Globalisation and Pollution: Tele-connecting Local Primary PM2.5 Emissions to
Global Consumption
Jing Meng1,2, Junfeng Liu1, * , Yuan Xu3, Dabo Guan4, Zhu Liu5, Ye Huang1,6, and
Shu Tao†
1
Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking
University, Beijing, China
2
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK
3
Department of Geography and Resource Management & Institute of Environment, Energy and
Sustainability, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
4
School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
5
Resnick Sustainability Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125,
USA
6
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, Commissariat à l'Energie
Atomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentinen- Yvelines, Centre d'Etudes Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
* Corresponding author:
Email: [email protected]
Tel.:+86 (0)10 6275 7852
Caption
Table S1. Definition of regions.
Table S2. Definition of sectors.
Table S3. Produced, consumed and traded PM2.5 emissions.
Table S4. Budget of average primary fine aerosol concentrations from inter-continental transport of
aerosols from each source region to each receptor region, contributions of a region on
itself (referred to ‘domestic’) are shown in bold: (a) induced by production of source
region [Unit: μg∙m-3]; (b) induced by consumption of source region [Unit: μg∙m-3]; (c) the
ratio concentrations induced by consumption to production.
Figure S1. Distribution of consumption-based PM2.5 emissions (FCr) in 2007 by mass of emissions
in the region.
Figure S2. PM2.5 emissions embodied in imports and exports of the largest net importing/exporting
countries/regions. Intermediate goods (gray) are those used by industries in the
importing country to further processing and meet consumer demand for domestic
goods.
Supporting method
Bridging PKU-inventory and GTAP classifications
Table S1. Definition of regions.
Number
Code
Description
Member Countries
1
AUS
Australia
2
3
NZL
XOC
New Zealand
Rest of Oceania
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CHN
HKG
JPN
KOR
MNG
TWN
XEA
China
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea Republic of
Mongolia
Taiwan
Rest of East Asia
11
12
13
KHM
IDN
LAO
14
15
16
17
18
19
MYS
PHL
SGP
THA
VNM
XSE
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
BGD
IND
NPL
PAK
LKA
XSA
CAN
USA
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao People's
Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Rest of Southeast
Asia
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Rest of South Asia
Canada
United States of
America
Australia, Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
Christmas Island, Heard Island and
McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
New Zealand
American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji,
Micronesia Federated States of, Guam,
Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Northern
Mariana Islands, New Caledonia, Niue,
Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, French
Polynesia, Solomon Islands, Tokelau,
Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and
Futuna, Samoa, Pitcairn, United States
Minor Outlying Islands
China
Hong Kong
Japan
The Korea Republic of
Mongolia
Taiwan
Macao, Korea Democratic Peoples
Republic of
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Timor
Leste
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives
Canada
United States of America
Number
Code
Description
Member Countries
28
29
MEX
XNA
30
31
ARG
BOL
Mexico
Bermuda, Greenland, Saint Pierre, and
Miquelon
Argentina
Bolivia, the Plurinational Republic of
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
BRA
CHL
COL
ECU
PRY
PER
URY
VEN
XSM
Mexico
Rest of North
America
Argentina
Bolivia, the
Plurinational
Republic of
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Rest of South
America
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
CRI
GTM
HND
NIC
PAN
SLV
XCA
48
XCB
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
El Salvador
Rest of Central
America
Caribbean
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
AUT
BEL
CYP
CZE
DNK
EST
FIN
FRA
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French
Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, South Georgia
and the South Sandwich Islands
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
El Salvador
Belize
Aruba, Anguilla, Netherlands Antilles,
Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados,
Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti,
Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Turks and
Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Virgin Islands
British, Virgin Islands U.S.
