Salmonella Kills
SUMMARY OF DATASHEET – BOVIVAC S
A) REDUCTION OF SHEDDING
PRESENTATION
An opaque fluid vaccine containing inactivated cells of S. dublin (1 x
109 cells/ml) and S. typhimurium (1 x 109 cells/ml). The vaccine
contains aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant and thiomersal as
a preservative.
or intercurrent disease or which have a poor nutritional status. Such
animals must be isolated and treated as appropriate and then
vaccinated upon recovery.
USES
For the active immunisation of cattle in order to induce serological and
colostral antibody protection against S. dublin and S. typhimurium
infections and, in the face of an outbreak, to reduce S. typhimurium
infections when used under field conditions as part of an overall herd
management programme. Bovivac S may also contribute to reducing S.
typhimurium contamination of the environment.
All stock showing overt clinical signs of salmonellosis at the time of the
initial vaccination programme should receive appropriate treatment and
be fully vaccinated once they have recovered. Any unvaccinated stock
must be managed separately to vaccinated stock, with no contact
between the groups. Hygiene precautions must be instituted, where
possible, to prevent transfer of infection from one group to another.
When vaccinating animals, stress should be avoided, particularly during
pregnancy. The effect of Bovivac S administered around service
/insemination has not been studied. Limited laboratory and field data
suggest that vaccination with Bovivac S has no adverse effect on pregnancy
and calving. No information is available on the effect of concurrent use
of this vaccine with any other. It is therefore suggested that no other
vaccine should be administered within 14 days before or after
vaccination with the product.
Occasional hypersensitivity reactions may occur.
A trial was conducted on eight farms in the UK and the results are demonstrated in the graph below. The percentage of Salmonella
positive cultures isolated from different locations on these farms (collecting yards, cubical houses etc.) decline over the months
after vaccination. This demonstrates that the main mechanism of action of Bovivac S in controlling disease is via a reduction in
environmental contamination.
Environmental Salmonella
Farm A
Farm B
Farm C
Farm D
Farm E
Farm F
Farm G
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Dose: Adult cattle, 5ml – calves up to 6 months of age, 2ml.
Administration is by subcutaneous injection, preferably in the loose skin
on the side of the neck, observing aseptic precautions.
% positive Salmonella isolates
100%
80%
*
60%
40%
20%
0%
Pre Trial
4 Mts
6 Mts
12 Mts
* On this farm, vaccination had successfully eliminated positive culture results at the six month time-point.
Bought-in unvaccinated animals were introduced to this herd and were thought to be the new source of salmonella positive cultures in this case.
B) REDUCTION OF ABORTION
A study has been carried out on submissions to the Cork RVL (WBC 2008 J. Crilly) over a 10 year period. The findings of this
study were that Bovivac S reduced abortion incidence significantly. The recommendations were that the vaccine is best given
ahead of the period of risk, which is approximately one month prior to drying off. However the vaccine is not licensed for controlling
salmonella-induced abortions.
Primary Vaccination Schedule: Where diagnosis of salmonellosis
caused by S. dublin and/or S. typhimurium has been confirmed,
all at-risk adult cattle, including lactating cows, dry cows, heifers, barren
cows and in-contact bulls (but excluding any with overt clinical signs of
salmonellosis), should receive two 5ml injections separated by an
interval of 21 days.
For pregnant cows, this primary vaccination course can be given
irrespective of the reproductive status. Any pregnant cows that have not
calved within 8 weeks of the second dose of vaccine should receive a
further 5ml dose of Bovivac S 3-4 weeks pre-calving.
Healthy calves from approximately 3 weeks of age may also be given a
primary vaccination course. Calves should be given two 2ml injections
separated by an interval of 14 to 21 days.
