Bank Liability Structure
Suresh Sundaresan
Zhenyu Wang
Bank Balance Sheet
Assets
Loans and Securities: V
Liabilities
Deposits (insured): D
(generate cash flows but can be Non-deposit liabilities: B
risky and volatile)
Equity: E
1.
Deposits are cheap, and provide tax advantages.
2.
Non-deposit liabilities are more expensive, but also provide tax benefits.
3.
When bank capital is “too low”, resolution authorities will shut down the
bank (and arrange transfer of assets and liabilities) to protect depositors.
4.
Bank provides both maturity and liquidity transformation.
2
Bank Balance Sheet
Assets
Liabilities
Loans and Securities: V
Deposits (insured): D
(generate cash flows but can
be risky and volatile)
Non-deposit liabilities: B
Equity: E
1.
We assume a depositor preference.
2. Deposit insurance premium is endogenous:
o The bank’s choice of D affects the insurance premium.
o The insurance premium affects the bank’s choice of D, which
affects the choice of B. We capture this feedback effect.
3. Regulatory Closure depends on Tier 1 + Tier 2 capital. This gives an
additional positive role for non-deposit liabilities.
4. Bank chooses D and B to maximize the total value.
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Deposit Insurance and deposit preference
1.
In 1993, Congress instituted depositor preference nationwide. The law
states that when banks fail, deposit liabilities are to receive priority over
general trade claims (unsecured creditors and equity).
2. Since April 2011, the FDIC has changed the assessment base to be the
difference between the risk-weighted assets and the tangible equity, as
required by the Dodd- Frank Act (Section 331).
3. In our model, the new assessment base equals D + B, which implies that
assessment rate is b such that I = b(D + B). The actual premium assessment
may also depend on the credit rating and how the deposits are protected by
the non-deposit debt.
Sources: The Liability Structure of FDIC-Insured Institutions:
Changes and Implications by Christine M. Bradley and Lynn Shibut (2006)
And Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (2011).
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Deposit Insurance and Risk category of
banks
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Banks’ Optimal Default Policy
1.
Value maximizing banks choose D and B so that its endogenous default
coincides exactly with the regulatory closure. With this optimal choice of
liability structure, the distance to default is the same as the distance to
regulatory closure.
2. This optimal structure of liabilities maximizes the tax benefits of debt
and minimizes the protection for the deposits.
3. Deposits are cheaper than non-deposit debt as financing sources. Banks
should generally prefer deposits to non-deposit debt when balancing the
benefits of non-deposit debt against the potential bankruptcy loss. However,
the non-deposit debt does not affect bankruptcy risk as long as the
endogenous default does not happen before the regulatory closure. So
the bank issues as much non-deposit debt as possible for availing of the
tax benefits but avoid making a default happen before the regulatory closure.
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Deposit Insurance Premium and Liability
Structure
1. The deposit insurance corporation essentially sets the expected present
value of the insurance premium paid to the insurance corporation
equal to the expected present value of the insurance obligations at the
bank closure.
2. Bank takes into account the insurance premium in choosing its leverage.
3. FDIC sets the premium taking into account the endogenous leverage and
liability structure of the bank, and its dependence on the insurance premium.
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Effects of Liquidity Transformation
Greater liquidity preference leads to higher leverage
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Effects of Liquidity Transformation
Greater liquidity preference leads to insurance premium
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Effects of Riskiness of Bank Assets
Greater asset risk leads to higher credit spreads and
Insurance premium.
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Effects of Riskiness of Bank Assets
Greater asset risk leads to lower leverage, and much
Lower non-deposit liabilities.
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Effects of Minimum Capital
Requirements
Higher minimum capital requirements leads to greater
Use of non-deposit (Tier 2) capital and lower deposits.
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Effects of Minimum Capital
Requirements
Higher minimum capital requirements lead to lower
Credit spreads and insurance premium.
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Effects of Insurance Premium Subsidy
Insurance subsidy leads to a higher leverage,
and greater use of deposits.
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Effects of Insurance Premium Subsidy
Insurance subsidy leads to higher credit spreads.
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Effects of Taxes
Lowering taxes, leads to better capitalized banks.
Deposits are more preferred than non-deposit liabilities.
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Some Extensions
1. We now require the Tier 1 + Tier 2 Capital to fall to a low threshold before
the regulators shut down the bank.
o
This gives an important additional role for non-deposit debt. Hence the
bank issues more of it than we see in the data.
o
If a minimum Tier 1 capital is imposed, then our model would predict a
a greater reliance on deposits and less of a reliance on non-deposit
liabilities.
We are extending the model to reflect this.
o
2. We can allow for asset prices to jump causing sudden losses. We expect:
o Insurance premium to go up.
o Banks’ liability structure and leverage to reflect this possibility.
o This is a part of ongoing research.
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Summary and Conclusions
1. Our model sheds light on the regulatory treatment of long-term debt. If
long-term debt is a claim ranked lower than the deposits, it is naturally
viewed as a capital that protects the deposits. Reflecting this view,
regulators treat certain long-term unsecured debt as Tier 2 regulatory
capital.
o However, if a bank adjusts its liability structure so that the endogenous
default coincides with the regulatory closure, the long-term debt held
by the bank do not offer more protection than the minimum capital
requirement.
2. Our model predicts that when tax rates fall:
o Bank becomes less levered, and rely more on deposits.
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