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland, Aland Islands
France, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion
Number
Code
Description
Member Countries
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
DEU
GRC
HUN
IRL
ITA
LVA
LTU
LUX
MLT
NLD
POL
PRT
SVK
SVN
ESP
SWE
GBR
CHE
NOR
XEF
ALB
BGR
BLR
HRV
ROU
RUS
UKR
XEE
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Norway, Svalbard and Jan Mayen
Iceland, Liechtenstein
Albania
Bulgaria
Belarus
Croatia
Romania
Russian Federation
Ukraine
The Moldova Republic of
85
XER
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Norway
Rest of EFTA
Albania
Bulgaria
Belarus
Croatia
Romania
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Rest of Eastern
Europe
Rest of Europe
86
87
88
KAZ
KGZ
XSU
89
90
91
92
ARM
AZE
GEO
BHR
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Rest of Former
Soviet Union
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Bahrain
Andorra, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, Faroe
Islands, Gibraltar, Monaco, Macedonia the
former Yugoslav Republic of, San Marino,
Serbia, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey,
Montenegro, Holy See (Vatican City State)
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Bahrain
Number
Code
Description
Member Countries
93
IRN
The Iran Islamic Republic of
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
ISR
KWT
OMN
QAT
SAU
TUR
ARE
101
XWS
The Iran Islamic
Republic of
Israel
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
United Arab
Emirates
Rest of Western Asia
102
103
104
105
EGY
MAR
TUN
XNF
Egypt
Morocco
Tunisia
Rest of North Africa
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
BEN
BUF
CMR
CIV
GHA
GUI
NGA
SEN
TOG
XWF
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Cote d'Ivoire
Ghana
Guinea
Nigeria
Senegal
Togo
Rest of Western
Africa
116
XCF
Central Africa
117
XAC
South Central Africa
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
ETH
KEN
MDG
MWI
MUS
MOZ
RWA
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Israel
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian
Territory Occupied, Syrian Arab Republic,
Yemen
Egypt
Morocco
Tunisia
Algeria, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Western
Sahara
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Cote d'Ivoire
Ghana
Guinea
Nigeria
Senegal
Togo
Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau,
Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Saint
Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha,
Sierra Leone
Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon,
Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and
Principe, Chad
Angola, Congo the Democratic Republic
of the
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Number
Code
Description
Member Countries
125
TZA
Tanzania United Republic of
126
127
UGA
ZMB
Tanzania United
Republic of
Uganda
Zambia
128
129
ZWE
XEC
130
131
132
133
134
BWA
NAM
ZAF
XSC
XTW
Zimbabwe
Rest of Eastern
Africa
Botswana
Namibia
South Africa
Customs Union
Rest of the World
Zimbabwe
Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea,
Mayotte, Sudan, Somalia, Seychelles
Botswana
Namibia
South Africa
Lesotho, Swaziland
Antarctica, French Southern Territories,
Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean
Territory
Uganda
Zambia
Table S2. Definition of sectors.
Number
Sector
Category
1
Paddy rice
Agriculture
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Wheat
Cereal grains nec
Vegetables, fruit, nuts;
Oil seeds
Sugarcane, sugar beet
Plant-based fibers
Crops nec
Cattle, sheep, goats, horses
Animal products nec
Raw milk
Wool, silk-worm cocoons
Forestry
Fishing
Coal
Oil
Gas
Minerals nec
Meat: cattle, sheep, goats, horses
Meat products nec
Vegetable oils and fats
Dairy products
Processed rice
Sugar
Food products nec
Beverages and tobacco products
Textiles
Wearing apparel
Leather products
Wood products
Paper products, publishing
Petroleum, coal products
Chemical, rubber, plastic products
Mineral products nec
Ferrous metals
Metals nec
Metal products
Motor vehicles and parts
Transport equipment nec
Electronic equipment
Machinery and equipment nec
Mining
Light Manufacting
Petroleum, coal products
Chemical,
rubber,
plastic
productsproducts
Mineral
Metal products
Equipment Manufacturing
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
Manufactures nec
Electricity
Gas manufacture, distribution
Water collection, purification, and distribution
Construction
Trade
Transport nec
Sea transport
Air transport
Communication
Financial services nec
Insurance
Business services nec
Recreation and other services
Public Administration, Defense, Health, Education
Dwellings
Power generation
Construction
Non-transport Services
Transport
Non-transport Services
Table S3. Produced, consumed and traded PM2.5 emissions.
