SHARING
Jurmala 11-14 May
2005
Local sustainability
strategies –
a case study in
the Baltic Sea region
Lars Rydén
Director
Baltic University Programme
Uppsala University
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Strategy tools may be used
on many contexts/levels
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Resources
Products
Industries
Local communities
Nations
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Materials (resource)
management strategies
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Materials management strategies for improved material flows
I. Reducing the flow - use less material for a service
1. Use the material more efficiently. By raising the transmission voltage in a copper wire it is possible to reduce the amount of copper needed to transmit a certain
current.
2. Increase the quality of the material. By increasing the strength of a metal, e.g. by using an alloy, less material can be used for the same purpose. It has been
estimated that the Eiffel tower in Paris today could be built with one seventh of the steel content it actually has.
3. Miniaturization - use a smaller equipment. By making an equipment smaller less material is used. Computers, now based on miniaturized electronic components,
such as silicon chips, provides a dramatic example. A much smaller computer serves the same functions as a large machine earlier.
4. Multi-functionality - Let the equipment serve several purposes. Multi-functional use of products offers another opportunity for reducing the need for materials for a
given function. For example, a roof-mounted solar collector can also function as roofing.
II. Slowing down the flow - make the material last longer
5. Improve the quality to make the equipment last longer. By making the products last longer, for example by increased quality, the same amount of materials can
provide services for longer and therefore the amount of materials for a given service can be reduced.
6. Protect the material in the equipment better. Materials can be protected from wear or corrosion. Modern cars last much longer than those from before due to a better
protection of the surface.
7. Better maintenance. By regular maintenance and by using equipment that can be maintained properly the equipment or material can be used longer.
8. Reparability - Make the equipment more easy to repair. Reparability, for example through a modular construction of equipment, will increase the longevity of the
materials used.
III. Closing the flow - use the material again
9. Reuse the goods itself. Most goods or equipment are of course used more than once. In some instances a proper strategy is required to make this happen, as with
glass bottles that may be refilled.
10. Recycle materials in production processes. Many different strategies are applicable in the industrial production process to reduced material intensity. This is part of
waste management strategies. Thus manufacturing waste can fed back into earlier material-processing steps, as when for example copper scrap in the manufacturing of
copper wires is fed back into the process.
11. Recycle materials in consumer goods - true recycling. Materials in consumer goods may be recycled. This is particularly important for materials that is toxic, such
as heavy metals, or materials that are expensive to produce, such as aluminium. Important cases are thus recycling of the metal in aluminium cans and the lead in leadacid batteries. Recycling of the material to the same use once again is true recycling.
12. Cascading or down-cycling of materials. In many cases the there is an inevitable loss of quality in materials when it is used. However it may be apt for a different
use requiring less quality. This is down-cycling or cascading. The typical example is paper where the fibres in the paper itself is going through a wearing process, which
limits the use to about six cycles. The chain might start with high quality paper going over newspaper to cardboard paper. The chain or spiral ends when the material is
used for energy production in combustion.
IV. Substitute the flow - Use a different, less harmful, material
13. Substitute a harmful material for a less harmful one. Transmaterilization means that one material is exchanged for another. An important aspect is when a
hazardous material is exchanged for a less harmful one. The exchange of mercury in a number of applications, from barometers to teeth repair, belongs to this category
as does the exchange of many solvents used for painting.
14. Substitute a scarce material for a less scarce one. Sometimes it is important to find a less scarce material for a particular use. When substituting cooper wires in
telephone connections for fiberoptic cables this one example.
15. Substitute a non-renewable material for a renewable one. The non-renewable materials will in the end necessarily be exchanged for renewable one. Important
example is when fossil fuels are exchanged for renewable fuels, such as biomass. An important case is the exchange of petrol in cars for alcohol from biomass.
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Development of
Industrial production
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Cleaner Production technologies
Environmental auditing
EMS, IMS TQM etc
Estimation of economic viability follows
well known tools
• Tools for estimating social viability is less
well developed
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Product development
• Calculation of total environmental impact
follows from Life Cycle Assessment, LCA
• Estimation of economic viability follows
well known tools
• Tools for estimayting social viability is less
well developed
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Product development
Ecodesign strategy wheel
@New Concept Development*
Demateralization
Shared use of the product
Integration of functions
Functional optimization of
product (components)
PRODUCT SYSTEM LEVEL
7. Optimization of
end-of-life system
Reuse of product
Remanufacturing/refurbishig
Recycling of materials
Safer incineration
6. Optimization of initial
lifetime
Reliability and durability
Easier maintenance and repair
Modular product structure
Classic design
Strong product-user relation
5. Reduction of impact during
user
Lower energy consumption
Cleaner energy source
Fewer consumables needed
Cleanser consumables
No waste of energy/consumables
PRODUCT COMPONENT
LEVEL
@
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PRODUCT STRUCTURE LEVEL
4. Optimization of distribution system
Less/cleaner/reausable packaging
Energy-efficient transport mode
Energy-efficient logistics
*Note: New concept developement has
been given the symbol ‘@’ because it is
1. Selection of low-impact
materials
Cleaner materials
Renewable materials
Lower energy content materials
Recycled materials
Recyclable materials
2. Reduction of materials
usage
Reduction in weight
Reduction in (transport)
volume
3. Optimization of production
techniques
Alternative production techniques
Fewer production steps
Lower/cleaner energy consumption
Less production waste
Fewer/cleaner production consumables
Priorities for the
new product
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Think Chair was developed
by the company Steelcase Inc.
