well as the potential to attract production that is not energy intensive, but labour intensive instead. Possible measures include supply side efficiency, demand management, fuel substitution, energy audits and operating procedures. 4. The low cost of electricity means that there has been little incentive to be more energy efficient. However, the increasing cost of electricity (particularly as environmental costs will increasingly need to be accounted for on a national basis) means that industry and commerce need to start implementing efficiency programmes now, including consideration of product and process re­design, to keep operational costs from escalating. 5. Energy efficiency in industry and commerce will increase Ekurhuleni’s competitive advantage internationally. The international investment market is looking increasingly at energy and environmental efficiency as an input into investment decisions. 6. The exodus of many retail and finance businesses to the four main shopping malls in the area, Eastgate, East Rand Mall, Lakeside Mall and Alberton Mall, has resulted in varying degrees of urban decay in all of the nine CBDs within Ekurhuleni. This move from the CBDs results in the inefficient utilisation of existing infrastructure and the added pressure for upgrading and development of other areas. Further, the decentralisation of such businesses perpetuates the problem of high transport costs for the lower income communities.
page 37 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Industry, Mining & Commerce Vision, Goals and Measures
VISION 1
A compact, integrated & sustainable city with an efficient & equitable transport system.
Goal Measures Long­term 1. Encourage Industry and Commerce to employ travel demand management measures in appropriate circumstances. 2. Encourage businesses to provide incentives for employees to use public transport and NMT in appropriate circumstances. 3. Encourage industry and commerce to make use of rail for transporting cargo. Provide an energy efficient integrated transport system based on (i) improved Travel Demand Management, (ii) promotion of public transport and (iii) discouraging inefficient private vehicle use. Compact city planning to promote transport energy efficiency Promote cleaner fuels and technologies for transport, and improve transport energy efficiency. See also ‘Transport ‘ section. Long­term 4. Urban Renewal and Development Planning to coordinate with developers for investing in the core areas (to prevent urban sprawl). 5. Enforce urban development boundary. See also ‘Transport ‘ section. Long­term 6. Provide information and encourage industry & commerce to improve transport efficiency and use clean fuel technologies, and consider the feasibility of incentives. 7. Introduce energy efficiency as assessment criteria for awarding contracts to bus transport companies as a part of the green procurement policy. See also ‘Transport ‘ section.
VISION 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goal Measures Short term (2 years) 8. Training for ‘Customer Care’ centres (CCC) on energy efficiency and cleaner energy options (see also Energy Supply Section) 9. Provide commerce, industry and mining with information and opportunities for improving energy efficiency and demand­side management, including publicising case studies. 10. Facilitate the implementation of national demand­side management initiatives (driven by Eskom/CEF/EEA) in the commercial and industrial sectors by the provision of information and linking resource organisations such as the National Cleaner Production Centre. 11. Facilitate energy audits in commercial and industrial facilities by linking them with suitable organisations or programmes such as the CSIR Green Buildings Programme and the National Cleaner Production Centre. 12. Facilitate technical assistance in EE/DSM for mining operations by linking them with suitable organisations and programmes such as the Water Research Commission’s ‘Cleaner Production in the Mining Industry’ Project and publicise case studies on results. 13. Promote Integrated Resource Management as standard practice in commerce and industry. Long­term 14. Mandatory energy audits for all industry, mining and commercial buildings and operations. 15. Require that certain key industries and commercial concerns undertaking combustion processes compile GHG emissions inventories for their operations as per Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) 16. Adopt national programmes to recognise and reward extraordinary industry & commerce commitment to improving energy efficiency, demand side management and renewable energy (e.g. businesses who wish to take part commit to saving 20% of their energy consumption by a target date.) Support with incentives and links to technical assistance through partnerships such as via the DME Business Accord. 17. Promote and implement visual renewable energy systems at key locations (e.g. Johannesburg International Airport, Malls, etc.) by forming partnerships with relevant businesses. (see ‘Local Authority’ section) Short term (2 years) 18. Encourage companies to adopt ‘triple­bottom­line’ accountability and reporting, and recognise such companies publicly (see business initiatives above)
Improve economic efficiency and sustainability of all sectors according to the hierarchy: Avoid energy use, Minimise use through efficiency,
Replace energy options with cleaner alternatives. Energy planning includes full economic cost of energy page 38 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy VISION 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goal Measures Short­term (2 years) 19. Promote the use of natural gas as a substitute to coal, HFO and other petroleum products used in commerce and industry. Long­term 20. Provide information on renewable energy generation options for commerce and industry. 21. Facilitate tertiary learning institutions and research and development facilities to support the development of clean/RE technologies for industry (eg, ENERKEY, NCPC) 22. Promote the use of landfill gas by industries in the vicinity of landfills, and price competitively (being careful not to burn unclean gas near communities). Short­term (2 years) 23. Encourage the development and implementation of work place skills plans w.r.t. EE/DSM and clean/RE 24. Disseminate information on the employment potential for RE as opposed to conventional energy supply sources. Long­term 25. Establish partnerships to develop and implement capacity building and skills development programmes in energy efficiency, DSM and renewable energy Increase renewable and clean energy contribution to the total energy supply mix for Ekurhuleni (starting with the most financially viable options). Maximise employment opportunities and facilitates skills development in the energy sector especially relating to energy efficiency, demand­side management and renewable energies. Provide incentives for improved energy efficiency and use of renewable energies for all sectors. Short term (2 years) 26. Link with Eskom to utilize DSM resources available for implementing energy efficiency measures 27. Promote improved efficiency of coal­fired boilers and the use of natural gas as an alternative for boilers. 28. Provide information to architects, developers and builders on energy efficiency (e.g. according to SAEDES national building energy efficiency standards) in the construction of new buildings. 29. Provide information and incentives for commercial buildings to procure energy­efficient office appliances (e.g. computers, copiers, etc). 30. Engage with other levels of government to develop and implement standards for energy­efficient appliances in commercial buildings. Long term 31. Require that proponents of new developments prove compliance with local ambient air quality objectives, and demonstrate that best practicable energy­efficiency and DSM options are being implemented where applicable. 32. Investigate feasibility of tax/other incentives to promote investment in energy efficiency and clean/RE. 33. Include incentives for energy­efficiency & renewable/clean energy use in development & zoning permits. 34. Promote ‘green procurement’ in commerce & industry. INDUSTRY, COMMERCE & MINING TARGETS 1. Increased energy efficiency in commerce & industry buildings in support of DME Energy Efficiency targets: a. 15% reduction in industry energy demand by 2014 (DME EE Strategy targets). b. 15% reduction in energy demand in commercial buildings by 2014 (DME EE Strategy targets) 2. The following targets to support above targets: a. Commercial efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2015, and develop adequate CFL disposal plan. b. All new buildings to comply with SAEDES (national building energy efficiency standards) from 2010. Industry, Mining & Commercial Sector Energy Projects There are a number of existing energy projects in this sub­sector. These include the following: Blue IQ The Blue IQ initiative is the economic infrastructure development programme of the Gauteng Provincial Government. An initial R3,5 billion of provincial government funds is to be invested in the creation and upgrading of strategic economic infrastructure. Blue IQ projects will be driven by Public Private Partnerships and a total of R7 billion is expected to be invested by the time the Blue IQ projects have been completed. The JIA Industrial Development Zone Blue IQ Project is located in Kempton Park in the Northern SDR. The aim of this project is to facilitate the innovative clustering of light manufacturing, avionics and aerospace industries and to build on the inherent competitive advantage that a sophisticated airport such as JIA provides. This should also improve transportation efficiency. The investment in this Blue IQ Project is around R213 million (Blue IQ, 2003). Cleaner Production CP In textiles industry
page 39
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Gregory Knitting Mills, a large textile manufacturing company in Ekurhuleni has been a key participant in the DANIDA Cleaner Textile Production project. With training and assistance from the project, the company undertook an audit of resource use to identify opportunities for savings and implemented housekeeping and technology improvements that resulted in the following savings regarding energy (coal, gas & electricity) use:
Table 7: Energy and Air Pollution Savings achieved from the Cleaner Textile Production Projects Electricity KWh/yr 100 000 CO2 Kg/year 6667 NOX Kg/year 33 SO2 Kg/year 67
The company received the Cotton SA Cleaner Production Award in 2003 for its achievements in improved resource efficiency, including energy efficiency. This company can be used as a case study to promote the benefits of resource efficiency initiatives. The South African textiles companies that participated in the Cleaner Textile Production Project supported by DANIDA, have in total achieved savings of R19 million per year. It is anticipated that future CP savings could amount to more than R35 million per year. At the same time there have been significant improvements in water and energy efficiency, and a reduction in the volumes of hazardous chemicals used and waste generated.
Table 8: Summary of Savings in Rands/year from the Cleaner Textile Production Project 18 Textiles Companies Water and effluent Steam
Energy
HFO Chemicals Waste Other TOTAL R/y R/y
R/y
R/y R/y R/y R/y R/y Total 4 976 4 37 2 560 606
564 800
1 574 360 4 601 107 1 079 000 3 657 050 19 013 360 CP in Pulp & Paper Industry DEAT in national government is currently funding the implementation of a Cleaner Production project in the pulp & paper industry. The results of this project (when available) should be actively promoted by Ekurhuleni to promote the benefits. The National Cleaner Production and Sustainable Consumption strategy currently being finalised will require participation by local authorities in its implementation. Ethekwini Municipality is already including CP requirements in its local by­laws. Experience in local companies has shown that by implementing Cleaner Production, a company can typically save between 2­7% of its annual turnover. Typical scope to save in energy consumption is 5­20% of total.
DME, NBI and industry Energy Accord This initiative, launched in May 2005 by the DME and the National Business Initiative (NBI), aims to encourage voluntary participation by business and industry to achieve energy­efficiency targets. Ekurhuleni can link with this initiative and promote participation of businesses and industry in Ekurhuleni. Ekurhuleni Mining Project A Project to remove slimes dams/mine dumps and deal with environmental rehabilitation has already been launched – this project will not only result in the general upgrading of the environment, but will also release developable land parcels assisting with more compact urban development. Commercial Waste Minimisation Clubs Due to the large number of Malls located in Ekurhuleni, Ekurhuleni could benefit from networking with the City of Cape Town and possibly replicating a similar initiative to that of the waste minimisation clubs initiated in Canal Walk and Blue Route malls. Based on the findings from these projects, the majority of the malls costs for energy, water and waste go towards energy (92%). Most of the malls energy cost is incurred in reducing temperature in the mall (air­conditioning) and lighting.
Typical Energy Use Profile for Malls
• Heating 13% • Water Heating 2% • Lighting 23% • Other 3% • Cooling 13% • Cooking 5% • Ventilation 4% • Refrigeration 38% Source: Energy into Profits Guidebook. Figure 24: Typical Energy use Profile for Malls page 40 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Projections: The impact of implementing some of the strategy measures
Figure 25: Savings from
Commercial Efficient Energy
Lighting Scenario: all lighting
to be efficient by 2015 (Note: 360,000 GJ is equal to 100 million kWh. Negative values indicate a saving from ‘business as usual’ scenario.)
Figure 26: Savings from
Meeting National Target of 15%
Energy Efficient by 2014 for
Industry and Commerce (Note: 11.5 million GJ is equal to 3.2 billion kWh. Negative values indicate a saving from ‘business as usual’ scenario.)
page 41 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy RESIDENTIAL According to the national census, there were approximately % Energy Use for Households by 745,000 households in Ekurhuleni in 2001. The pattern of Fuel Type households, as of 2004, is still characterized by a smaller, LPG largely white suburban component occupying cores within IP 5% larger, largely black settlements arranged on the historical 11% township model. The domestic sector accounts for 14% of the energy demand in Ekurhuleni and is one of the most Coal promising areas for achieving energy savings. Consumers 6% are usually willing to adopt measures that will save money and many options are available for saving energy and money in this sector. The major uses of energy in the home are for water heating, space heating and cooling, refrigeration, cooking and appliances. Ekurhuleni can Electricity influence domestic energy use through building codes or by 78% providing information and incentives to use energy efficient appliances.
Figure 27: Percent Energy Use for Households by Fuel Type Like households in the rest of South Africa, the households in Ekurhuleni display a complex multiple fuel use pattern in serving their energy needs. Electricity is the most used energy carrier in households in Ekurhuleni. Lighting and TV/radio are the two main applications for electricity even when more traditional fuels are used for cooking and heating. Electricity, illuminating paraffin (IP) and coal dominate heating and cooking in Ekurhuleni. Electricity accounts for 78% of total energy use for the residential sector, and this impacts on the GHG emissions for the sector, which are at 24% of total GHG emissions for Ekurhuleni. Wealthy households use electricity almost exclusively and contribute significantly to GHG emissions.
Table 9: Energy or fuel for lighting, heating and cooking for households in Ekurhuleni Source Lighting (%) Heating (%) Electricity 74.84 61.73 Gas 0.21 1.62 Paraffin 3.87 13.32 Wood N/A 1.44 Coal N/A 19.12 Animal dung N/A 0.14 Solar 0.15 0.15 Candles 20.72 N/A Other 0.19 2.48 Source: Statistics South Africa 2001 Census Cooking (%) 65.63 0.97 25.54 0.33 6.39 0.22 0.23 N/A 0.15 All formal households, including some informal settlements, are connected to the national grid. Low­income households generally rely on a combination of energy types depending on specific end­uses. An initiative is in place to assist community members that cannot afford to pay the cost of connecting to electricity in one payment to receive a connection and pay for it by means of a levy on the tariff. This not only assists in achieving the goal of ‘electricity for all’ but results in a reduction in the number of illegal connections. Coal, paraffin (IP) and LPG are generally fuels that are used with electricity for thermal applications, while electricity is used with IP and candles for lighting. Poor urban households, whether electrified or not, are often dependent on paraffin to meet many of their energy needs.
