Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers
. . . the most wonderful miracle in the world took place. .”
Subjective Experiences
• Inner reality more important than objective
reality
• Inner experiences
• Conscious experiences
– Experiences that can be verbalized or imagined
• Unconscious experiences
– Experiences that cannot be verbalized or imagined
Self-Actualizing Tendency
• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our
potentials
• “Innate goodness”
So why do people do bad things?
• Infants perceive their experiences as reality
• Uninhibited by the evaluations of others
• All behavior directed toward satisfying need for
SA
• Organismic Valuing Process
– SA is the criterion used to make judgments of worth
• As we get older. . . .
• Start to experience a need for positive
regard
– Satisfying the needs for others satisfies this
need
True self
Social self
Created through
contact with others
True self
Social self
Prevents us from
getting into touch with
our true self
True self
Social self
Leads to “conditions of
worth”
True self
So why do people do bad things?
• Social self hinders movement toward SA
• Not behaving like true self causes anxiety
• Anxiety causes defense mechanisms
So why do people do bad things?
Psychotic
Positive Development
• Avoid conditions of worth
• Unconditional positive regard
• Congruence between true self and experiences
Fully Functioning Person
• Open to experience
• Characterized by existential living
• Trust their organisms
• Are creative
• Live rich lives
George Kelly
Activity
• How do you describe people
• Commonly use Constructs that are
learned
– Start to see the world a different way
Every Person is a Scientist
• We have our own theories about human
behavior
• We have constructs that we think are
important
– Not as “scientific” as traditional science
• It is our VIEW of reality that is important
– Not reality itself
Construct
• Our constructs determine how we interpret
an event
• Constructs are bipolar
– What is the other pole is also subjective
• Thus two people may see the same event
differently
s
• Charlie
Sincere
Insincere
• Willy
Sincere
Morally degenerate
• Charlie
Sincere
Insincere
• Willy
Sincere
Morally degenerate
• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
sincere
• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
sincere
Will think she is insincere
React with mild disapproval
• If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not
sincere
Will think she is morally
degenerate
Will be angry and upset
Constructive Alternativism
• All of us are capable of changing our
interpretation of events
– Our constructs
• Behavior is never determined
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
11.Moral person
10.Sad person
9.Happy person
8.Boss
7.Teacher you did not like
O
6.Teacher you liked
5.Attractive Person
4.Ex-Friend
3.Friend
2.Mother
1.Father
Self
Assessing Constructs
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
Similarity pole
Contrast Pole
Research
• Using Kelly’s constructs
• Can understand constructs person uses to see the world
• Can understand how a person sees self
– Look at the check marks (and missing check marks)
• How a person sees self in relation to others
– Who do you think you are most similar too?
– Are you similar to anyone?
• Look at number of check marks in the self column
Research
• Cognitive Complexity
• Did you use different constructs across all
people?
– Cognitive simplicity
• Do not differentiate how you perceive others
– Cognitive complexity
• Highly different views of others
Research
• Cognitive Complexity
• Differentiate among many different events
in the environments – should be able to
make more accurate judgments
Research
• Cognitive Complexity
• Better able to anticipate school stresses
• Make more realistic occupational choices
• Better able to predict the behavior of
others
Review
• Freud
• Key ideas
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–
–
–
–
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Psychic Determinism
Unconscious
Internal Structure
Psychic Conflict
Mental Energy
Doctrine of Opposites
• Parts of the mind
Review
• Freud
• Psychosexual stages
• Defense mechanisms
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–
–
–
–
–
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Denial
Repression
Reaction Formation
Projection
Rationalization
Intellectualization
Regression
Sublimation
Review
• Freud
• Parapraxes
• Humor
Review
• Neo-Freudians
• Carl Jung
– Archetypes
– Collective Unconscious
• Alfred Adler
– Feelings of inferiority
– Striving for superiority
– Importance of birth order
Review
• Neo-Freudians
• Karen Horney
– Anxiety
– Coping with anxiety (types)
• Erick Erikson
– Eight stages of development
Review
• Existentialism
• Phenomenonological
• Humanistic
– Free will
– Awareness
– Meaning
Review
• Carl Rogers
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Self-Actualization
True self vs. social self
Conditions of wroth
Unconditional positive regard
• Abraham Maslow
– Hierarchy of needs
• Flow
• George Kelly
– Constructs