Booster vaccination: All cattle vaccinated with the primary vaccination
course of Bovivac S should receive a 5ml booster injection at least two
weeks prior to each period of risk or at intervals of not more than 12
months thereafter. As part of an overall herd management programme,
for pregnant cattle, it is advised that for each subsequent pregnancy,
in order to maintain a sufficient level of active immunisation to reduce
S. dublin and S. typhimurium infections under field conditions, a single
booster dose of 5ml should be administered approximately 3-4 weeks
before calving.
Bovivac S
®
IS THERE ANY RECENT TRIAL WORK WITH BOVIVAC S?
Significant levels of immunity cannot be expected until two weeks after
the second dose of the primary vaccination course.
Repeat to Defeat
Withdrawal Period: Zero days
PHARMACEUTICAL PRECAUTIONS
Store at +2˚c to +8˚c. Protect from freezing. Use before the expiry date
printed on the pack.
Once opened, use of the vaccine must be completed within
10 hours. Partially-used containers must be discarded at the
end of each day’s operations. Partly used and empty packs,
syringes and needles must be disposed of in accordance with
national requirements.
Keep out of reach of children. For animal treatment only.
Package Quantities: 50ml polyethylene multidose bottles.
Further Information: The efficacy of Bovivac S has been established
in the field using the recommended programme of use.
Specific experimental data has not been generated to quantify the
duration of immunity, the effectiveness of a single booster dose
vaccination or the degree of protection from colostral antibodies.
Legal Category: ROI POM(E) NI POM-V
CONTRA-INDICATIONS, WARNINGS, ETC.
A small number of individuals may fail to respond to vaccination as
a result of immunological incompetence or for some other reason.
In the face of an outbreak of disease, it is therefore important to
avoid vaccination of animals which have overt clinical salmonellosis
®
Bovivac S
The only vaccine for Bovine Salmonellosis
(caused by S. dublin and S. typhimurium)
Further information is available from MSD Animal Health, Red Oak North, South County Business Park, Leopardstown, Dublin
18, Ireland. Tel: +353(0)1 2970220. E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.msd-animal-health.ie
®
Bovivac S
The only vaccine for Bovine Salmonellosis
(caused by S. dublin and S. typhimurium)
Some
e outcomes you’d expect from salmonella infection in a herd are:
• Abortions
• Dead calves
• Dead cows
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SALMONELLA GETS INTO A HERD?
• Scour outbreaks
Is the most common cause of infectious bovine abortion in Ireland?
•
Causes clinical disease on 14% of Irish farms every year?
•
Is thought to be much more common in healthy carrier animals than clinically affected animals, especially on
endemically infected farms?
•
Was recently found in 7.6% of carcases in an Irish abattoir?
•
Is shed in faeces and in milk from infected animals and that 83% of Irish dairy farm families regularly consume
unpasteurised milk?
SALMONELLOSIS IN COWS
SO HOW DOES IT ENTER A HERD?
•
A: Isolation from infected material: It is relatively easy to pick up salmonellae from stomach contents of a foetus or from diarrhoeic
faeces. However, absence of bacteria does not completely rule it out. Septicaemia and pneumonia caused by this bacterium
are somewhat more difficult to diagnose by culture.
Salmonella dublin
Salmonella typhimurium
Clinical Signs
Clinical Signs
• Abortion: The most commonly
• Mainly diarrhoea with dysentery
diagnosed cause of infectious
• Mostly attacks calves
abortion in Ireland
• Septicaemias and abortions
• Diarrhoea: less frequent
• Fatal septicaemia in calves
• Clinical signs in humans is rare
Salmonella enters a herd through:
•
Diagnosis involves submission of relevant material to the local Regional Veterinary Laboratory (RVL). Material should include
aborted foetuses, diarrhoea samples, blood samples etc.:
Salmonella gets
into herd
But were you aware that salmonella…
•
HOW IS SALMONELLA BEST DIAGNOSED?