in close collaboration between
researchers, manufacturers
and designers.
Product
The Environmental
Product Declaration
(EPD) of Think Chair,
created according to
ISO 14025 LCA,
accounts for resource
depletion, waste,
global warming potential,
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What about a city?
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How to design
a sustainable city ?
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Sustainable Development of
Local communities
• Policy instruments
• EMS, IMS, TQM etc
• Estimation of economic viability follows
well known tools
• Tools for estimating social viability is less
well developed
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www.Balticuniv.uu.se/buuf
Baltic University Urban Forum
The Baltic University Urban Forum is a
cooperation between cities/towns and
universities in the Baltic Sea region to develop
strategies for sustainable development for
cities and towns.
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Baltic University Urban Forum
40 Project partners, 20 teams
• 2 networks, Baltic University Programme and
Union of Baltic Cities
(BUP 183 universities; UBC 104 cities)
• 20 cities (municipalities) in 9 countries
• 15 universities working with the cities
• 3 NGOs
• The 40 partners form 20 teams, one for each city
• Business partners, may be invited by hosts for
the conferences
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Partner cities/towns
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Uppsala, Sweden
Enköping, Sweden
Örebro, Sweden
Hällefors, Sweden
Norrtälje, Sweden
Nacka, Sweden
Hågaby, Sweden
Turku, Finland
Hamburg, Germany
Tartu, Estonia
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Jelgava, Latvia
Livani, Latvia
Tukums, Latvia
Kaunas, Lithuania
Sopot, Poland
Kosakowo, Poland
Lodz, Poland
Kaliningrad, Russia
Novgorod, Russia,
Minsk, Belarus
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The
SUPERBS
reports
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Best Practice Conferences 2003-04
1. Water management, Enköping, Sw Sept 7-8, 2003
2. Urban green structures, Kaunas, Lt Oct 10-12, 2003,
3. Urban-Rural Cooperation, Jelgava, Lv Mar 3-5, 2004
4. Socio-economic development, Livani, Lv Mar 5-7, 2004
5. Energy management, Uppsala, Sw Apr 21-23, 2004
6. Education and information, Nacka, Sw Apr 23-25, 2004
7. Rebuilding the city and restoration of brownfields,
Hamburg, De June 4-6, 2004
8. Traffic and transportation, Örebro, Sw, Sept 1-3, 2004
9. Integration of management of the sustainble city, Hågaby,
Sw, Sept 3-5, 2004
10. Waste management, Åbo/Turku, Fi Oct 28-30, 2004
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BUUF Conferences spring 2005
The second round of best practice conferences more workshop character presentations and implementation discussion,
1. Tartu and Tukums 6-9 April 2005
Integration of Water-Energy-Waste flows
Water-Energy-Waste management
Jurmala conference 11-14 May 2005
Integration of sustainability strategies, Sharing experiences
One BUUF workshop/parallel session on indicators
2. Lodz 5-8 June 2005
Integration of Traffic-Rebuilding-Green structures
Traffic-Rebuilding-Green structures management
3. Norrtälje-Hällefors 31 August- 4 September 2005
Integration of Socio-economic development
(education & urban-rural cooperation)
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Three sectors of urban management
Urban flows
1. Energy management
2. Water management
3. Waste management
Urban planning
4. Traffic and transport
5. Urban Green structures and culture
6. Rebuilding the city, brown fields
Urban development
7. Socio-Economic development
8. Urban rural cooperation
9. Information and education
Integration of urban management
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Topics of urban management
Structure
Infrastructures
Organisation
Process
Flows
Materials
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Urban flows
Water-Energy-Waste
• Water is connected to material flows and
resulting in waste, such as BOD, N, P and
sludge
• Energy is connected to material flows,
and resulting in waste, such as carbon
dioxide, ash etc
• Waste as carrier of energy and material
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The metabolism of the
city is like that of us.
Energy, water and matter
goes in;
Waste goes out.
Energy is carried by
matter.
It is one system.