Table 10: Energy use patterns in Ekurhuleni households
ACTIVITY
WEALTHY HOUSEHOLDS
Cooking Lighting Electric stoves and ovens, microwave ovens Incandescent/fluorescent light bulbs, candles page 42 POOR URBAN
HOUSEHOLDS WITH
ELECTRICITY
Coal or gas stoves Paraffin lamps, candles POOR URBAN
HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT
ELECTRICITY
_
_
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy ACTIVITY
WEALTHY HOUSEHOLDS
Heating the home Heating water Refrigeration Media appliances
(entertainment) Problems Electrical bar or oil radiators Electrical geysers, solar water heaters Electricity Electricity and batteries Energy efficiency Potential Saving of about 40% in energy use and CO2 emissions feasible, yet currently little being done. Solar water heater (SWH) use would save 20­30%. Efficient lighting could save 10%. Thermally efficient housing design could save 5%. Changes in user habits could save 10%. High consumption POOR URBAN
HOUSEHOLDS WITH
ELECTRICITY
_ Few geysers installed Electricity (some) Electricity and batteries POOR URBAN
HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT
ELECTRICITY
Paraffin
Paraffin
_
Electricity and batteries
10­20% of income spent on energy. Paraffin poisoning of children. Paraffin and candles cause fires. Indoor air quality poor. Paraffin use inconvenient.
Thermally efficient housing design could save 15%. Efficient lighting could save 5%. Key issues 1. Population densities are high, well in excess of 1000 people/km 2 in some areas, most notably in the settlements (townships) of historically disadvantaged communities. These settlements are situated on the outskirts of the urban areas and accommodate approximately 65 % of the total population of Ekurhuleni. 2. Around 22% of the population still reside in informal and inadequate housing. Although the majority of the households in the Ekurhuleni have access to water, sanitation and electricity, much of the bulk infrastructure network is in need of upgrading and expansion to accommodate the rapidly growing population. 3. The 2001 census data reflects that the rate of unemployment amongst this group is approximately 40 %. 4. 70% (2001) of the Ekurhuleni households have an annual income of less than the level required for transition from third to first world energy consumption patterns (R38,000 per annum household income in 2001). 5. Wealthy households use electricity almost exclusively. Poor households spend between 10­20% of their income on energy (excluding transport) while wealthier households spends between 3­5%. The cost of meeting a household’s energy needs is a significant burden on poor households and a significant contributor to poverty. 6. Use of coal fires for cooking and heating resulting in fire and health problems, and ambient pollution. It is estimated domestic fuel use (mainly wood and coal) is the major contributor to air emissions at 60 %. (Ekurhuleni State of Environment Report, 2003) 7. Alternative energy services and electrification for poorer areas is urgently required to address indoor and ambient air pollution and resulting health problems. 8. Access to affordable convenient, appropriate, clean and safe energy sources is limited for many poor households. Multiple fuel use should be supported and promoted as appropriate. A best energy mix should inform energy supply management for all households within Ekurhuleni. 9. Lack of electricity in townships leads to illegal connections, which poses an electrocution risk to people. 10. Capacity building in, and raising awareness of, energy­related health and environmental issues is required Residential Vision, Goals and Measures
VISION 1
A compact, integrated and sustainable city with an efficient and equitable transport system.
Goal
Measures Short­term (2 years) 1. The provision of housing to be coordinated with integrated transport and other infrastructure planning (e.g. residential areas to have school building synchronised with housing growth) Long­term 2. Include requirements in zoning regulations, development plans, construction permits, and ordinances and bylaws to improve residential density (low­density sprawl makes public transport provision expensive and difficult). 3. Promote residential densification along existing rail commuter and other major transport corridors Compact city planning to promote transport energy efficiency (see Transport section for other relevant measures)
page 43
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy VISION 1
A compact, integrated and sustainable city with an efficient and equitable transport system.
Goal
Measures Short­term (2 years) 4. Partner with schools to strategise and promote the use of bicycles in residential areas. Long­term 5. Include requirements in zoning regulations, development plans, construction permits, and ordinances and bylaws to promote pedestrian­ and bicycle­ “friendliness” of communities. (see Transport section for other relevant measures)
Core­urban areas to facilitate the use of non­motorised (bicycle & pedestrian) transport. VISION 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goal
Measures Improve economic efficiency Short term (2 years) 6. Establish partnerships with suitable organisations for the provision of information on retrofitting and behaviour­change options and sustainability of all for improved household energy efficiency & DSM sectors according to the 7. Develop guidelines for more energy­efficient/ passive solar designed housing (network with other cities and liaise with national following hierarchy: government in this regard). Facilitate and promote residential energy efficiency and DSM initiatives in the mid­high income sector (these are the major consumers of energy) – see measures elsewhere in this section. 9. Undertake suitable information development and dissemination and capacity building activities to promote efficient building, appliances and practices ­ see under ‘Cross­cutting measures: capacity building, info & awareness’ below. Long­term 10. Mandatory code for more energy efficient housing design. ­ Avoid energy use through demand­side management (DSM) ­ Minimise unsustainable energy use through improved energy efficiency and cleaner technologies ­ Replace unsustainable energy sources with renewable energies where feasible Government to exhibit good governance and lead by example by improving energy efficiency 8. Increase renewable and clean energy contribution to the total energy supply mix (starting with the most financially viable options). Short­term (2 years) 15. Undertake suitable information development and dissemination and capacity building activities to promote solar water heaters ­ see under ‘Cross­cutting measures: capacity building, info & awareness’ below. 16. Compile standards and codes for the installation and performance of solar water heaters (networking with other cities), or adopt suitable national standards. 17. Implement mechanisms to support the DME’s initiative to introduce LPG into lower income households. Incentives could be considered to make LPG more accessible. Long term 18. Establish a solar water heater financing scheme for households. 19. Explore the ability of resources such as Cleaner Development Mechanisms or other carbon financing sources to improve access by poorer households to clean energy. 20. Solar water heaters to be mandatory for all new houses. The necessary enabling financial mechanisms (e.g. incentives, financing schemes) to be developed and applied so that this is feasible. (see also ‘Energy supply’) Maximise employment opportunities and facilitates skills development in the energy sector especially relating to energy efficiency, demand­side management and renewable energies. Short­term (2 years) 21. Promote the development of SMMEs by engaging with them around implementing solar water heater, energy auditing, energy efficiency retrofits for houses, renewable energy technology manufacture, etc measures (including capacity building components as necessary). Long­term 22. Establish partnerships with SETAs and other levels of government to develop and implement capacity building and skills development programmes in energy efficiency, DSM and renewable energy for households Provide incentives for improved energy efficiency and use of renewable energies for all sectors. Short term (2 years) 23. Encourage voluntary implementation of renewable and clean energy supply and purchasing by households, considering suitable incentives. Long term 24. Include incentives for energy­efficiency & renewable/clean energy use in development and zoning permits.
(see Local Authority section of Strategy for relevant measures) Short term (2 years) 11. All Metro­owned housing to have CFLs installed. 12. Engage with other levels of government to ensure general co­operation around energy efficiency initiatives. Long term 13. All Metro­owned housing to have solar water heaters installed. 14. All new buildings to comply with SAEDES (or other national standard). page 44
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy VISION 3
All people have access to affordable, safe, healthy and modern energy services.
Goal
Reduction in energy­poverty related diseases Measures Short term (2 years) 25. Metro to pursue measures to improve air quality through AQMP. 26. Facilitate the investigation of suitable alternatives to household burning of so­called dirty fuels, considering: a. Low smoke fuels, including sustainably produced ethanol gel b. Renewable energy alternatives c. Increased energy­efficiency through ceilings and other retrofitting of existing dwellings 27. Undertake suitable information development and dissemination to raise community awareness around energy­related health and safety issues ­ see under ‘Cross­cutting measures: capacity building, info & awareness’ below. 28. Implement programmes and demonstration projects to promote the use of hot­boxes, and solar cookers where feasible. (See also other goals.) Provision of energy services and infrastructure to meet the needs of all according to the ‘avoid, reduce, replace’ hierarchy Short term (2 years) 29. Develop a green­building and sustainable housing development policy for all income­levels. This should eventually be integrated with zoning requirements, etc. 30. Develop and implement a pilot household Solar Water Heater (SWH) project for developing energy awareness and for achieving reduction in electricity demand. 31. Implement a programme to upgrade existing housing developments to be more efficient where feasible. 32. Promotion of passive solar design principles in housing projects to increase comfort levels and reduce energy expenditure (including window placing and shading for keeping houses cool in summer and warm in winter, insulation, ventilation, building materials, suitable tree planting, and weather­stripping of windows and doors to maintain suitable indoor environment). Universal access to energy services throughout urban areas (See Energy Supply section of strategy) Promote more efficient and safer energy appliances Short­term (2 years) 33. Undertake suitable information development and dissemination to raise community awareness around energy appliance health, safety and efficiency issues ­ see under ‘Cross­cutting measures: capacity building, info & awareness’ below. 34. Engage with and support national government around efforts to improve the safety of paraffin appliances, and promoting safe alternatives – ethanol gel, etc. 35. Strategic partnership with other community organisations (eg. Eco­schools, GreenHouse Project,) to promote energy savings, prevention of fires, safer energy appliances, etc. 36. Promote the availability of affordable, safe paraffin containers across Ekurhuleni. Long­term 37. Support the introduction of the DME energy efficiency appliance labelling programme when ready for national rollout, through awareness raising programmes. Short­term (2 years) 38. Develop policy giving preference for sustainable housing developments. 39. Investigate feasibility of incentives for sustainable housing developments. 40. Undertake suitable information development and dissemination and capacity building activities to promote sustainable settlements and development practices ­ see under ‘Cross­cutting measures: capacity building, info & awareness’ below. 41. Include passive­solar requirements in specs for construction of low­income housing developments.
Create and promote sustainable human settlements that use energy in a safe & sustainable way Cross­cutting Measures: Capacity building, information & awareness
Goals
Supports a range of goals ­ by building capacity of metro staff, developers, planners, builders, and residents, and providing information to enable better decision making. Measures Information development and capacity building activities to be undertaken via the Customer Care Centres (CCCs) to support the above goals include the following:
Information development and dissemination: 1. Information dissemination on the benefits of CFLs (continue and expand on existing Eskom DSM initiatives). 2. Develop and disseminate information on household benefits from efficient construction, appliances and behaviour. 3. Promote the use of solar water heaters via provision of information on costs, savings and environmental benefits. 4. Provide advice and assistance to users around suitable forms of energy and efficient and safe appliance so as to reduce energy expenditure, energy use and pollution, and conduct ongoing media and information campaigns, community education, etc to support this (covering paraffin, candles, coal etc). Use monthly newsletter that EMM sends to all residents, and Metro website in this regard. 5. Information dissemination programme for builders, developers and architects on energy­efficient/ passive solar housing design and sustainable settlements.
Capacity building & training 6. Develop and implement a training programme for building inspectors and building managers on energy efficiency in buildings (liaise with national government in this regard). 7. Convene training course/seminars around sustainable developments and passive solar design principles in housing projects ­ to increase comfort levels and reduce energy expenditure (including window placing and shading for keeping houses cool in summer and warm in winter, insulation, ventilation, building materials, suitable tree planting, and weather­stripping of windows and doors to maintain suitable indoor environment). Link with partners such as CSIR and DME in this regard.
page 45
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy RESIDENTIAL TARGETS 1. Increased energy efficiency in households: 10% reduction in electricity consumption by 2014 (supports DME Energy Efficiency Strategy target). The following targets support this: a. CFL use in 50% of households by 2015 and100% by 2025 b. Develop By­law by 2008 requiring solar water heaters (SWH) and insulation in all new middle to high income housing c. 10% of all households to have SWHs by 2010, 50% by 2020. d. Ensure that all low­income formal housing has insulated ceilings – new housing by 2010, retrofit existing by 2015. 2. 10% reduction in CO2 emissions, in real terms, by 2015 (resulting from RE and EE/DSM implementation in households). 3. Develop policy that promotes green, passive solar building of houses by 2008, and a by­law in the future. 4. Disseminate information on efficient appliances, SWHs, efficient building etc to all Metro residents through electronic media, Metro residents newsletter and billing system annually, starting in 2007 (immediately). Provide relevant information to particular user groups. Residential Projects Energy related domestic projects in Ekurhuleni include the following: · The integration of energy efficiency measures (e.g. solar passive design) into Greenfield projects is under consideration by the Ekurhuleni Department of Housing. This may entail the amendment of the Metro’s building codes and housing policy to ensure that all new housing developments are energy efficient. · The Air Quality Management Plan for Ekurhuleni includes a number of identified initiatives for improved energy­efficiency in housing and the promotion of renewable/clean energy sources for household energy use. It also includes the establishment of Ekurhuleni’s urban air quality dispersion model to simulated air pollution concentrations associated with domestic fuel burning emissions. Projections: Impact of implementing some of the strategy measures
Millions Savings of residential CFL program 3600 3100 2600 2100 Figure 28: Financial
Savings from
Residential Energy
Efficient Lighting
Scenario: 100% using
CFLs by 2025
Total financial savings from all households : ­ in 2010: R195 million ­ in 2020: R3 524 million
1600 1100 600 100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 ­400 Cumulative Electricity savings YEAR YEAR Cumulative total savings Cumulative capital cost Figure 29: Electricity Savings from
Energy Efficient Lighting Scenario:
100% using CFLs by 2025 Note: 3.6 billion GJ is equal to 1000 million kilowatt­hours. Negative values indicate savings from ‘business as usual’ scenario.
page 46 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Figure 30: Energy
Savings from Solar
Water Heater
Scenario: 10% of all
households to have
SWHs by 2010, 50%
by 2020 (Note: 4 billion GJ is equal to 1111 million kWh. Negative values indicate savings from ‘business as usual’ scenario, positive ‘solar’ values indicates use of solar energy)
Figure 31: Financial
Savings from Solar
Water Heater Scenario:
10% of all households to
have SWHs by 2010,
50% by 2020 500 400 200 100 24
23
20
20
22
20
21
20
20
19
20
20
18
20
17
16
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14
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­100 0 Million rand 300 ­200 ­300 Cumulative energy savings Cumulative capital cost page 47 Cumulative total savings
(Note: installation in households that use geysers, not low­income)
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy AGRICULTURE Farming activities (cultivation) are grouped in the north­eastern part of Ekurhuleni, where more than a third of the land is cultivated. This includes areas surrounding Bapsfontein, areas north of the Benoni Agricultural Holdings and east of the R21 highway. Smaller agricultural activities lie just south of Sunward Park, while the remaining agricultural activities are grouped on the southern border of the metropolitan area. In 2003, agriculture consumed 1,227,983 GJ of energy ­ 1% of the total energy consumed in Ekurhuleni. Electricity and diesel use account for the bulk of energy use for this sector at 48% and 46% respectively. A high percentage of electricity use is irrigation and therefore water­saving measures (such as drip irrigation) can result in significant energy­savings. Diesel is used for agriculture vehicles and machinery. The agriculture sector could have opportunities for the production of bio­fuel crops. Climate change could impact on agricultural production and adaptation measures will need to be researched. A significant percentage of the high­potential agricultural land in Gauteng falls within Ekurhuleni. Intensive agriculture through mixed land use, beneficiation of agricultural produce as well as organic food production and aquaculture will be encouraged by the Metro in the near future. The Springs Fresh Produce Market belongs to the Metro and provides a marketing service to the agricultural sector. This fresh produce market, which is the 5th largest fresh produce market in the country, originated years ago as a means for local producers to sell their goods to metro inhabitants. The market, which covers an area of 20,000 m 2 , has a national and international client base and its annual turnover amounts to R200 million.