B: Blood sampling for serology: A random cut off for positives has been assigned as >1/80 on the serological test. However,
this can be somewhat confusing in a herd that was previously vaccinated. A rising titre (one sample taken at time of disease
with another taken 2 weeks later) can be useful for diagnosing salmonella as a cause of diarrhoea. However, blood sampling
is of limited value in diagnosing abortion, as seroconversion has often happened at the time of initial bacteraemia rather than
the 4-6 weeks later when the foetus is aborted.
WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF A SALMONELLA CONTROL PROGRAMME?
less common
• Can cause diarrhoea in children
and older people
ADVICE FOR KEEPING IT OUT
Prevent access of visitors and visiting vehicles to livestock
Provide farm clothing for essential farm visitors, coupled
with disinfection at entry
Replacement stock – Recovered cases after an outbreak can often act as carriers of the bacteria for a very long time.
Bacteria are harboured in the gall bladder and lymph nodes. These clinically normal animals shed bacteria in times of stress,
infecting other animals that they are in contact with. This is the most common source of infection for S. dublin.
Recovered cases
Maintain a closed herd or purchase only from herds of
known disease status
Solid immunity
and Recovery
Physical contact-based spread – Salmonella can be brought into a herd via farm visitors, birds, rodents, pigs and chickens.
S. dublin outbreaks often occur on an area basis. As cattle rarely move between all farms in a locality, it is thought that the
movement of personnel and vehicles is probably the most common source.
If buying in, quarantine arrivals for a 4 week period
During quarantine period, sero test animals twice at two
weekly intervals and faecal test animals 3 times at the same
intervals before introduction to the main herd
ADVICE ON DAMAGE LIMITATION WHEN IT DOES
GET IN
All of the advice regarding biosecurity in order to keep
disease out (see across) also applies here as it facilitates
more rapid control of disease and avoids outward
contamination of other farms
Maintain a dedicated isolation facility on the farm
Segregate and treat clinical cases
Slurry should not be spread on grazing land as salmonella
can survive for up to a year in soil
•
Animal to animal spread – from neighbouring herds.
•
Slurry – S. dublin is known to persist in slurry for one month and can survive in soil for nearly one year, allowing infection of
animals grazing pasture previously treated with slurry.
Maintain double fencing (3m buffer zone) at farm boundaries
Strict personal hygiene should be maintained
Prevent vermin / wildlife access to feed / bedding
Feedstuffs / water – Water courses infected by neighbouring stock can act as a source of a number of infectious agents,
including salmonella. Feedstuffs can act as a source of S. typhimurium in the event of infected rodents / wild birds
contaminating the feed.
Use piped mains water rather than natural water sources
Older people and children should not have access to
contaminated areas
•
Carrier Animals
Latent infection
Active Shedders
Diagnose abortions, scour cases or other illnesses with the
aid of laboratory analysis as early as possible
WHICH TYPE OF SALMONELLA IS THE MOST COMMON?
In a long term study carried out over a 10 year period, involving submissions to Cork Regional Veterinary Laboratory, it was found
that 85% of salmonella submissions were S. dublin while 11% involved S. typhimurium. The most common clinical presentation
of S. dublin infection is now abortion, while scour still remains the main presentation of S. typhimurium.
Animals which fail to sell at the mart or which are attending
a show should be quarantined on return
Consider vaccination with Bovivac S if the herd is at risk –
large herd, buying-in, etc.
Infected animals that recover are considered to be immune for a number of years. However, some of these will
become “carriers”. This means that, though they are healthy, these carriers shed bacteria in faeces intermittently,
possibly throughout their lifetime.
Unpasteurised milk should never be consumed
Vaccination with Bovivac S should be carried out in the
face of an outbreak and boosted annually ahead of the
period of risk
Vaccination boosters should not be allowed to lapse as
infected herds have a pattern of breaking down every 5-7
years as naïve animals are introduced
VACCINATE WITH BOVIVAC S – THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF A SALMONELLA CONTROL PROGRAMME