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The apple
contains
energy, matter
and water;
It generates
waste
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The systems approach
- energy content in waste water
- energy content in soil waste
- energy content in air from ventilation
- the waste in water flows (e.g. nitrogen
and phophorus)
- the waste in air flows (e.g. sulphur)
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Urban flows strategies
observed in the BUUF project
Reduction
Using less energy
Using less water
Replacing
Using renewables, fossil free municipalities
Using less toxic, e.g. outphasing Hg
Rescaling – downscaling and upscaling
Upscaling heating – district heating
Downscaling heating – heat pumps, individual boilers
Upscaling water flows – sewage, WWTP
Recycling
Recycling waste flows (product reuse, material recycle,
incinerate)
Recycle nutrient flows (compost, production of biogas,
nutrients to fields)
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Strategies of local sustainability
Strategy
Reduce
Replace
Rescale
Recycle
Urban
flows
Resource
efficiency
Resource
choice
Household/
municipality
Integrate
flows
Urban
planning
Urban
New uses
healing/densifi
cation
One family/
multifamily
apartments
Multifunction
al neighboorhoods
Urban deve- Reduced
lopment
consumption
Different
Local
consumption production
Local
markets
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A special case of recycling –
Integrated resource flows
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Integration of urban flows
Cases
1. Organic waste fermented to produce biogas to be used for buses
(several Swedish municipalities)
2. Wastewater to energy forests to produce wood chips for energy
(Enköping)
3. Wastewater to mussel banks to canned mussel to food (Varberg)
Cycling
1. Carbon cycle is closed
2. Carbon cycle is closed, in addition linear nitrogen and
phosphorus flows decreased, and cadmium decreased
3. Nitrogen flows closed
Gains
Environmental gains: flows closed
Economic gains: money flows stays in the local community
Welfare gains: better environment, better water,
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A special case of rescaling Localised resource flows
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Localisation - Local resource flows
Local energy provision
- Solar panels (households or fields)
- Bio energy from close-by farmers
- Heat pumps
- Local hydro-, wind-, wave power
Local nutrient flows
- urine from separating toilets to local farmers
- sludge to local uses (composting / fermentation)
- wastewater to local uses (energy forests etc)
Local markets
- municipalities buying from local companies
- recycling arrangements
- local currencies
- locally produced food
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Both recycling and
localised resource flows are
systems approaches
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The Swedish LIP programme
• Local Investment programme, 1998-2002
• 600 MSEK (65 MEuro) to 161 municipalities
for 577 local projects
• 29 waste energy projects
• 230 district or near heating projects
• 225000 tonnes of oil replaced with biomass
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Experiences from the LIP
• Waste energy from local factories goes to district
heating
• 7 industries cooperated in heat production
• Biogas production from organic waste
• Smart solutions often possible
• Stake holder cooperation recommended
• Industries could save energy to 50 %
• Residential areas could save energy by 38 %
• 225000 tonnes of oil replaced with biomass
• Very large economic savings possible
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• Why is it not done? The role of public and business
Alternative energy strategies
Housing sector (About 30 %
of energy budget)
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Energy efficient houses more common
Biomass in increasing
Heat pumps increasing in Sweden
Solar panels slowly increasing
Value of increased efficiency
19 BSEK in Sweden alone
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How to implement
sustainabilty strategies
• Management systems
• Management centres
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Incentives
Economy
Dominating incentive for households
A municipality can accept investments also with low
interest rates
Quality
Especially for water, it is important
Heating it is as well important
Environmental
Legally required in many cases (EU directives)
Recycle nutrient flows (compost, production of
biogas, nutrients to fields)
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Evaluation of urban flows
Evaluate the process by consequences for
economy and health
- Save money; taking care of energy
- Improve health and wellbeing; less
pollution, better waste management,
will lead to better health
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Monitoring -indicators
• Indicators developed for each of the nine
categories
• Monitoring for urban management
• Often required for EU directives
• Used for reporting, e.g. GRI (Global
Reporting Initiative)
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Management systems
• Management systems
• EMS (environment management systems)
e.g. ISO 14001)
• IMS (integrated management systems)
health and economy can be included
• Private/public choice
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entre
A Mobility
Centre
The
A Mobility Centre is the operating unit at the urban/regional
level, where Mobility Services are initiated, organised and
provided. The establishment of a Mobility Centre is an
important milestone and serves as a crystallisation point for
Mobility Management.
There are two basics for a Mobility Centre:
- a multi-modal approach in the provision of services
- individual access for the public via personal visit, phone,
fax, e-mail, information terminals or online services
A Mobility Centre concentrates all services and thus serves as
a platform - a place for communication and exchange. Its
presence can give Mobility Management a public face and,
thus, promote its presence in the transport marketplace.
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Typical Mobility Management
projects
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Car sharing
Car pools
Audio conferencing instead of meetings
Coordinated deliveries of goods
Distance work
Supporting local shops
Supporting biking
Supporting public transport
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http://www.epommweb.org
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