Figure 32: Percent Energy use for Agriculture by Fuel Type
Key Issues: % Energy Use for Agriculture by Fuel 1. Electricity and diesel use account for the bulk Type of energy use for this sector. IP 2. A high percentage of electricity use is for 5% irrigation and therefore water­saving measures (such as drip irrigation) can result in significant energy­savings. 3. Diesel is used for agriculture vehicles and Electricity machinery. 48% Diesel 4. The agriculture sector could have 46% opportunities for the production of bio­fuel crops. 5. Climate change could impact on agricultural Petrol production and adaptation measures will need 1% to be researched for the area. 6. A significant percentage of the high­potential agricultural land in Gauteng falls within Ekurhuleni. The use of this land should be supported by energy and transport planning. 7. Local sale of produce should be facilitated, including facilitating transport to the Springs Fresh Produce Market. Agriculture Vision, Goals and Measures
VISION 1
A compact, integrated & sustainable city with an efficient & equitable transport
system.
Goal
Measures
page 48 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Compact city planning to promote transport energy efficiency Long­term 1. Promote and protect local agriculture by enforcing the urban edge (prevent urban sprawl and diminishing arable land area). 2. Liaise with relevant authorities to identify how energy can best support household food security
VISION 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goal
Measures Short term (2 years) 3. Investigate and monitor potential for use of agricultural waste for energy generation 4. Promote the use of drip­irrigation and gravity­fed irrigation systems to improve energy­efficiency (c.f. spray and centre­pivot irrigation systems) via a forum at monthly meetings. Investigate the intervention of CCC to facilitate this. 5. Continue to promote organic farming and permaculture to minimise the use of fertilizers (high embodied­energy) Long­term 6. Mandatory requirement of energy audits for large commercial agricultural operations in the Metro. Implement a by­law for the sector. Start with land leased from the Metro. Improve economic efficiency and sustainability of all sectors according to the hierarchy: Avoid energy use, Minimise use through efficiency, Replace energy options with cleaner alternatives. Government to exhibit good governance and lead by example by improving energy efficiency Short term (2 years) 7. Promote energy­efficiency improvements in all Metro­initiated financed and non­financed co­ops and agricultural operations. Increase renewable and clean energy contribution to the total energy supply mix for Ekurhuleni (starting with the most financially viable options). Long­term 8. Investigate the long­term feasibility and sustainability of bio­fuel crop production in Ekurhuleni area. Keep abreast of developments with GDACE, CEF and ARC. 9. Investigate manual vs. mechanical (intensive energy use) farming.
AGRICULTURE TARGETS 1. Increased energy efficiency in agriculture: 9% reduction in electricity consumption by 2014 (DME Energy Efficiency Strategy target).
page 49 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy EKURHULENI METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality accounted for 1% of the total energy consumed in Ekurhuleni during 2003, or 1,271,119 GJ. The Metro is responsible for providing services to a population of about 2,5million people and controls, or has a direct impact on, a host of energy functions and activities. The Metro is a major single user of energy as its services and operations encompass a range of activities such as road construction, waste management, street lighting, park maintenance and operation of public buildings. Some activities have elements in common with the commercial sector while others are quite unique. The Metro can influence community behaviour by setting an example or by regulation and incentives. Every day, the Metro makes numerous energy­related decisions and is involved in energy­related projects. There are many opportunities for the Metro to save energy and money through energy efficiency and waste management practices. Key issues 1. The Metro owns and manages many buildings, facilities, and vehicles, which they can cost–effectively make more energy­efficient. The potential for substantial cost savings in a number of areas of government operations exists, including building electricity use efficiency and vehicle fleet fuel management. However, there is currently limited capacity to address energy efficiency and there is no designated position responsible for this area. In addition, there is a lack of upfront capital to do energy efficiency retrofitting. 2. The Metro owns facilities like waste treatment plants and landfills that are major sources of methane, a greenhouse gas which can be cost­ effectively redirected to generate electricity or to produce heat. 3. The Metro control regulations that profoundly influence many areas of energy use, such as building codes, automobile parking, and traffic management. There is a lack of policies, regulations and incentives promoting energy efficiency in the Metro’s activities, or within Ekurhuleni as a whole. 4. The Metro is in a position to implement far­reaching energy efficiency programmes as it is a large employer and the service provider for the entire metropolitan area. 5. The Metro has an influence over public investments in urban infrastructure – especially streets, roads, and public transit facilities – which determine the form of the built environment, and ultimately affect how much energy residents require to live and work. 6. Land­use planning strongly influences the level of local energy use, and the Metro has control over this through zoning regulations, development plans, construction permits, and ordinances and bylaws that affect residential density, proximity of commercial and retail services, and the level of pedestrian­ and bicycle­ “friendliness” of the community. 7. In order for the Metro to effectively implement the Energy & Climate Change Strategy, a suitable enabling environment needs to be established within the municipality. Management structure, staff capacity as well as inter­departmental co­ordination need to be addressed. Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Visions, Goals and Measures
VISION 1
A compact, integrated & sustainable city with an efficient & equitable transport
system.
Goal
Measures
page 50 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Promote cleaner fuels and technologies for transport, and improve transport energy efficiency. Short­term 1. Investigate feasibility of implementing cleaner/renewable fuel sources for vehicle fleet (e.g. biodiesel). 2. Monitor regular service of fleet vehicles. Long­term 3. Procurement policy for all local authority vehicle fleet to include energy efficiency as additional criterion. 4. Investigate appropriate measures for flexible and fair employee working hours 5. Explore possibility of avoiding movement of Metro­owned heavy construction machinery in peak hour traffic
page 51 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy VISION 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goal
Measures Short term (2 years) 6. Implement showcase RE, EE and DSM projects within local government with the aim of educating the public and businesses on how to implement “quick wins” as well as longer term measures. 7. Continue to link into the DME’s current initiatives in RE, EE and DSM. 8. Develop a “green building” policy for Metro buildings. 9. Develop information and a method for educating employees on measures to save energy in their own working environment (including economic use of equipment, etc) 10. Develop initiatives and incentive to reward the appropriation of energy efficiency to the maximum in building design (e.g. no building plan approval costs for plans submitted showing regard to energy efficient design, etc) Improve economic efficiency and sustainability of all sectors according to the hierarchy: Avoid energy use, Minimise use through efficiency, Replace energy options with cleaner alternatives Government to exhibit good governance and lead by example by improving energy efficiency Short term (2 years) 11. Build staff capacity to undertake energy audits and implement projects (see other goals). 12. Appoint energy service company (ESCO) to undertake energy efficiency projects in the municipality. 13. Establish and fund a post in Building Maintenance section to coordinate EE and ESCO activities. 14. Each department to include energy efficiency in their IDP 15. Energy efficiency to be a measurable component of staff employment contract, up to manager level. 16. Mandatory energy audits for all Metro buildings and reporting to designated office, and implementation of saving opportunities. 17. Retrofit all existing traffic lights with LED signals. 18. Identify and install suitable lower energy consumption streetlights. 19. CFL/fluorescent disposal plan to be developed (in discussion with relevant parties such as EEA and Eskom). 20. Make video/tele­conferencing facilities available to Metro staff and promote this meeting option. Long term 21. Develop and implement green­procurement standards in particular for energy­efficient equipment and for materials that require minimum energy consumption for manufacture. 22. Source funding (internal and external) to continue implementation of feasible energy efficiency improvements identified by building audits. 23. All new local authority buildings to comply with SAEDES (or other relevant national building energy efficiency standard). Liaise with other levels of govt as necessary. 24. Solar Geysers installed on all new Metro buildings – and retrofit existing where feasible. Also consider removing hot water cylinders entirely from buildings where hot water not necessary. 25. Create EE fund/vote number under Building Maintenance section control (or equivalent department supporting this function after the institutional review). Maximise employment opportunities and facilitates skills development in the energy sector especially relating to energy efficiency, demand­side management and renewable energy. Short­term (2 years) 26. Develop and implement capacity building and skills development programmes, in partnership with CBOs/NGOs, to promote energy efficiency, water saving and waste separation at source (incl. materials recovery depots) and renewable energy for the Metro environment, energy, transport and housing dept. staff. 27. Hold regular information sharing forum with other organisations involved in the energy field. Facilitate the development of joint initiatives that support the goals of the Energy & Climate Change Strategy. 28. Actively promote public awareness interdepartmentally and externally to the communities at all levels (see measures under ‘Residential’ and other sectors). Long­term 29. Explore feasibility of local renewable energy generation (see other goals).
VISION 3
All people have access to affordable, safe, healthy and modern energy services.
Goal
Measures Short­term (2 years) Create and promote sustainable human settlements 30. Include energy & climate change as key considerations in the Environmental Management Framework [EMF] for the entire Ekurhuleni area. that use energy in a safe & sustainable way (through smart 31. Urban Renewal Strategy for the Ekurhuleni area to prioritise energy efficiency, DSM and the use of clean/renewable energy sources.
& creative urban planning, energy efficient housing, integrated transport and urban greening) page 52
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy EKURHULENI METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY TARGETS 1. LED signals for 20% of traffic lights by 2010, 100% by 2015 2. Increased vehicle energy efficiency of local government fleet by 2011. 3. Commence with the use of cleaner fuels for vehicle fleet and install a tank for refuelling by 2011. 4. Govt efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2010 5. Accessible CFL disposal system to be put in place by 2010 6. Reduce energy consumption by at least 5% in all municipal operations by 2010 7. Key staff in Metro departments (Environmental Development, Transport, Building Maintenance, Electricity, MI, Solid Waste) to have undergone capacity building around EE, RE and/or DSM by 2008 8. Approved green procurement policy by 2010 9. Approved green building policy by 2008. 10. Reduction in GHG emissions of 10% by 2015 11. Video conferencing available to all staff by 2008. 12. Target training to the value of 1000 NQF points around energy efficiency to be delivered to staff in all departments involved with energy efficiency matters by 2012.
Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Projects A number of existing energy­related projects are underway in Ekurhuleni. · An internet­based metering system is being established to monitor energy use within municipal buildings · An electricity and water audit of all customers’ needs and use is currently being undertaken by the Municipal Infrastructure Department, which is expected to significantly improve the database as well as statistics for the Metro to address energy issues. · The Metro has installed and is continuing to install, on­board computer systems on their vehicle fleet. This enables accurate measurement of fuel efficiency and allows for improved management of vehicle fleet fuel consumption. · An aggressive marketing campaign is underway in Ekurhuleni to inform customers on energy efficiency matters. The sizable budget is expected to be disbursed by 1 July 2006. Eskom DSM and Bonesa together with the electricity division of the Metro have implemented an Efficient Lighting Initiative (ELI) using mostly CFLs for low income households, Metro buildings and public lighting. Energy efficient CFLs last up to ten times longer than incandescent lamps and use up to 75% less energy, which translates into reduced electricity bills for consumers. Whereas an ordinary incandescent light bulb would produce 1 000 hours of light lasting on average four to five months, a quality compact fluorescent lamp will provide 10 000 hours of the equivalent amount of light and last approximately eight years.
Table 11: Technical comparison between the 60­Watt incandescent lamp and the 15­Watt CFL 60 WATT INCANDESCENT
LAMP
Wattage (W) 60 Monthly consumption (kWh) 7,2 Equivalent incandescent lamp light output (W) 60 Hours 1,000 Expected life (4 hours daily use) Years 0,68 Price R 3.00 Manufacturer guarantee (years) NONE Burning surface lamp temperature Very high PARAMETER
15 WATT CFL 15 1,8 75 6,000 – 15,000 4,11 – 10,27 R 10.00 – R 25.00 1­3 Low
Source: Bonesa 2003 Leading by example: Findings from Energy Audit of Germiston Civic Centre & EGSC Building An energy/CP/EMS audit was conducted for the Germiston Civic Centre and the EGSC Building within the Metro. The results and recommendations from this audit highlight a number of ways to improve management practices, reduce resource use and expenditure, minimise waste generation and reduce impact on the environment. Calculations on data from the energy audit indicate that simple technical retrofits and behavioural change energy management in the buildings can save up to 15% of energy use in each building. Action Plan Framework for all buildings Further roll­out of the building audit process to many other Metro buildings is likely to be technically and financially very feasible, and save substantial money and greenhouse gas emissions. It is estimated that at least 15% of building
page 53
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy energy can be saved through simple and highly cost­effective technical retrofit and behavioural change options. The biggest cost will be the cost for training & awareness raising of interdepartmental staff, and the internal labour costs for auditing and managing the Environmental Resource Management System for buildings in the Metro. There are at least 200 similar buildings in the Metro, and up to 700 buildings in total. The priority should be to start with office blocks and admin buildings, then libraries, clinics, halls and ablution blocks, and finally to other building types. The Metro is in the process of developing an action plan framework for introducing energy efficiency measures in all municipal buildings. Projections: Impact of implementing some of the strategy measures
Figure 33:
Electricity Savings
from Energy
Efficient Lighting
Scenario: all
buildings using
CFLs by 2010 Note: 80,000 GJ is equal to 22 million kWh. Negative values indicate savings from ‘business as usual’ scenario.