Number
Region
1
2
3
Australia
New Zealand
Rest of Oceania
The mainland of
China
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea
Mongolia
Taiwan
Rest of East
Asia
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao People’s
Democratic
Republic
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
Rest of
Southeast Asia
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Rest of South
Asia
Canada
United States of
America
Mexico
Rest of North
America
Argentina
Bolivia
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Production
based
Emissions
(Gg)
Consumption
based Emissions
(Gg)
Emission
embodied
in exports
(Gg)
Emission
Embodied in
imports (Gg)
114.5
12.4
22.9
173.4
24.5
16.8
48.6
4.2
11.2
107.5
16.4
5.1
9371.7
6947.7
2717.0
293.0
0.0
477.0
174.6
11.2
0.0
80.3
725.2
294.6
10.4
66.7
0.0
166.9
73.6
3.4
0.0
80.3
415.1
193.6
2.6
66.7
123.3
91.8
42.7
11.2
22.6
425.4
25.1
400.6
4.3
105.2
6.7
80.4
34.0
28.8
7.5
2.2
113.3
116.1
4.8
259.3
231.2
93.4
118.1
43.2
189.3
187.2
72.2
28.9
3.4
128.0
93.8
52.4
30.9
41.7
58.0
49.8
96.3
73.6
32.5
9.8
164.3
3060.3
29.8
251.7
20.0
179.6
2782.3
32.7
256.4
29.7
10.4
482.8
2.2
32.2
4.3
25.6
204.8
5.1
36.9
13.9
30.4
29.7
10.1
9.5
147.8
219.6
76.5
148.2
1217.2
2275.4
220.2
1278.5
183.1
221.3
54.6
92.8
19.6
12.3
10.4
3.1
253.1
14.0
98.3
13.7
183.0
3.2
28.2
3.0
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
678.0
40.0
53.4
21.0
27.3
36.3
10.0
72.0
567.6
43.4
64.4
27.6
18.3
43.6
8.5
78.1
211.2
21.8
13.6
4.2
13.0
9.4
6.3
22.2
100.8
25.2
24.5
10.8
4.0
16.8
4.8
28.2
26.4
21.4
6.4
1.3
6.0
11.3
7.1
3.9
4.5
6.3
7.6
14.5
9.2
5.2
8.4
9.3
3.2
3.8
1.8
1.3
0.7
1.6
4.8
7.0
3.9
2.6
4.7
4.6
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Rest of South
America
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
EI Salvador
Rest of Central
America
Caribbean
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
211.7
28.0
32.6
2.8
34.6
16.6
11.3
28.4
211.8
50.0
104.6
8.8
41.9
48.5
13.1
47.3
43.2
16.8
24.1
0.7
19.7
8.5
4.5
14.3
43.4
38.8
96.2
6.6
27.0
40.4
6.4
33.2
56
France
141.0
318.6
53.3
230.8
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
197.0
33.5
18.7
10.4
112.9
6.8
15.9
3.2
0.4
30.0
149.5
21.0
27.8
5.8
124.3
28.8
474.9
92.7
31.5
33.9
316.2
12.7
20.3
7.4
2.7
97.9
157.8
43.5
26.1
11.3
276.3
57.9
100.6
7.8
10.2
5.2
42.5
3.5
7.8
2.5
0.2
20.8
56.3
7.4
16.8
3.2
40.2
17.1
378.5
67.0
23.0
28.7
245.7
9.5
12.2
6.7
2.6
88.6
64.6
29.9
15.1
8.8
192.2
46.2
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
United
Kingdom
Switzerland
Norway
Rest of EFTA
Albania
Bulgaria
Belarus
Croatia
Romania
Russian
Federation
Ukraine
Rest of Eastern
Europe
Rest of Europe
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Rest of Former
Soviet Union
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Bahrain
Iran, the Islamic
Republic of
Israel
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
United Arab
Emirates
Rest of West
Asia
Egypt
Morocco
Tunisia
Rest of North
Africa
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
105.4
377.4
37.1
309.1
12.8
10.2
1.4
3.4
36.5
56.8
11.5
70.7
52.0
39.2
4.7
7.0
32.7
37.4
19.3
79.8
6.6
5.9
0.7
0.9
17.8
40.0
4.3
22.7
45.7
34.9
3.9
4.5
14.0
20.7
12.1
31.8
907.6
791.4
339.6
223.4
357.4
166.0
239.8
48.4
4.1
7.2
2.2
5.2
67.2
202.5
7.9
67.6
183.0
7.6
19.6
68.9
3.5
20.0
49.5
3.2
67.4
53.6
29.4
15.6
3.3
13.1
4.7
1.7
5.1
22.1
8.3
5.7
1.5
3.2
2.3
0.9
3.3
12.2
5.9
4.9
246.7
297.9
43.0
94.2
19.1
14.9
8.7
16.1
87.8
342.8
40.1
37.3
20.6
29.4
153.0
385.6
8.1
4.1
2.3
6.5
23.6
88.6
29.1
26.5
14.2
19.9
88.8
131.3
34.7
165.1
8.4
138.8
254.5
207.7
107.5
60.6
302.0
97.5
38.6
256.0
104.4
24.4
85.9
18.7
25.9
40.0
25.6
11.8
112.4
130.8
31.3
49.7
7.0
9.2
9.1
8.7
10.1
9.3
5.3
1.3
2.8
7.1
2.3
3.0
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Cote d'lvoire
Ghana
Guinea
Nigeria
Senegal
Togo
Rest of Western
Africa
Rest of Central
Africa
Rest of South
Central Africa
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Rwanda
Tanzania, the
United Republic
of
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Rest of Eastern
Africa
Botswana
Namibia
South Africa
Rest of South
the African
Customs Union
Rest of the
world
Total
4.8
15.3
15.2
59.5
15.7
4.4
8.3
25.5
13.7
73.1
15.6
6.4
1.7
3.5
3.4
22.6
5.7
2.9
5.2
13.8
1.9
36.1
5.7
4.9
34.6
45.0
9.9
20.3
12.7
18.7
4.1
10.2
21.5
29.3
9.0
16.8
25.0
21.6
53.9
50.6
2.2
10.0
8.6
32.3
25.6
47.7
39.8
5.1
12.5
10.1
1.9
6.5
8.7
13.0
0.9
3.9
1.3
9.1
10.5
2.5
2.2
3.7
6.4
2.8
18.3
20.2
5.5
7.4
103.6
6.5
22.5
88.5
9.2
16.0
19.0
3.2
12.3
3.9
5.9
5.8
19.4
35.7
4.1
20.4
4.9
3.8
617.4
11.5
8.1
376.8
2.3
2.4
294.2
8.9
6.6
53.7
4.9
3.7
2.2
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
24002.4
24002.4
7236.3
7236.3
Table S4. Budget of average primary fine aerosol concentrations from intercontinental transport of aerosols from each source region to each receptor region,
contributions of a region on itself (referred to ‘domestic’) are shown in bold: (a)
induced by production of source region [Unit: μg∙m-3]; (b) induced by consumption of
source region [Unit: μg∙m-3]; (c) the ratio concentrations induced by consumption to
production.
