 War in Bosnia and Herzegovina was between April 1992
and December 1995. Bosnian Serb forces attacked the
Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina in order to secure
Serbian territory.
 In 1995, NATO intervened during the 1995 Operation
Deliberate Force against the positions of the Army of
Republika Srpska.
 The
international community pressured Milosevix,
Tudjman and Izetbegovic to the negotiation table.The war
was came to an end after the signing of the General
Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and
Herzegovina on 14 December 1995.
 Nato, Osce, UN and its agencies have been engaged in the
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mission of transforming society into a economically and
politically viable state. Briefly for keeping peace.
IFOR: The NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) was
deployed in December 1995 to implement the military
aspects of the Dayton Peace Agreement.
SFOR: SFOR helped to maintain a secure environment and
facilitate the country’s reconstruction in the wake of the
1992-1995 war.
EUFOR: The mission of the EU’s Operation Althea has been
to ensure continued compliance with the 1995 Dayton peace
agreement and contribute to a secure environment and
Bosnia’s efforts towards European integration.
OHR: The Office of the High Representative (OHR) is the
chief civilian peace implementation agency in Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
 The Peace Agreement established Bosnia-Herzegovina as
a state comprising two Entities, each with a high degree of
autonomy: the Republika Srpska (RS) and the Federation
(FBiH).
 The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina covers 51% of
Bosnia and Herzegovina's total area, while Republika
Srpska covers 49%.
 The Brčko District in the north of the country was created in
2000 out of land from both entities. It officially belongs to
both, but is governed by neither, and functions under a
decentralized system of local government.
 By Dayton, Republika Srpska is recognize as a radically
autonomous political unit. (RS)
 The other constitutive entity of the state is Bosniac and
Croat alliances which is called as Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina. (FBiH)
 The Federation was decentralized and divided into ten
cantons.
 There is Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) between RS and
the rest of the country.
 Another
level of Bosnia and Herzegovina's political
subdivision is manifested in cantons.
 The last level of political division in Bosnia and Herzegovina
is the municipalities.
 As a result of the Dayton Accords, the civilian peace
implementation is supervised by the High Representative
for Bosnia and Herzegovina selected by the Peace
Implementation Council.
 There are three constitutions: the constitution of the
common state of Bosnia&Herzegovina, and the
constitutions of its Entities.(RS and FBiH)
 The legislative organ of state consists of a bicameral
Parliamentary Assembly.
 Articles give some important rights to the citizens.
1.4 guarantees ‘freedom of movement’.
• 2.5 grants ‘all refugees and displaced persons have the
right to returm their homes of origin’.
• 1.7 stipulates that there shall be a citizenship of Bosnia&
Herzegovina and a citizenship of each Entity.
• 3.2 says that the Entities shall have the right to establish
special parallel relationships with neighbouring states.
•
 All of these contents have results in social life,especially
return of refugees was the important process.
 In this respect,the issue of return of refugees has the most
important part. Some refugees from majority areas have
returned home or opted for a new place to live.
 Another important thing is also reintegration of refugees.
 Many refugees do not want to return in short term. Because
many of them find themselves homeless in their return.
 The most notable war criminals remain at large, sheltered
by nationalists in Republika Srpska and to date by the
Serbian government.
 Under the leadership of World Bank a program of economic
reconstruction was drawn up.
 Unemployement still can be seen as a problem.
 The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the
national currency introduced in 1998.
 Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-
era payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks,
primarily from Western Europe control most of the banking
sector.
 Republican government with a collective presidency and a
republican legislature, with two-thirds (28) of the legislative
seats allocated to representatives of the Muslim-Croat
entity.
14 September 1996
 Alija Izetbegovic, a Muslim candidate, won the highest
number of votes in the collective presidential race followed
by Mr. Momcilo Krajisnik (Bosnian Serb) and Mr. Kresimir
Zubak (Bosnian Croat).
12-13 September 1998
 Elections were held for all the seats in the House of
Representatives.
 Despite the Dayton accords and subsequent Western efforts to
reintegrate Bosnia, voting results revealed that the country was
still
largely
divided
along
ethnic
lines.
11 November 2000
 Eighteen political parties ran for the 42 seats in the lower house
of the State Parliament, the House of Representatives.
 Final results showed that Serbs and Croats had stood by their
nationalist parties, while Muslims had dispersed their vote
between nationalist, centrist and leftist parties.
5 October 2002
 The three largest nationalist parties, the SDA, the SDS, and
the HDZ, were confirmed as the clear winners.
 The new joint Presidency was formed by Sulejman Tihic
(SDA), Mirko Sarovic (SDS) and Dragan Covic (HDZ). The
three of them were sworn in in Sarajevo on 28 October 2002
1 October 2006
 Proposed amendments to the Constitution of Bosnia and
Herzegovina were the main issue in the run-up to the 2006
elections.
 The three nationalist parties gained fewer seats than in
2002.
 Nebojsa Radmanovic of the Party of Independent Social
Democrats (Serb SNSD) , Haris Silajdic (Bosniak SBiH) and
Zelijko Komsic (Croat SDP) won the tripartite presidential
elections. They were subsequently inaugurated on 6
November 2006.
 The citizens of Bosnia are united in wanting EU accession
and its benefits.Ethnically based political parties still can
thwart the state and prevent Bosnia from entering the EU.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina is a potential candidate country for
EU accession following the Thessaloniki European Council
of June 2003
 A recent report by the Venice Commission outlines the
reforms necessary to prepare the state for the accession
process.
 All of these aspects generally showed that there is no
expected integration between the ethnicities in the BiH.
 With the process of EU accession, there were made
constitutional changes,however the source of changes
comes from external factors
 Although the Ohr and the Constitutional court act against
disintegration, there is still not mutual trust between the
people. Because the nationalist parties still in charge.
 The top two indicted Bosnian Serb war criminals Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic-enjoying an almost
mythic heroic status among their fellow Serbs.