Figure 34: Financial
Savings from Energy
Efficient Lighting
Scenario: all buildings
using CFLs by 2010
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Million rand 50 Cumulative Electricity savings Light replacement savings Cumulative total savings Cumulative capital cost page 54 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy ENERGY SUPPLY Electricity Supply Some customers within the Ekurhuleni boundary are directly supplied by Eskom, while some are supplied by Eskom through a wheeling arrangement with the Metro, whereby Eskom supplies the Metro which then transfers the power through its own infrastructure to an Eskom substation, from which the local community is directly supplied. The Metro purchases most of its electricity from Eskom, with a small percentage being supplied by City Power (Johannesburg). The electricity distribution license is held by the Metro, although Eskom is also directly involved in the supply of electricity to some locations in the Ekurhuleni boundary. In 1996 government decided to restructure the electricity distribution sector into six Regional Electricity Distributors (REDs) from Eskom Distribution and the current 189 municipal undertakings involved in electricity distribution, in order to introduce and to achieve a higher level of business efficiency within these larger and more specialised bodies. This in essence means the merger of Eskom and local government distribution in specific areas and the establishment of national tariffs regulated by the NERSA rather than a host of tariffs charged by Eskom and the municipalities. It is also expected to mean improved efficiency in electricity service delivery, and the Metro is well advanced in preparations for rolling out the REDs. Liquid Fuels Supply In South Africa, liquid fuel supply is largely a national function. Most oil is imported and processed into final liquid fuels at refineries around the country. Sasol also produces a significant amount of the country’s liquid fuels from coal. Sasol also produces piped gas from this process, which is used in Ekurhuleni. Large natural gas fields in Mozambique are being tapped into, and this energy source will become much more significant part of the national energy profile in the near future. It is a cleaner energy source than electricity, and therefore opportunities to facilitate its use should be explored. Biofuels are likely to become a significant source of liquid fuels in the short­term, particularly biodiesel, and ethanol for both transport and household ethanol gel as a sustainable replacement for current unsafe and unhealthy paraffin use. The production of these renewable fuels has the potential to be much more decentralised than current liquid fuels supply, and there may be opportunities for Ekurhuleni to facilitate local production. Coal supply Coal supply is handled entirely by the private sector, and is not regulated in any way. One issue which arises because of this is that data on supply is very difficult to obtain, potentially making energy assessments and strategy development around this energy source problematic. Renewable Energy Progressive governments and municipalities the world over are embarking on robust renewable energy measures. Undertaking these measures is not a fashion trend but is influenced more by real and practical reasons. These reasons include the need to diversify energy supplies and protect the environment from harmful impacts of non­renewable energy supply, as well as to address inequities in energy service provision. With respect to South Africa, renewable energy is being taken very seriously by the government. At the national level, progressive policies and legislations are being formulated, and strategies are being mapped out. Municipalities are tasked to translate these policies and strategies into local and action plans, or have to ensure that the national policies are implemented. National renewable energy strategy targets will not be realised if municipalities are not sufficiently proactive and capacitated to lead the way. The national target for energy from renewable sources is 10 000 GWh/yr in 2013. The national Department of Minerals and Energy forecasts that only 1% will come from wind, the rest from biomass and landfill gas projects. After 2013, the Department of Minerals and Energy projection is that the majority of new renewable energy will have to come from wind power. In the medium and long­term, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic will also play a significant role. According to a recent independent study (SECCP, 2004 3 ) South Africa has the potential for 50% RE by 2050, but needs to actively 3 The Potential Contribution of Renewable Energy in South Africa. Sustainable Energy & Climate Change Project, Johannesburg, 2006.
page 55 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy invest in this area now to make the necessary progress. Solar power Most areas in South Africa average more than 2,500 hours of sunshine per year. Average daily solar radiation levels range between 4.5 and 6.5 kWh per square meter. The annual 24 hour global solar radiation average is about 220 Watts per square meter for South Africa, compared to about 150 Watts per square meter for parts of the United States and about 100 watts per square meter for Europe. A solar equipment industry has been in existence in South Africa for decades, although on a small scale. The annual photovoltaic panel assembly capacity is growing, and totals 6 MWe at present, and there are also a number of companies that manufacture solar water heaters (SWH). Despite the small solar industry in Ekurhuleni, it has significant potential as part of demand­side management. Passive solar designs for building, particularly in the lower end of the housing market, can reduce the energy expenditure for heating. Also, SWHs (solar water heaters) can be realistically implemented in the short term, as indicated by the national Renewable Energy White Paper and the implementation strategy. There is significant potential in Ekurhuleni for the use of solar power – particularly solar water heaters. Partly because of readily available electricity, there has never been a concerted effort in the Ekurhuleni municipality to encourage the use of solar energy. The census shows some minor penetration of solar energy, but this remains isolated and most of the available systems are installed by private companies. There has been little effort to encourage alternative RE sources for end­uses, except for a few and scattered demonstration projects. Employment opportunities A study on renewable energy employment potential (Agama & SECCP 2003 4 ) demonstrates that large scale deployment of renewable energy technologies could sustain and increase the number of jobs particularly in local manufacturing of technologies, as illustrated below.
direct jobs Comparison of all generation technologies: gross direct jobs/TWh­equivalent 20000 16318 15000 8733 10000 3778 5000 80 1341 952 700 130 Bi
od
ie
se
l H SW
an
th
oe
Bi
Bi
og
as
ol
Ts
al co
s ga
RE
nu
cl
ea
r 0 technology Figure 35: Comparison of Job Creation by Generation Technology
Potential in different renewable energy technologies (RETs) The national renewable energy strategy, as well as energy efficiency strategy, is required to be part of the municipalities’ action plans from 2005 onwards. It is expected that until renewables and energy efficiency become part of the Ekurhuleni IDP, there would be little change from the status quo. Both strategies emphasise the implementation of economically viable and technologically proven renewable energy and efficiency interventions. Regarding renewable energy specifically, the ‘lowest hanging fruit’ is the development of the solar water industry. This can happen relatively 4 Employment Potential for Renewable Energy. By Agama Energy, for Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Project, Johannesburg, 2005.
page 56 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy quickly, as there are a number of installers (plumbers with the necessary experience) and small manufacturing plants in Ekurhuleni. Key­Issues 1. Electricity use accounts for the majority of CO2 emissions (74%). 2. Illegal connections are a problem that has cost, availability of supply, and safety implications. 3. Conductor theft is also a big problem. The impacts of conductor theft are multiple: a. Loss of reliable power supply, often during peak hours, with associated impact on customers’ perception of quality of service b. Diversion of labour to repairs rather than preventive/scheduled maintenance c. Funds which would otherwise be available for network improvements or job creation, for example, must be used to restore the network d. Vandals expose themselves to an extremely high risk of electrocution 4. The Metro is well advanced in preparations for rolling out the REDs. 5. The national target for energy from renewable sources is 10 000 GWh/yr in 2013, and the Metro will need to support this target. 6. There is significant potential in Ekurhuleni for the use of solar power – particularly solar water heaters. 7. There is a potential for employment opportunities in the field of renewable energy technologies, possible in the small solar water heater manufacturing plants in Ekurhuleni. Energy Supply Vision, Goals and Measures
VISION 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goal
Measures Short­term (2 years) 1. Undertake assessment of energy prices for different uses in each sector (considering useful energy) and disseminate to users. 2. Maintain/improve quality of electricity supply to ensure investment (especially industrial development) due to reliable electricity supply. 3. Sufficient funds should be made available for repair and maintenance of the distribution system. 4. Sufficient CAPEX and OPEX need to be made available for the development of new infrastructure Energy prices and quality supports economic competitiveness Energy planning includes full economic cost of energy Short term (2 years) 5. Electricity Division (or new RED on hand­over) to develop an Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) periodically, to balance sustainability and broader economic cost issues while maintaining competitive electricity prices (i.e. promote efficiency rather than additional supply where economically sensible, and consider broader costs and benefits to the economy – such as employment creation, pollution and health impacts, fires, local economic stimulus etc). 6. Integrated Energy Forum to be established to guide overall energy supply in Ekurhuleni. Integrated Energy Planning (IEP) principles should be used as a guideline for the Forum (without going so far as to undertake an IEP exercise).
page 57 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy VISION 2
Energy supports the local economy via:
· promoting economic competitiveness
· increasing employment
· being used and managed efficiently
· being used in a sustainable manner
Goal
Measures Short­term (2 years) 7. Promote and facilitate the use of natural gas where economically feasible. Negotiate with external power producers to this end. 8. Undertake a study to quantify the existing and potential market for ‘green power’ within the municipality. 9. Develop and implement green tariff. 10. Liaise with the NERSA around the use of ‘green certificates’ or other means to accredit renewably generated electricity, and adopt consistent policy. 11. Assess and pursue financing mechanisms to promote cleaner energy options (CDM etc) 12. Facilitate the implementation of grid­connected renewable electricity generation systems (e.g. solar PV and wind), and establish the necessary guidelines or standards. 13. Promote a mixed fuel supply to households (electricity, gas, etc). Assess Tshwane LPG promotion experience in this regard. Long term 14. Ensure that landfill planning, design and operation maximises the area available for gas extraction at the earliest opportunity. Promote use for vehicles, electricity generation, etc as appropriate. 15. Explore diversion of organics in waste stream to enable 100% methane recovery (liaise with Waste Management) 16. Actively support the progressive moving from fossil fuel­based generation to cleaner alternatives such as natural gas, biofuels and solar energy sources. 17. Promote the integration of biodiesel into local transport fuel supply system (when adequate supply volumes become available) 18. Monitor cleaner generation options such as fuel cells and large scale renewables, and implement where feasible. Increase renewable and clean energy contribution to the total energy supply mix for Ekurhuleni (starting with the most financially viable options). Maximise employment opportunities and facilitate skills development in the energy sector especially relating to energy efficiency, demand­side management and renewable energy. Provide incentives for improved energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for all sectors. Short­term (2 years) 19. Electricity Division Integrated Resource Plan (see earlier) to consider employment maximisation in supply and DSM options. 20. Promote renewable energy options such as SWHs and biodiesel – which have a much higher employment potential per unit energy than conventional energy supply options (see other measures for details) Long term 21. Assess the potential for local community ownership of small­scale electricity generation options. VISION 3
All people have access to affordable, safe, healthy and modern energy services.
Goal
Measures Short­term (2 years) 26. Continue the practice to connect all formal area/townships to the grid 27. Explore formalising illegal connections 28. Develop a suitable approach to enable informal areas to access electricity (it is being realised that these settlements will be a part of the urban landscape into the long­term, and thus need to be included in energy supply plans) 29. Ensure close liaison with DME on planning of future electrification rollouts. Long­term 30. Ensure that social tariff structure continues under the new Regional Electricity Distributor (RED). Universal access to energy services throughout urban areas Short­term (2 years) 22. Promote the use of ethanol gel (sourcing from sustainable resources where possible, such as waste streams), and disseminate information on benefits thereof to households. Ensure adequate supply quantities before proceeding. Long­term 23. Within the context of the REDs and in collaboration with National Government, the Metro should consider developing tariff­based incentives for the implementation of RE, EE and DSM measures. 24. Consider capital and price subsidy packages for RE measures. 25. Consider implementing a number of high profile pilot RE projects
ENERGY SUPPLY TARGETS 1. Quantity of CO2 emissions reduced by 5% from business as usual consumption by 2010, 25% by 2020 2. All households to have access to electricity or alternative clean, safe and affordable energy service option by 2012, inclusive of households not located close to the grid. 3. Diversify energy supply to include renewable and cleaner energy sources with a target of 10% by 2020 a. Implement projects to utilise landfill­gas by 2010
page 58
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Energy­Supply Projects Electricity social tariff The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality is the first municipality in South Africa to have introduced a scaled electricity tariff system. This makes it more affordable to low­income households, and provides a disincentive for excessive use by wealthier households. Geyser Ripple­Control DSM Pilot Ekurhuleni has been identified as a site for large­scale implementation of residential load control (essentially the installation of ripple control systems for geysers). Because of the size and scope of the work, it has been divided into phases. The first phase will involve the installation of 8000 ripple control relays as an extension to the existing system in Benoni. Further phases will look at other new systems and further expansion of existing systems in Ekurhuleni. Methane Gas Feasibility Study: Ekurhuleni Landfill Sites Disposal of waste by landfill is the most cost­effective method of waste disposal in South Africa. It is estimated that over 95% of waste generated in South Africa is deposited in landfills. The decomposition of waste in a landfill leads to the release of landfill gas (LFG). This biogas contains predominantly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). The uncontrolled release of LFG emissions give rise to environmental and health problems such as odour nuisance, global warming, etc. This gas can be recovered for energy beneficiation since it contains more than 50% methane, instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. The Metro has commissioned consultants to evaluate the quantity and quality of LFG (especially methane ­ CH4) released from four of its five currently operated landfills. The Metro operates 4 landfills that may have the potential to generate substantial quantities of landfill gas. The 4 landfills: Weltevreden, Rooikraal, Rietfontein and Simmer & Jack, were investigated for their landfill gas yield potential. The Weltevreden and Rooikraal landfills showed good potential gas yields that would be adequate to sustain a landfill gas­to­power scheme. Weltevreden would be able to sustain a gas yield of 2400­2800Nm 3 /h and a generation capacity of 1500­2000kWe. Power generation was the only feasible use at these sites. Rietfontein and Simmer & Jack landfills showed lower potential gas yields of 1000­1400 Nm 3 /h and a generation capacity of 500kWe. Both theses sites had potential users of thermal energy as immediate neighbours, which is a much lower capital requirement use than power generation. Gas sales will need to be negotiated with the potential users at an equitable discount to other energy sources such as liquid fuels and natural gas. It is essential that landfills are designed and operated in order to recover gas as early as possible in the life of the site and that the area of the landfill available for recovery is maximised at all times. The financial viability of these landfill gas­to­energy projects is only possible through the auspices of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) set up through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change “Kyoto Protocol”. This mechanism, based on a country to country interchange, allows for the purchase of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions known as Certified Emission Reduction credits. The sale of these credits during the first Kyoto period ending in 2012 will provide the bulk of the income required to make the projects viable. Financially viable gas utilisation systems may be established at the 4 landfills investigated provided that acceptable sale prices for both power and credits can be negotiated with purchasers.