(a) induced by production of source region [Unit: μg∙m-3]
Source Region
NA
EU
IN
EA
NA
0.349
0.001
0.001
0.012
Receptor Region
EU
IN
0.007
0.002
0.005
0.773
0.001
2.931
0.004
0.019
EA
0.002
0.008
0.070
4.263
(b) induced by consumption of source region [Unit: μg∙m-3]
Source Region
NA
EU
IN
EA
NA
0.299
0.017
0.001
0.013
Receptor Region
EU
IN
0.034
0.097
0.121
0.631
0.004
2.469
0.019
0.057
EA
0.428
0.383
0.044
4.094
(c) the ratio concentrations induced by consumption to production.
Source Region
NA
EU
IN
EA
NA
0.9
14
1
1
Receptor Region
EU
IN
5
40
27
0.8
7
0.8
5
3
EA
223
50
0.6
1
Gg/y
Tg/y
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.1
0.5
1
2
3
4
5
>5
Figure S1. Distribution of consumption-based PM2.5 emissions (FCr) in 2007 by mass
of emissions in the region.
Figure S2. PM2.5 emissions embodied in imports and exports of the largest net
importing/exporting countries/regions. Intermediate goods (gray) are those used by
industries in the importing country to further processing and meet consumer demand
for domestic goods.
Bridging PKU-inventory and GTAP classifications
Bridging the two databases was done by setting up concordance matrices between the 78
emission sources and each of GTAP’s countries’ sectors. Let C be such a concordance matrix,
holding Cij=1 if PKU-inventory class I corresponds to GTAP sector j, as shown in Table S1.
The original primary fuel type in GTAP database covers coal, oil, coal and oil products, and
gas. As the emission factors of various types of fuel vary significant, the coal, oil, coal and oil
products were split into seven types of fuel according to the energy statistics from International
Energy Agency [1-5]. The coal consumption was divided into Briquettes, coke; Brown coal, peat;
Hard coal, coking coal. The consumption of coal and oil products was divided into Heavy fuel oil;
Gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene; Liquefied Petroleum Gas. For some developing countries without
country-specific energy statistics, the average proportion of different types of fuels of NON-OECD
countries were used. Then the emissions from power generation were split into 2 sectors (Sector 4344 in Table S5) according to the sectors’ fuel consumption. For example, the emissions from coke
used in power generation were C, the coke consumption in Sector 43 and Sector 44 was E1 and E2,
then the emissions from coke comsumption in Sector 43 and Sector 44 was C * E1 / (E1  E 2)
and C * E 2 / (E1  E 2) , respectively.
Reference
(1). IEA (2010) Energy Statistics of Non ‐ OECD Countries 2010: (Complete Edition ‐ ISBN
9789264084117). Sourceoecd Energy volume 2010(16):i-770(770).
(2). IEA (2012) Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2012: Complete Edition - ISBN 9789264173736.
Sourceoecd Energy volume 2012(8):i-426(426).
(3) IEA (2007) Energy Statistics of Non‐OECD Countries: 2004/2005: 2007 Edition (Complete
Edition ‐ ISBN 9264027688). Source OECD Energy 2007(15):i-786.
(4) IEA 2010) Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2010: (Complete Edition ‐
ISBN
9789264084087). Sourceoecd Energy volume 2010(16):i-398.
(5) IEA (2010) Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2010: (Edition complète ‐ ISBN
9789264084094 ‐ Fr. à paraître). SourceOCDE Energie 2010(26):i-398.