Table 12: Possible LFG projects at the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Tonnes NO Name Classification Current Life Span After Life per Year ­ 1 Weltevreden GLB 300 000 29 Years (2032) +25 Years (2057) 2 3 4 Rietfontein Rooikraal Simmer & Jack GLB + GLB ­ GLB ­ 180 000 360 000 360 000 33 Years (2036) 29 Years (2032) 4/6 Years (2007) +25 Years (2061) +25 Years (2057) +25 Years (2032) Possible Projects Vehicle/ electricity Kilns Electricity Electricity The LFG utilisation options identified by the Metro include: Flaring only (burning of the LFG),Using as boiler gas (limited due to distance between boiler users and the landfill sites­ however, such an option exists next to the Rietfontein site where there is a tile/brick factory), Electricity generation, Vehicle fuel (as clean methane or mixed with diesel ­ 25% diesel and 75% methane).
page 59 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy TARGETS and PROJECTIONS
for the Ekurhuleni Energy and Climate Change Strategy
Summary of Targets for the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality The Energy and Climate Change Strategy includes various quantifiable targets for Ekurhuleni. These targets are summarised in the below table. The Metro acknowledges that in order to meet these targets listed in this Strategy, support from local partners, national government, and international agencies will be necessary.
Table 13: SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC ENERGY TARGETS BY SECTOR
Sector
Targets
Transport 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Industry,
Commerce
and Mining 6. Residential 8. 7. 9. 10. 11. Agriculture Adopt the following targets in the EGDS for Ekurhuleni: a. Reduce the travel times and the travel distances of commuters by 10­15% by 2025 (EGDS), based upon the 2004 baseline information. b. Reduce, within the financial means of the Metro, the kilometers of the road network experiencing saturation levels higher than 90%, with 10% by 2025 (EGDS), based upon the 2004 baseline information. Transport modal split shift: 10% of private vehicles shift to rail/public transport by 2020, based on the 2004 baseline information. Include dedicated bicycle lanes on at least 20% of the roads identified for possible bicycle lanes by 2020. Enforced bus­lanes and/or HOV or appropriate Public Transport lanes on suitable roads by 2020. Adopt the National DME Energy Efficiency target: Energy demand in transport sector reduced by 9% by 2014.
Increased energy efficiency in commerce & industry buildings in support of DME Energy Efficiency targets: a. 15% reduction in industry energy demand by 2014 (DME EE Policy targets). b. 15% reduction in energy demand in commercial buildings by 2014 (DME EE Policy targets) The following targets to support above targets: a. Commercial efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2015, and develop adequate CFL disposal plan. b. All new buildings to comply with SAEDES (national building energy efficiency standards) from 2010.
Increased energy efficiency in households: 10% reduction in electricity consumption by 2014. The following targets support this: a. CFL use in 100% of households by 2025, 50% by 2015 b. Develop By­law by 2008 requiring solar water heaters (SWH) and insulation in all new middle to high income housing c. 10% of all households to have SWHs by 2010, 50% by 2020. d. Ensure that all low­income formal housing has insulated ceilings – new housing by 2010, retrofit existing by 2015. 10% reduction in CO2 emissions, in real terms, by 2015 (resulting from RE and EE/DSM implementation in households). Develop policy that promotes green building of houses by 2008, with a by­law in the future. Disseminate information on efficient appliances, SWHs, efficient building etc to all Metro residents through electronic media, Metro residents newsletter and billing system annually, starting in 2007 (immediately). Provide relevant information to particular user groups.
12. Increased energy efficiency in agriculture: 9% reduction in electricity consumption by 2014 (DME target).
page 60 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Ekurhuleni
Metropolitan
Municipality 13. LED signals for all traffic lights by 2015, 20% by 2010 14. Increased vehicle energy efficiency of local government fleet by 2011. 15. Commence with the use of cleaner vehicle technologies for vehicle fleet and install a tank for refuelling by 2011. 16. Govt efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2010 17. Accessible CFL disposal system to be put in place by 2010 18. Reduce energy consumption by at least 5% in all municipal operations by 2010 19. Key staff in Metro departments (Environmental Development, Transport , Building Maintenance, Electricity, Solid Waste) to have undergone capacity building around EE, RE and/or DSM by 2008 20. Approved green procurement policy by 2010 21. Approved green­building policy by 2008. 22. Reduction in GHG emissions of 10% by 2015 23. Video conferencing available to all staff by 2008. 24. Target training to the value of 1000 NQF points around energy efficiency to be delivered to staff in all departments involved with energy efficiency matters by 2012.
Energy Supply 25. Quantity of CO2 emissions reduced by 5% by 2010, 25% by 2020 26. All households to have access to electricity or alternative energy service option by 2012, inclusive of households not located close to the grid. 27. Diversify energy supply to include renewable and cleaner energy sources with a target of 10% by 2020 a. Implement landfill­gas projects by 2010 Projections to assess the implications of target implementation The simulation model, the Long­Range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP 5 ), was used to simulate how energy might develop in Ekurhuleni over the next 20 years. These developments are driven not only by the nature of the energy sector itself, but also by broader factors, notably population growth, household size, economic­growth (which may vary by sector) and other factors. Various ‘scenarios’ were developed and entered into the model based on the strategy targets, in order to assess the implications of meeting the targets. The target scenarios were then compared with the reference case – or ‘business as usual’, where no such interventions were pursued. This sometimes led to the revision of targets to be more realistic. This analysis builds on previous work done on the State of Energy report for Ekurhuleni, which was the principal source of data for the modelling. These scenarios should be understood as a series of “what if” questions, e.g. “what would the energy demand be if the City increased efficiency in its own buildings?” The scenarios are not any prediction of the future, nor are any of these scenarios considered more likely than others. The implications for energy, environment (both local pollutants and global greenhouse gases) and development are of particular interest. The key variables used are as follows: · GGP growth 2.5% · Pop growth: 3.8%, then 2.5% after 2010 · Household growth: 3.9%, then 2.8% after 2010 The scenarios selected for modelling were: · Transport modal split shift: 10% of private petrol and diesel vehicles shift to bus by 2020. · Transport biodiesel: 10% by 2010, 15% by 2020 · Residential efficient lighting: CFL use in 100% of households by 2025, 50% by 2015 · Residential Ceilings: all new housing to have ceilings by 2010, retrofit existing by 2015. · Residential solar water heaters (SWHs): 10% of all households have SWHs by 2010, 50% by 2020. · Commercial efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2015 · Commercial building HVAC efficiency: 10% more efficient by 2020 · Ekurhuleni City efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2010 · Ekurhuleni City building HVAC efficiency: 10% more efficient by 2020 5 LEAP was developed by the Stockholm Environmental Institute, Boston, USA.
page 61
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy · Industrial and commercial energy efficiency: 15% reduction in energy demand by 2014. The relevant data and assumptions used in the modelling is included in Appendix A. Predicted Savings The LEAP modelling analysis predicts the following savings as a result of implementing the above scenarios: Table 14 shows the total savings possible if all the recommended energy efficiency scenarios were put into place across all sectors. These scenarios include the following: · Residential: ceilings, efficient lighting · Commerce: efficient lighting, efficient HVAC · Government buildings: efficient lighting, efficient HVAC · Transport Modal shift 10% private cars to public bus by 2020. · Industry, construction and mining: reduction in energy use as per DME energy efficient target 15% by 2014. This shows that the energy efficiency measures would save approximately 10.3% total energy use overall.
Table 14: Summary of Savings from all Energy Efficiency Scenarios in all Sectors (all fuel types)
Thousands of GJ
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2014
2015
Commerce 0 60 108 159 212 267 517 587 2020
664 2025 752 Local Government­ City Households 0 0 11 125 23 263 35 413 47 577 61 756 71 1,571 74 1,809 91 2,956 103 4,305 Industry 15% EE 0 967 1,983 3,048 4,166 5,338 8,838 9,059 10,249 11,596 Transport modal shift 0 162 336 523 724 939 1,865 2,125 3,606 4,079 TOTAL % savings from reference scenario 0 1325 2713 4178 5726 7361 12862 13654 17565.53 20835.29 0% 1.1% 2.1% 3.2% 4.3% 5.3% 8.4% 8.7% 9.8% 10.3% 0 1,325.0 2,713.0 4,178.0 5,726.0 7,361.0 12,862.0 13,654.0 17,565.5 20,835.3 0 1,325.0 4,038.0 8,216.0 13,942.0 21,303.0 34,165.0 47,819.0 65,384.5 86,219.8 Thousands GJ saved Cumulative thousands GJ saved Table 15 shows the total savings possible, if the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality implemented all energy efficient measures in their operations (efficient lighting and HVAC).
Table 15: Summary of Savings for the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Sector from Energy Efficient
Measures
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2014
2015
2020
Savings possible from EE in the City (th GJ) 0 11 23 35 47 61 71 74 91 Total energy consumed in business as usual scenario in the City (th GJ) 1,271 1,303 1,335 1,369 1,403 1,438 1,587 1,627 1,841 % savings of total from
‘business as usual’
scenario 0.0% 0.8% 1.7% 2.5% 3.4% 4.2% 4.5% 4.6% 4.9% 2025 103 2,083
4.9% Table 16 shows the amount of energy that could come from renewable energy, if the Residential Solar Water Heater targets (10% of all households by 2012, 50% by 2020) and the shift to 15% Biodiesel by 2020 were met.
Table 16: Savings from Renewable Energy Targets
thousands of GJ
2005
2006
2007
2008
Savings from SWH in residential sector 0 49.1 102.2 159.5 2009
2010
2014
2015
2020
2025 221.4 288.1 842.7 1001.4 1933.9 2220.2
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Savings from Biodiesel in transport sector % energy from RE
from ‘business as
usual’ scenario
0.0 294.4 608.5 943.5 1300.5 0.0%
0.3%
0.6%
0.8%
1.1%
1680.5 2225.9 2376.6 3226.7 3650.7
1.4%
2.0%
2.1%
2.9%
2.9% Table 17 shows the savings possible for implementing all energy efficient measures and all renewable energy targets.
Table 17: Savings from all Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Targets in all Sectors
Thousand GJ
From EE measures From RE measures Total Total Cumulative
% from ‘business as
usual’ scenario 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2014
2015
2020
0 1325 2713 4178 5726 7361 12862 13654 17565.53 20835.29 0 0 0
343 1668 1668
711 3424 5092
1103 5281 10373
1522 7248 17621
1969 9330 26951
3069 15931 42881
3378 17032 59913
5161 22726 82639
5871 26706 109345
1.36% 2.71% 4.05% 5.39% 6.72% 10.36% 10.80% 12.68% 13.15% Table 18 summarises the CO2 savings possible from the various policies, as well as the cumulative financial benefits in terms of carbon trading. Cumulatively, by 2025, it is possible to save 3.4 million tonnes of CO2 worth R2.1 billion in carbon credits. The energy efficient scenarios will save 6.6% CO2 from the business as usual scenario, while the renewable energy targets will save an addition 4.9%.
Table 18: Summary of Global Warming Savings from implemented policies
Energy Efficiency eCO2 ­
thousand tonnes
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2014
2015
2020
2025 Commerce (Lighting eff, HVAC) 11.8 24.3 37.3 51.0 65.4 129.9 133.1 150.6 170.4 Government (Lighting eff, HVAC) 2.9 5.9 9.0 12.3 12.6 13.9 14.3 16.1 18.3 Households (Ceilings, lighting) 29.4 61.5 96.7 135.0 176.7 366.1 421.3 707.9 1049.9 Industry (15% eff) 173.2 355.1 546.0 746.2 956.1 1583.0 1622.6 1835.8 2077.0 Transport (modal shift to bus) 11.6 24.1 37.5 51.9 67.3 133.8 152.3 258.5 292.5
Total
228.9
470.9
726.5
996.4
1241.6
2187.6
2013.7
2597.4
3608.0 CO2 % dif from REF 1.3% 2.6% 3.9% 5.2% 6.3% 9.9% 8.9% 10.1% 12.3% Cumulative CO2 saved 228.9 699.8 1426.3 2422.6 3664.2 10938.3 12952.0 24721.5 28329.5
Renewable Energy eCO2 ­
thousand tonnes
Households SWHs Transport Biodiesel Total
CO2 % dif from REF Cumulative CO2 saved 2006
25.5 22.3 47.8
0.3% 47.8 2007
53.1 46.0 99.1
0.5% 146.8 2008
82.9 71.4 154.2
0.8% 301.0 2009
115.0 98.3 213.3
1.1% 514.4 2010
149.6 127.1 276.7
1.4% 791.1 2014
437.7 168.3 606.0
2.8% 2699.2 2015
520.2 179.7 699.9
3.1% 3399.1 TOTAL eCO2 saving from
RE and EE – thousand
tonnes
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2014
2015
276.7 1.6% 276.7 R 10.8
million
570.0 3.2% 846.6 R 33.0
million
TotalCO2 saved CO2 % dif from REF Cumulative CO2 saved Potential revenue @ $6/ton
(cumulative)
2020
2025 1004.5 1153.2 244.0 276.0
1248.5
1429.3 4.8% 4.9% 8488.8 15263.8
2025 5037. 880.7 1209.7 1518.3 2793.6 2713.5 3845.9 3 4.7% 6.3% 7.7% 12.7% 12.0% 14.9% 17.2% 1727.3 2937.0 4455.3 13637.5 16351.0 33210.2 38247.5
R 67.3 R 114.5 R 173.4 R 531.9 R 637.7
R 1.3
R 1,5
million million million million million
billion
billion
page 63 2020
2025 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Business as usual eCO2 17479.3 18030.9 18601.3 19191.1 19801.2 22020.4 22613.8 25833.9 29309.5
Figure 36: Global
Warming
Potential with all
policies in place
Figure 37: Global
Warming Potential in
business as usual
scenario
Conclusions The following are some of the main conclusions of the modelling: · · · Since industry and transport account for the largest portion of energy consumption (36% and 41% respectively), the biggest energy savings potential lies in these sectors. Energy efficiency has clear potential to save the municipality, the economy and individual users a significant amount of money over the life of the intervention Efficient lighting in the residential, commercial and local government sectors can save significant energy.
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy · · · Energy saving in poor households through ceiling, lighting and SWH interventions can reduce their energy bills substantially. Each household could save R75 per year just by installing two CFLs (at a capital cost of about R30). The payback period for ceilings and solar water heaters is expected to be longer. The City should consider subsidising the capital costs of these interventions for poor households. The potential for SWHs is largest in medium­ to high­income households, where electric geysers constitute the largest single use of energy. These households should be able to afford the upfront costs of SWHs. Targeted interventions can reduce local air pollution. This is particularly true for transport modal shift to rail/bus and implementing ceilings in houses. The latter has beneficial implications for health impacts from indoor­air pollution. CFLs in residential, commercial and government sectors and HVAC in commerce and government sectors stand out as policies that have benefits from every angle – financial and environmental – and should be implemented at scale immediately.
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Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
for targets of the Energy and Climate Change Strategy The tables below highlight a way forward to meet the specific targets from each sector. The success of this strategy can be measured by the implementation of the targets. The implementation of the targets depends on a “champion” taking responsibility for making this happen. Different departments will have the jurisdiction, knowledge and ability to make various targets achievable. There are also several recommendations for achieving each target that are common across several targets. In many cases, the same person can coordinate the implementation of several of these targets and it is not necessary to have a new position assigned for this. Instead, the responsibility of overseeing the target implementation should be written into the job description of the chosen “Champion”. For the sake of conciseness, these are listed in Table 19 instead of each target implementation section. Some targets have similar implementation requirements and are therefore combined under one implementation plan. The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Strategy Priorities Prioritisation of strategy measures and targets is provided below to give focus to implementation, and reflects the priorities of the Technical Team that guided this strategy. Listed below are these proposed priorities for each section.
Cross cutting Priorities 1. Ensure adequate staff capacity in Environmental Development Department
Transport Priorities 1. Establish and fill energy post in the transport department. 2. Make the case for promoting public transport and develop a masterplan. 3. Mandatory emissions testing for all City fleet (busses, etc) and develop a by­law for mandatory emissions testing for private busses and vehicles. 4. Install LED lights into all traffic signals. 5. Develop a Robot Masterplan to synchronise robots for dynamic motoring of vehicles (focus on CBD areas and arterial routes); secure adequate funding. 6. Develop a Bicycle Masterplan
Industry, Commerce & Mining Priorities 1. Implement efficient lighting replacement programme 2. Efficient and Green building standards and policy developed 3. Information development & dissemination undertaken through CCCs, leading to energy audits in support of the DME Accord
Residential Priorities 1. All City­owned housing to have CFLs installed 2. Develop green­buildings and sustainable housing development policy for all income levels 3. Undertake suitable information development and dissemination, and capacity building activities to promote efficient building, appliances and practices. 4. Promote SWH financing schemes
Agriculture Priorities 1. Undertake local bio­fuels production assessment
City Priorities 1. Appoint ESCo to undertake EE projects in City buildings 2. Develop a green building policy for new City buildings 3. Establish a post in the organisational structure to coordinate EE 4. Each department to include EE on their IDP goals and objectives 5. Develop staff capacity building in terms of raising awareness of EE (needs will differ amongst departments) 6. Video conferencing facilities available to all staff 7. Replace all incandescents with CFLs immediately, and all new buildings to be constructed with CFLs; and ensure responsible disposal of CFLs
page 66 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy 8. LED traffic lights fitted
Energy Supply 1. Electricity division annual integrated resource plan to include employment and full economic cost of supply options 2. Ensure social tariff structure continues under RED. Tariffs to provide efficiency incentives 3. Promote and facilitate use of natural gas 4. Promote SWH financing mechanism and by­law Note: Interventions do not “de­prioritise” other measures and targets in the strategy, but rather point to a possible starting point for action.
Table 19: Summary of Implementation Steps Common to All Targets
GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Motivate for and appoint officer (champion) to take responsibility for target, and oversee implementation; include in job description. Coordinate various measures in the strategy that support this specific target (listed in each section) Department to compile a clear financial case and motivate for budget in their budgeting process for implementation of above measures Ensure that Finance Dept allocates budget Ensure that targets are added to the IDP objectives of each department Lead department will be Throughout listed implementation Champion Throughout Champion Champion Champion Target date Target dates set in section In initial stages In initial stages
Table 20: Transport Targets Implementation Plan
TRANSPORT ENERGY TARGETS
TARGET: Reduce the travel times and the travel distances of commuters by 10­15% by 2025 (EGDS).
Definition: The travel times and/or distances of commutes should be reduced by 10­15% by 2025, using the 2004 status as a baseline. Current figures & projections: Travel times to work in 2004 from ITP:
Private Vehicles
Public Transport
12 min 30 sec Rail
32 min 42 sec Access times:
Public Transport
Rail
Minibus taxi
11 min 50 sec 6 min 57 sec Minibus taxi
30 min 32 sec Bus 41 min 31 sec Bus 8 min 42 sec
Existing implementation activities: (none of these address the target specifically, but may support) · Gautrain Rapid Rail Link · Finalisation, integration and implementation of the EGDS, ITP · Integrated MSDFs, RSDF, LSDF (this should be taken forward to compliment this strategy) · Intermodal facilities (bus to rail, road to rail, etc) · National Rail Plan Various public transport initiatives (see ‘Transport’ section of Strategy).
TARGET: Reduce, within the financial means of the City, the kilometres of the road network experiencing
saturation levels higher than 90%, by 10% by 2025 (EGDS).
Definition: The City will aim to reduce the kilometres of the road network experiencing saturation levels higher that 90%, by 10% by 2025, using the 2004 status as a baseline.
page 67 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Current figures & projections: The EGDS identified high levels of congestion on national and provincial road network and freeway Interchanges.
Existing implementation activities: · SANRAL proposal/planning Various public transport initiatives (see ‘Transport’ section of Strategy).
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Establish exact roads eligible for attention to address the congestion target and prioritise proceedings Coordinate various measures (below) from the strategy that support the above target Support the implementation of a Comprehensive Integrated Transport Plan (ITP), particularly the following: o Support the establishment of a Transport Authority (suitable form and functional area to be decided upon) to ensure effective integration of the various components of the Integrated Transport Plan (the Public Transport Plan, Travel Demand Management (TDM) and Infrastructure Strategy) and promote integration with the EGDS and the IDP. o Steadily improve the relationships between nodes and the facilities at public/private interchanges. o Lobby with the NDOT and SARCC in order to ensure that Ekurhuleni gets its equitable share of attention and funding for the upgrading and provision of rail services and road infrastructure for both passenger and freight services, without focussing only on public transport, but rather in a harmonious way. o Continue to exercise influence on the Gautrain project to meet local needs. o Restructure and integrate municipal bus services. Develop and integrate the “Road to Rail” programme for passengers and goods; Lobby and work with SARCC and NDOT for the implementation. Investigate feasibility of partnerships to improve taxi services so that they are acceptable forms of travel to a higher number of users Support various TDM measures (planning to be concluded in the medium term ­ by 2010 ­ with actual implementation thereafter ­ beyond 2012), such as: o Identify and implement potential ‘rapid transport bus systems’ along key corridors o Identify and implement bus/taxi lanes on major commuter routes. o Identify and implement dedicated High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes with monitoring and enforcement through appropriate mechanism (such as CCTV systems at key points). o Explore disincentives for private vehicle use, particularly Single Occupancy Vehicles (SOVs) into congested areas o Encourage and support lift clubs where possible IS By 2007 IS Throughout Monitoring:
IS (leading 2008; department to draw continuous on expertise from: City Planning, Urban Renewal, Economic Development, Environmental Development) IS 2009 IS 2009 IS 2010­2012
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date The City’s Infrastructure Services department will report transport travel times and IS progress with reaching target, via the Transportation Model, on a 3 year basis; or monitor in the same manner as the EGDS since targets are aligned. From 2010
TARGET: 10% of private vehicles shift to public transport (bus) by 2020, to increase the public modal split.
Definition: 10% decrease in modal share of private vehicles by 2020, and bus transport modal share increased correspondingly.
page 68 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Current figures & projections: 2004 modal split for transport from ITP:
Private Vehicles
Other*
29%
37% Public Transport
34%
Rail
16% Minibus taxi
82% Bus
2% Number of private vehicles in 2004: 300 000 Number of private vehicles with achieved target in 2020: 462 800 Number of private vehicles without achieved target in 2020: 416 520
Existing implementation activities: · Gauteng Rapid Rail Link · Bicycle Strategy Various public transport initiatives (see ‘Transport’ section of Strategy).
TARGET: Enforced bus­lanes and/or HOV or appropriate Public Transport lanes on suitable roads by 2020.
Definition: Suitable roads for HOV lanes to have lanes in place by 2020. Current figures & projections: The EGDS has identified roads for enforce bus lanes, HOV, and/or public transport
Existing implementation activities: · Gauteng Rapid Rail Link · Strategic Public Transport Road based network Various public transport initiatives (see ‘Transport’ section of Strategy).
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target
date Establish exact roads eligible for HOV lane target and prioritise implementation Establish coordinating body to address public transport (e.g. Metropolitan Transport Authority). Bus services to be integrated and cover all areas in Ekurhuleni Develop incentives/disincentives to motivate private car users to move to public transport, for example:
Incentives:
· HOV lanes for buses (faster travel than with private car) · Park & Ride
Disincentives:
· Fee to enter certain areas (city centres) · Higher parking fees in certain areas IS IS 2007 2009 IS IS, UR, DP 2015 2009 Modal integration for public transport to Gautrain Support and participate in the national taxi recapitalisation Lobby national government and motivate for the construction of additional rail and road linkages Monitoring:
2010 2010 2020
Department(s)
Responsible
The City’s Infrastructure Services department will annually report transport modal split IS and progress with reaching target, via the Transport Model Target
date From 2010
TARGET: Include dedicated bicycle lanes on at least 20% of the roads identified for possible bicycle lanes by 2020.
Definition: Of the roads currently identified where bicycle lanes may be suitable, 20% of these are to have bicycle lanes by 2020.
page 69 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Current figures & projections: 2004: roads have been identified for bicycle lanes from Bicycle Strategy
Existing implementation activities: · Bicycle Strategy
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target
date From identified roads, prioritise most important 20% Undertake assessment of barriers (such as capacity, finance, knowledge, security). Establish task teams to overcome identified barriers (network with the private sector – shopping centres, schools, etc for lock up facilities). Address the following issues: security, safety, traffic control, lighting, topography, travel distances, intermodal facilities (currently non­existent), include bicycle facilities in spatial planning. Develop clear case for cycle lanes, including financial, environmental and time savings benefits, as well as better well­being of citizens. Raise public awareness around establishment of bicycle routes Mobilise funds for construction of bicycle lanes Begin establishing bicycle routes (put out tender for construction) IS IS IS 2007 2008 2009; ongoing IS 2009 IS, EDD IS IS 2009 2010 2012
Monitoring:
Department(s)
Responsible
Target
date The City’s Infrastructure Services department will report progress with reaching target IS in periodic transport assessments undertaken. Annually from 2015
TARGET: Adopt the national DME Energy Efficiency Target to reduce Energy demand in the transport sector by 9% by
2014. (Achieved through implementation of other targets)
Definition: The total energy consumption of the transport sector in Ekurhuleni will be reduced by 9% by 2014. Current figures & projections: Total energy consumption for the transport sector in 2005: 48,264,000 GJ Total energy consumption for the transport sector meeting the target to reduce energy demand by 9% in 2014: 67,523,000 GJ Total energy consumption for the transport sector under ‘business as usual’ in 2014: 83,461,000 GJ
Existing implementation activities: (See other targets and measures)
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target
date Achieved via other transport targets and measures. IS By 2014
page 70 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Table 21: Industry, Commerce & Mining Targets Implementation Plan
INDUSTRY, COMMERCE & MINING ENERGY TARGETS
TARGET: 15% reduction in industry energy demand by 2014 (DME EE Strategy)
Definition: Total energy demand from industry to be reduced by 15% by 2014 from ‘business as usual’ projections, measured against 2003 baseline. Current figures & projections: Total energy consumption of industry and construction in 2003: 42,665,448 GJ Total energy consumption of industry and construction in 2014 meeting 15% reduction target: 50,065,000 GJ Total energy consumption of industry and construction continuing business as usual in 2014: 58,900,000 GJ
TARGET: 15% reduction in energy demand in commercial buildings by 2014 (DME EE Strategy Targets)
Definition: Total energy demand from commercial buildings to be reduced by 15% by 2014 from ‘business as usual’ projections, measured against 2003 baseline. Current figures & projections: Total energy consumption of commercial facilities in 2003: 3,554,479 GJ Total energy consumption of commercial facilities meeting 15% reduction target in 2014: 3,783,860 GJ Total energy consumption of commercial facilities continuing business as usual in 2014: 4,451,600 GJ
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Coordinate various measures from the strategy (see below) that support the above target Training for ‘Customer Care’ Centres (CCC) on energy efficiency and cleaner energy options Facilitate the implementation of national Demand­side management initiatives (driven by Eskom/CEF/EEA) in the commercial and industrial sectors by the provision of information and linking resource organisations such as the National Cleaner Production Centre Facilitate energy audits in commercial and industrial facilities by linking them with suitable organisations or programmes such as the CSIR Green Buildings Programme and the National Cleaner Production Centre or Eskom’s DSM Facilitate technical assistance in EE/DSM for mining operations by linking them with suitable organisations and programmes such as the Water Research Commission’s ‘Cleaner Production in the Mining Industry’ Project and publicise case studies on results Adopt and implement national formal programme to recognise and reward voluntary industry & commerce additional commitment to improving energy efficiency and demand side management Environmental Development Environmental Development Municipal Infrastructure (MI) Throughout MI 2007 MI 2008 Environmental Development (Lead) Communications and Marketing. Capacitate CCC to provide information and advice to commerce and industry on Environmental energy efficiency in partnership with organisations with relevant experience. The Development City to facilitate links to the proposed Blue IQ Manufacturing Advice Centre Encourage companies to adopt ‘triple­bottom­line’ accountability and reporting, Environmental and recognise such companies publicly (see business ‘recognise and reward’ Development (Lead) initiatives above). Engage with and link with national/global reporting initiatives. Communications and Marketing Investigate feasibility of tax/other incentives to promote investment in energy Economic Development efficiency and clean/RE. Link with DTI around their incentive schemes. (ED) page 71
2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Promote improved efficiency of coal­fired boilers and the use of natural gas as an alternative for boilers. Link with DME and gas suppliers. Establish partnerships to develop and implement capacity building and skills development programmes in energy efficiency, DSM and renewable energy Engage with other levels of government to develop and implement standards for energy­efficient appliances in commercial buildings Investigate feasibility of tax/other incentives to promote investment in energy efficiency and clean/RE Environmental Development Environmental Development Environmental Development Environmental Development 2008 Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Gather information from Eskom (or NEEA) as to which companies are Environmental participating in the DSM initiatives. Monitor total consumption via periodic State Development (Lead), of Energy Report data collection. ED 2008 2008 2008
From 2008; periodically (every 5 years)
TARGET: Commercial efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced by CFLs in all commercial facilities by 2015, and
develop adequate CFL disposal plan
Definition: All commercial and industrial facilities in Ekurhuleni to use CFLs in place of normal incandescent ‘bulbs’ by 2015. Where incandescent lights need to be dimmed, these are excluded (CFLs can’t be dimmed currently), as are instances where specific task or spot lighting is required. Current figures & projections: Energy used for lighting in commercial facilities in 2005: 972,600 GJ (est) Energy used for lighting in commercial facilities in 2015 if meeting target: 949,600 GJ (est) Energy used for lighting in commercial facilities in 2015 if not meeting target: 1,262,700 GJ (est)
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Appoint champion to oversee implementation of measures to achieve target Environmental Development Environmental Development Environmental Development Environmental Development 2007 Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Undertake a mini­survey to estimate the commercial and industrial CFL use status. This can be corroborated with sales data from major suppliers. Report status in periodic State of Energy reports Environmental Development
Information dissemination campaign on CFL use in partnership with organized business Undertake selected hi­profile, publicized pilot projects The City to review adequate waste disposal programme for CFLs and link with developments nationally. 2007 2007 2007
TARGET: All new buildings to comply with SAEDES (national building energy efficiency standards) from 2010
Definition: All new commercial and industrial buildings to build according to SAEDES (or other approved national energy efficiency building standard) from 2010. Current figures & projections: Energy used in commercial facilities in 2005: 3,550,600 GJ (est) Energy used in commercial facilities in 2015 if meeting target: 4,165,500 GJ (est) Energy used in commercial facilities in 2015 if not meeting target: 4,562,800 GJ (est)
page 72 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Develop and provide information to architects, developers and builders on energy efficiency (e.g. according to SAEDES national building energy efficiency standards) in the construction of new buildings Lobby with DME for the implementation and enforcement of the SABS standards (SANS 204) for energy efficiency in Commercial and Industrial Buildings. Develop enforcement of plans to be approved only on the basis of compliance with these standards. Develop incentives for industry and commerce to comply with standards through a policy, and make mandatory through a by­law in the longer term. Building Section 2007 Building Section 2007 IS 2007 Environmental Development (Lead), ED, IS? 2007
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date The City will report the status in the periodic State of Energy reports with information provided from Buildings section on the number of plans approved that comply with standards. Environmental Development to report From 2007
Table 22: Residential Targets Implementation Plan
RESIDENTIAL ENERGY TARGETS
TARGET: 50% of all households to have CFLs by 2015, 100% of all households to use CFLs by 2025.
Definition: All households to have at least 60% of lights being CFLs or other fluorescent lights. External purpose­installed spotlights (halogen, sodium etc) and those on dimming circuits are excluded from the 60%. Current figures & projections: No. households in 2005: 745 000 No. households in 2015: 1 042 570 No. households in 2025: 1 374 155 No CFLs required in 2015: 792 475 (approx) No CFLs required in 2025: 3 671 000 (approx)
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Facilitate sourcing CFLs in bulk, via donation or purchase Target date Environmental Development Distribute CFLs with relevant information using a suitable implementing agent Environmental (e.g. CCCs, utility, partner etc); expand on existing Eskom DSM initiatives. Development Develop suitable disposal policy (network with other cities and stakeholders to Environmental learn from experiences: Durban Chamber of Commerce, Western Cape Provincial Development Government, Eskom, City of Cape Town). 2007 Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date The City will undertake a mini­survey to estimate the CFL use status. Environmental Development (Lead), Research & Development Environmental Development 2007 The City will report figures in the periodic State of Energy reports; get sales statistics from lighting companies (Osram, Phillips, etc) page 73
2007 2007
From 2007
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy TARGET: 10% of households to have solar water heaters (SWHs) by 2010, 50% by 2020.
Definition: Of the total number of formal households in 2012, 10% will have solar water heaters. 50% of all formal households to have SWHs by 2020. Current figures & projections: No. households in 2005: 745 000 No. households in 2010: 908 100 No. households in 2020: 1 196 900 No. with SWHs (10%) in 2010: 90 810 No. with SWHs (50%) in 2020: 598 450
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Promote the use of SWHs via provision of information on costs, savings and environmental benefits through CCCs. Develop and implement a pilot SWH project for developing energy awareness and for achieving reduction in electricity demand Compile codes and standards for the installation and performance of SWHs (networking with other cities), or adopt suitable national standards (keep abreast of developments in this regard with CEF) Lobby with CEF, National Government, and Eskom for the development of a financing scheme to help the integration of SWHs into mainstream use. Environmental 2007 Development Environmental 2008 Development (Lead); MI Environmental 2007 Development Environmental Development (Lead), Housing, Finance Environmental Development 2007
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date The City will produce and update periodic State of Energy reports, wherein the total SWH installation status will be recorded. Data on number of installations may be sourced from supplier surveys and building regulations granted, wherein requirements for SWHs are clearly stated as per the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality SWH by­law. Environmental From 2008
Development (Lead); Housing to provide data, IS – Buildings to provide data (based on approved plans) Sub­Target: Pass legislation (by­law) requiring SWHs in all new middle to
high income households by 2008 (See Appendix C for example SWH by­law implementation plan) 2008
TARGET: All houses to have ceilings :
§
§
All new (low­income) houses from 2010
retrofit all existing houses by 2015
Definition: All new subsidized houses being constructed from 2010 onwards are to have ceilings, and all existing households are to be retrofitted with ceilings by 2015. The focus is to be on low­income households (middle to hi­income households generally have ceilings). Current figures & projections: No households in 2005: 745 000 No households in 2010: 908 100 No households in 2015: 1 042 600
page 74
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Assess options for ceiling retrofits, both materials and delivery mechanisms Department of Housing, Buildings, Environmental Development Department of Housing, Environmental Development 2007 Department(s)
Responsible
Target date The City to make it mandatory that all new subsidised (low­income) housing is to have ceilings. Ensure financing in place by making a case for Finance Dept or other financing source. Develop building standards as necessary. Monitoring
The City will produce and update periodic State of Energy reports, wherein the Department of Housing, ceiling retrofit status will be recorded (information to be provided by Housing Dept) Environmental Development 2007
From 2007
TARGET: Develop policy that promotes green building of households by 2008
Definition: The development of a policy that will promote the building of houses where energy efficiency, solar passive design, etc are considered and implemented in the building plans, with a view to developing a by­law to this effect in the future.
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Develop green buildings policy, or adopt national Develop and disseminate information on household benefits from efficient/green construction and behaviour Information dissemination programme for builders, developers and architects on energy­efficient/ passive solar housing design and sustainable settlements Develop and implement a training programme for building inspectors and building managers on energy efficiency in buildings (liaise with national government in this regard) Implement policy Building Section Environmental Development Environmental Development Environmental Development, IS 2007 2007 Environmental Development 2009
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Existence of policy. IS Annually from 2009
2007 2008 TARGET: Disseminate information on efficient appliances, SWHs, efficient building etc to all Ekurhuleni residents
through electronic media, Ekurhuleni residents newsletter and billing system annually, starting in 2007 (immediately).
Provide relevant information to particular user groups
Definition: Relevant information developed and disseminated to residents – all residents to have easy access to, and to have been exposed to information.
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Develop information on household benefits of energy efficient appliances, SWHs, and efficient buildings, etc Work with the media to disseminate the information. Work with sponsors to help finance the development of materials Environmental Development Environmental Development (Lead), Communications Environmental Development (Lead), End 2006 Initiate help from scholars to develop the materials, and source financing from corporate sponsors (such as Eskom, Osram, appliance companies, etc) page 75
End 2006 2007
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Communications Environmental Development (Lead), Communications department Undertake dissemination programme. 2007
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Assess information dissemination methods for reach, and spot survey of households to assess impact of programme (e.g. post card survey, taxi rank survey, shopping centre survey, schools etc.) Report success in State of Energy Report Environmental Development (Lead), Communications department From 2008
Table 23: Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality Targets Implementation Plan
THE EKURHULENI METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY ENERGY TARGETS
TARGET: LED signals for all traffic lights by 2015, 20% by 2010.
Definition: 20% of all traffic lights in the City to have LED lights by 2010, 100% by 2015.
Existing implementation activities: · None implemented yet. Exploration of technical options started.
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Add target to the IDP and include in budget requests. IS (Lead), Environmental Development IS (Lead), Environmental Development 2007 Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Annual reports in State of Energy Report and/or updates stating the number of LEDs in place and estimated savings in energy and carbon emissions IS (Lead), Environmental Development From 2010
Quantify number of signals and develop budget requirements/business plan for replacement of LEDs 2007
TARGET: Increased vehicle energy efficiency of City fleet by 2011
Definition: Total fuel consumption divided by number of vehicles to reduce from current levels Current figures: Approximate number vehicles in City fleet in 2003: 4,800 Approximate energy consumption of City fleet in 2003: 385,191 GJ Approximate energy consumption per vehicle per year in 2003: 80.25 GJ/veh/yr
Existing implementation activities: · Vehicles being linked to computers monitoring movement, consumption, etc.
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Establish post within the IS department to manage energy projects and be IS End 2006
page 76 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy responsible for energy efficiency in fleet management, servicing and procurement. Identify feasible efficiency interventions and select appropriate for implementation Identify barriers to implementation (financial, spatial, capacity, technical, etc) and find ways to overcome them. Develop and implement a Driver Education Programme to promote improved fuel­efficient driving techniques and build efficiency awareness of drivers, including all City fleet drivers. Also, look at programmes to reduce driving and eradicate unnecessary driving within municipal operations (e.g. drivers to plan routes before setting out). Monitor regular service of fleet vehicles IS IS 2007 2007 IS 2007 IS Regularly, at least 2x/year Ongoing
When purchasing new vehicles, ensure they are energy efficient models IS Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Annual reports to be included in State of Energy Report by monitoring fuel consumption demand and fleet size. IS to give information to Environmental Development From 2010
TARGET: Commence with the use of cleaner vehicle fuel technologies for fleet and install a tank for refuelling by 2011
Definition: Cleaner fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol, or LPG to be introduced to fuel supply of City vehicle fleet by 2011.
Existing implementation activities: · A few vehicles have been fitted with LPG tanks
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Identify suitable fuels from options (LPG, biodiesel, ethanol blend), including technical considerations and cost analysis Introduce fuels in selected vehicle/s as pilot project and monitor Roll­out selected fuel to significant portion of fleet IS 2007 IS IS 2007 2008, or as soon as fuels become commercially available
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date State of Energy Report to include amount of transport energy consumption coming IS to give information to from cleaner fuels Environmental Development From 2011
TARGET: City efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced in all buildings with CFLs by 2010.
Definition: All normal incandescent lights used in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality owned buildings are to be replaced with compact fluorescent lights. Incandescent lights which need to be dimmed, and ‘spotlights’ are excluded.
Existing implementation activities: · Pilot projects of retrofitting CFLs in council buildings undertaken
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Information dissemination to building maintenance staff on replacing of incandescents, handling and disposal of broken or old CFLs Technical support service to responsible building staff Consider bulk­buying scheme instead of individual building purchase Purchase CFLs and begin replacements Buildings 2007 Buildings Buildings Buildings
2007 End 2006 page 77 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Review of status from responsible building maintenance staff to be undertaken as Buildings Maintenance part of State of Energy Reporting Target date Annually from 2007
TARGET: Accessible CFL disposal system to be put in place by 2010
Definition: City to have a CFL disposal system in place, which is easily accessible to the majority of residents and businesses, to accommodate the hazardous materials (Hg) contained in the CFLs
Existing implementation activities: · Policy in place
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Appoint champion to oversee implementation of measures to achieve target Target date Environmental Development Build on initial schemes in place and raise awareness in communities to dispose of Environmental CFLs in special sites. Liaise with other stakeholders, such as Eskom and others Development about the development of a national strategy to manage the disposal of CFLs safely. 2007 Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Periodic assessment of level of use of crushing and disposal sites. Environmental Development Annually from 2007
2007
TARGET: Reduce energy consumption by at least 5% in all municipal operations by 2010
Definition: Total energy consumed within all municipal operations is reduced from 2005 levels by at least 5% by 2010. Current figures & projections: Approx energy consumption within municipal operations in 2005: 1,271,000 GJ Approx energy consumption within municipal operations in 2010, reduced by 5%: 1,207,450 GJ Approx energy consumption within municipal operations in 2010, ‘business as usual’: 1,577,800 GJ
Existing implementation activities: Various Measures and other targets support this target.
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Establish and fund a post in Building Maintenance to coordinate EE and ESCO activities. Each department to include energy efficiency in their IDP and performance management reports Building section (Lead), Human Resources Environmental Development (Lead), IDP, Human Resources Environmental Development
2007 Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date List progress in the State of Energy report Environmental Development From 2007
See other targets. This should be achieved by implementation of other targets. page 78
2008 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy TARGET: Key staff in City departments (Environmental Development, Transport (IS), MI, Solid Waste) to have undergone
capacity building around EE, RE and/or DSM by 2008.
Definition: Key staff in City departments (Environmental Development, Transport (IS), MI, Solid Waste) to have attended at least one formal course around EE, RE and/or DSM by 2008.
TARGET: Target training to the value of 1000 NQF points around energy efficiency to be delivered to staff in all
departments involved with energy efficiency matters by 2012
Definition: See target above
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Identify key staff in different departments to undergo training in some or all of the following: EE, RE, DSM Target date Environmental Development (Lead), Human Resources Identify training courses and funding sources specific to fill the gaps and needs of Environmental the municipality to be able to meet their current and future EE, RE, and DSM Development (Lead), targets, such as identified in the measures of the strategy: Human Resources · Build staff capacity to undertake energy audits and implement projects (see other goals) · Each department to include energy efficiency in their IDP · Mandatory energy audits for all City buildings and reporting to designated office, and implementation of saving opportunities · Source funding (internal and external) to continue implementation of feasible energy efficiency improvements identified by building audits · Create EE fund/vote number under Roads, Transport & Civil Works headquarters control (or equivalent department supporting this function after the institutional review). · Actively promote public awareness interdepartmentally and externally to the communities at all levels · Green building policy development Key departments/staff to undergo training Environmental Development, IS, MI 2007 Monitoring
Target date Department(s)
Responsible
Annual reports from responsible champion to report the number of staff that have Environmental undergone training Development (Lead), Human Resources Report number of NQF points earned Environmental Development (Lead), Human Resources 2007 2007 ­ 2008
2008 onwards Annually from 2008
TARGET: Approved green procurement policy by 2010.
Definition: The development of a policy for the procurement of goods and services for the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality by 2010, with particular regard to reducing the energy and other resource use.
Existing implementation activities: · None.
page 79
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Identify staff from various departments to participate in a workshop detailing areas which should be affected by the procurement policy (e.g. paper, equipment purchase, service providers, etc) Develop green­procurement standards in particular for energy­efficient equipment, and materials that require minimum energy consumption for manufacture. See online resources for support. Draft policy and circulate interdepartmentally for comments Environmental Development 2007 Environmental Development 2007 Environmental Development Environmental Development, Finance 2008 Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Reported in the State of Environment Reports Environmental Development Annually from 2010
Work with the procurement department to implement the green­procurement standards for all departments 2009
TARGET: Approved green­building policy by 2008
Definition: A policy to be implemented by 2008 that will only approve the construction of City buildings that show consideration of key, specifically identified green­building aspects, such as passive solar design, maximising daylighting, suitable material choice etc.
Existing implementation activities: · Internal green buildings policy in initial stages.
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Information dissemination to architects and companies involved in City building projects, on intentions, and benefits of green building. Immediately request consultants/contractors to construct buildings according to acceptable standards. (SAEDES) Finalise green building policy and approved by Council. Contractors to comply with policy for all new buildings through planning approval process. IS 2006 IS 2006 IS IS 2007 2010
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date To be reported in the State of Energy and State of Environment reports. Selected IS energy consumption comparative assessment undertaken. Annually from 2007
TARGET: Video conferencing available to all staff by 2008
Definition: Video­/teleconferencing facilities to be made available to all City staff in each significant City building – at least each of the 9 ‘municipal centres’. Current figures & projections: Number of significant buildings: 9
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Identify potential numbers and locations of users ICT Identify feasible locations for facilities ICT Make clear financial case for Finance to invest in facilities (through calculations of ICT page 80
Target date End 2006 2007 2007
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy staff time lost). Identify number of work hours lost in transit to and from meetings. Install facilities and promote use ICT (Lead), Communication & marketing End 2006
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Monitor use. ICT Annually from 2008
Table 24: Energy Supply Targets Implementation Plan
ENERGY SUPPLY TARGETS
TARGET: Quantity of CO2 emissions reduced by 5% by 2010, 25% by 2020 (achieved through other targets)
Definition: The amount of CO2 emitted in the City to be reduced by 5% from business as usual levels by 2010 and 25% from business as usual levels by 2020. Current figures & projections: eCO2 levels in 2005: 17.1 million tons eCO2 eCO2 levels for business as usual in 2010: 19.8 million tons eCO2 eCO2 levels meeting 5% reduction target in 2010: 18.8 million tons eCO2 eCO2 levels for business as usual in 2020: 25.8 million eCO2 eCO2 levels meeting 25% target in 2020: 19.4 million tons eCO2
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Implemented primarily through other measures and targets relating to EE and RE adoption. Consider influencing the largest energy users (electricity) through tariffs. MI (Lead), Environmental Development 2007
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Report current CO2 levels in State of Energy Report Environmental Development Annually from 2008
TARGET: All households to have access to electricity or alternative energy service option by 2012, inclusive of
households not located close to the grid (national target)
Definition: All households to have access to electricity or alternative energy service option by 2012, inclusive of formal, informal and households not located close to the grid. Alternatives to electricity include effective and affordable LPG and/or ethanol gel supply. Current figures & projections: Electrification backlog: estimated at 170,000 households (Census, 2001)
Existing implementation activities: · An initiative is in place to assist community members that cannot afford to pay the once­off cost of a connection to receive a connection and pay for it by means of an additional charge on the tariff.
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Promote a mixed fuel supply to households (electricity, gas, etc). Assess Tshwane experience and implement Identify number and location of households not connected to the grid Identify feasibility of LPG and/or ethanol gel supply to areas difficult to connect to electricity Electricity 2007 page 81 MI (Lead), Housing 2007 MI(Lead), Environmental 2007
Development Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Continue the practice to connect all formal area/townships to the grid Explore formalising illegal connections Continue Free Basic Electricity Policy at 100kWh free to all indigent households. MI MI MI 2010 2008 2010
Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Annual report from MI on connections and alternative energy supply options to be Environmental included in the periodic State of Energy Reports Development, MI From 2008
TARGET: Diversify energy supply to include renewable and cleaner energy sources with a target of 10% by 2020:
Implement landfill­gas projects by 2010
Definition: Diversify energy supply to include renewable and cleaner energy sources with a target of 10% by 2020: Implement landfill­gas projects by 2010. Other options to support this target include SWHs, biodiesel, bio­ethanol, wind generation, and other large­scale solar generation, for example. Note that renewable and cleaner generation plant need not be located inside Ekurhuleni boundaries, but power could be purchase from such plant existing elsewhere in the country.
Existing implementation activities: · Methane feasibility study: Ekurhuleni Landfill Sites
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Facilitate the implementation of grid­connected renewable electricity generation systems (e.g. solar PV), and establish the necessary guidelines or standards Explore diversion of organics in waste stream to enable 100% methane recovery (liaise with Waste Management) Ensure that landfill planning, design and operation maximises the area available for gas extraction at the earliest opportunity. Promote use for vehicles, electricity generation, etc Actively support the progressive moving from fossil fuel­based generation to cleaner alternatives such as natural gas, wind and solar energy sources Environmental Development Environmental Development Environmental Development, MI/RED 2010 Assess the potential for local community ownership of small­scale electricity generation options Identify and implement a number of suitable high profile pilot projects 2007 2008 Environmental 2008, ongoing Development (Lead), Eskom, Independent Power Producers, Service Delivery Agreement with RED, MI MI 2009 Environmental Development Implement Solar Water Heater targets (see elsewhere), and SWH financing MI (Lead), through tariffs to be explored. Environmental Development The City to request RED, via Service Delivery Agreement, to comply with certain Environmental environmental terms, such as those in this strategy, particularly to achieve the RE Development target. Pursue cleaner vehicle fuels introduction (see other targets) IS Develop energy supply chain for ethanol gel (sourcing from sustainable resources Environmental where possible, such as waste streams), and disseminate information on benefits Development thereof to households. Ensure adequate supply quantities before proceeding. Liaise with DME on current initiatives and facilitate links. 2007 Monitoring
Department(s)
Responsible
Target date Renewable and cleaner energy source status to be reported in State of Energy Report Environmental Development From 2008 This implementation plan should be revised after a 2 year period. END
page 82 2007 2006 (or upon implementation of RED) 2008 2008
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy APPENDIX A: Modelling Information MODELING VARIABLES, SCENARIOS, ASSUMPTIONS AND NOTES: The key variables are: · GGP growth 2.5% · Pop growth: 3.8%, then 2.5% after 2010 · Household growth: 3.9%, then 2.8% after 2010 The scenarios are: · Transport modal split shift: 10% of private petrol and diesel vehicles shift to bus by 2020. · Transport biodiesel: 10% by 2010, 15% by 2020 · Residential efficient lighting: CFL use in 100% of households by 2025, 50% by 2015 · Residential Ceilings: all new housing to have ceilings by 2010, retrofit existing by 2015. · Residential solar water heaters (SWHs): 10% of all households have SWHs by 2010, 50% by 2020. · Commercial efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2015 · City efficient lighting: all incandescents replaced with CFLs by 2010 · Industrial and commercial energy efficiency: 15% reduction in energy demand by 2014.
NOTES PER SECTOR: COMMERCE Total commercial electricity use assumed divided as 38% lighting, 38% HVAC, and 24% other elec. GOVERNMENT There is no information on the split in electricity consumption within local government (municipality) between functions such as building use, street lighting, water supply, water treatment etc. Breakdown of the total electricity consumption by local government is therefore assumed to be (based on Cape Town figures): Buildings 40%, Streetlights 50%, Water supply & treatment & other 10%. Within govt buildings, the electricity use split is assumed to be the same as for commerce: 38% lighting, 38% HVAC, and 24% other elec. HOUSEHOLDS Household information and assumptions given below (Source of data is Ekurhuleni State of Energy Report) No low income households: 525 000 (under R30 000 pa) No. med­hi­income households: 225 000 (over R30 000 pa)
Energy
Total GJ
per year Low
income
No hhs Mid­hi
income
MJ/hs/mth Tot GJ/yr No hhs source IP LPG Elec Coal TOTAL 1,938,578 789,706 13,157,643 1,088,718 16,974,645 525,000 525,000 525,000 525,000 525,000 307 0 540 168 Energy
Low income
hhs Total GJ 1,934,100 0 3,402,000 1,058,400 6,394,500
source IP LPG Elec Coal TOTAL 1,934,100 225,000 0 225,000 3,402,000 225,000 1,058,400 225,000 6,394,500 225,000 Tot MJ/mth 0 292 3,600 10 Tot GJ/yr 0 788,400 9,720,000 27,000 10,535,400
GJ
Lighting Cooking 193410 580230 Space heat 580230 Water heat 580230 Refrig 510300 1360800 158760 340200 740880 340200 158760 850500 page 83 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy Energy
source IP LPG Elec Coal TOTAL Med­hi
income hhs
Tot GJ Lighting Cooking 0 788,400 788,400 9,720,000 1944000 1458000 27,000 10,535,400 GJ
Space heat Water heat Refrig 972000 27,000 4374000 972000 TRANSPORT Transport data is gleaned from Ekurhuleni ITP and the State of Energy Report. Data gaps were numerous. The assumptions and calculations used in developing energy source breakdown by mode are given is the spreadsheet below. Energy use spit between freight and passenger is taken as 15% freight and 85% passenger (compare this with Cape Town estimates of 6% freight and 94% passenger) Public transport modal split (per pass­km) used is as follows: Train 9%, Bus 5%, taxi 23%, car 53%, NMT 9%, other 1%. Total petrol use from the energy balance is divided as follows: Pvt vehicle 60%, Minibus taxi 35%, Road freight 5% Total diesel use from the energy balance is divided as follows: Pvt vehicle 28%, Bus 35%, Rail freight 5%, Road freight 32% Total elec use for transport is due to electric passenger trains (all freight by rail assumed to be diesel). SPREADSHEET FOR TRANSPORT ASSUMPTIONS & CALCULATIONS
Ekurhuleni Energy modeline ­ transport sector calcs & assumptions Energy intensity for transport technologies Veh type Fuel MJ/pass­km PASSENGER Private petrol 2.912 diesel 2.621 Public rail elec 0.222 Public bus diesel 0.454 Minibus taxi petrol 0.581 diesel 0.523 FREIGHT Rail diesel 0.68 Road truck diesel 0.804 petrol 0.893 Source: IEP 2003 FACTS & FIGS from Ek SoE report and ITP 300000 private vehicles in use 72000 trips to internal & external destinations 18000 taxis 381919 passengers per day in taxis R 5,400,000 total minibus pertol consump per day 9.9km average trip distance for all modes of transport (NB: one way ­ double for fdaily total) 15km av trip dist to work (low income) 12km av trip dist to work (mid­income) 10km av trip dist to work (hi income) 6km av trip dist to school (all income groups) MODAL SPLIT (Work trips only ­ OK?) Train Bus taxi car NMT Other TOT all modes (work trips only) 7% 3% 28% 53% 9% 1% public only (work trips only) 19% 7% 74% as per CPTR (all trips) 24% 13% 63% used in this report 9% 5% 23% 53% 9% 1% 100% 100% 100% 100% From energy balance Petrol Diesel Jet fuel Paraffin Elec TOTAL GJ Proportion of energy per mode (estimates) PASSENGER FREIGHT All fuels Without Jet, parr Pvt petrol Pvt diesel Publ rail Publ bus Publ minibus petrPubl minibus dies Rail Road dies Road petr TOT 33,361,963 33,361,963 60% 35% 5% 100% 20,017,178 11,569,000 1,668,098 33,254,276 14,988,045 14,988,045 28% 35% 5% 32% 100% 4,196,653 5,245,816 749,402 4,796,174 14,988,045 72,750 (dealt with in separate ('other') category in LEAP) 0% 4,292 (dealt with in separate ('other') category in LEAP) 0% 21,434 21,434 100% 100% 21,434 21,434 48,448,484 48,371,442 TOT PASS 41,050,080 TOT FRGT 7,213,675 should be: 41,115,726 should be: 7,255,716 Transport mode Energy Pass rail Elec Pass bus (parts only) Dies Taxis petrol GJ/yr MJ/pass­km 21434 11,569,000 0.222 passengers/yr MJ/pass 64,260,000 12,829,578 0.33 km per pass pass km/yr PASSENGER/FREIGHT SPLIT? 1.50 96,549,550 Pass Freight CT 94% 6% Ek 85% 15% more indust, more freight?
page 84 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy APPENDIX B: ‘Energy Issues’ identified by the Ekurhuleni State of Energy Report
page 85 Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy page 86
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy page 87
Ekurhuleni Energy & Climate Change Strategy APPENDIX C: Proposed Methodology for Developing a Solar Water Heater By­law SWH by­law implementation process: (based on experience in City of Cape Town) 1. Appoint a champion to address the implementation of measures to achieve the target 2. Identify barriers a. capacity (financial, time, technical information/knowledge, legal information) b. priorities/issues 3. Develop supporting docs and identify key people c. energy and carbon savings calculations d. challenge to SWH implementation e. potential for CDM/TRECs/financing f. ID a political champion 4. Develop draft by­law 5. Build support through stakeholder engagement process g. Internal (Building control, City lawyer, Planning, Environment, Electricity) h. External (SWH industry/ Business Sector (manufacturers, installers), Architects, Civil society (environmental organisations), Academics, Labour?) 6. Set up a reference group to steer the by­law 7. Finalise draft into legal wording with City lawyer 8. Put by­law out for comment 9. Finalise draft with comments & go through political process – Councillor presents to council 10. Awareness campaign to inform citizens about new law 11. Train building inspectors 12. Enforce and Advise 13. Review by­law and adapt as needed
page 88