1
[1A]
EXCERPT 1
In all criminal prosecutions
the accused shall enjoy the
right to speedy and public
trial.
EXCERPT 2
A well-regulated Militia, being
necessary to the security of a
free State, the right of the
people to bear Arms, shall not
be infringed.
EXCERPT 3
The right of the people to be
secure in their persons, houses,
papers and effects, against
unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated.
Which statement best describes the excerpts above?
A They protected the colonists against abuses by the British government.
B They established a system of checks and balances in the Constitution.
C
They were added to the Constitution to protect individual rights.
D They were added to the Articles of Confederation to protect states’ rights.
2 [1A] The main purpose for adopting the U.S. Constitution was to—
A protect the individual rights of citizens
B establish independence from Great Britain
C
create a stronger central government
D provide a method for territories to become states
3 [1A] Which document is correctly paired with its description?
A
Declaration of
Independence
Established a stronger central government for
the thirteen states
B
Washington’s
Farewell Address
General Washington’s final speech to his troops
at the end of the American Revolution
C
U.S. Constitution
Announced the reasons for the colonists’
separation from England
D
Bill of Rights
Provided specific guarantees of individual rights
4
[1B]
Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes…. But when a long
train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them
under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide
new Guards for their future security.
—The Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776
The right identified in this excerpt was later used by—
A
Southern states to justify their secession in 1860
B
slaves threatening to rebel in the South before the Civil War
C
the Populist Party in favor of adopting a silver-backed money
D
the Mormons to explain their move to the Utah Territory
5 [9A] Which amendment is correctly paired with its impact on civil rights?
A
13th Amendment
Guaranteed the privileges and immunities of
citizenship regardless of race
B
14th Amendment
Guaranteed women the right to vote
C
15th Amendment
Guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race or
former enslavement
D
19th Amendment
Abolished slavery
6
[14C]
“… nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.”
—Fifth Amendment
What was the purpose of this clause?
A To enable local governments to obtain land at low prices
B To prevent the federal government from taking private land
C
To enable the federal government to sell its public lands
D To protect landowners from losing their land without payment
7
[22C]
What then is the American, this new man? … I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an
Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons
have now four wives of different nations. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient
prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new
government he obeys, and the new rank he holds.
—Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters to an American Farmer (1782)
The author of this excerpt would most likely agree that Americans—
A have a better system of education than most European nations
B come from numerous places but share common beliefs that unite them
C
are more competitive than Europeans because of their lack of natural resources
D need to strengthen the central government in order to control the state governments
8 [22A]
In the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville identified five values crucial to America’s success as a
constitutional republic. Which value is correctly matched with its definition?
A
Liberty
American citizens consider themselves as equals
before the law.
B
Egalitarianism
Americans are free to worship as they please and
to speak their opinions openly.
C
Individualism
Americans focus on pursuing their private
interests but society as a whole often benefits as
a result.
D
Populism
Americans are able to pursue their own
economic interests with little government
interference.
9 [3B] What was the significance of the Interstate Commerce Act (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)?
A They prevented shoddy goods from being sold across state lines.
B They raised tariffs to encourage the further growth of big business.
C
They were used to break up labor unions for interfering with free enterprise.
D They established the principle that Congress could regulate some business practices.
10
[3B]
This certificate was issued in 1919. What was the main goal of the organization that issued this certificate?
A To obtain better pay and conditions for skilled workers
B To assist in the transition from a capitalist to a socialist society
C
To help cigar makers obtain better housing and U.S. citizenship
D To replace individual unions with a single national union for all workers
11
[3B]
The drawing shows protesting workers at Haymarket Square, Chicago, where violence occurred in May
1886. Based on the drawing, what is the viewpoint of the artist?
A The police were largely responsible for the violence.
B The lives of women and children were endangered.
C
The protestors’ demands were largely justified.
D The protestors were prepared to use violence.
12 [3B] How were Americans most influenced by the growth of railroads after the Civil War?
A Railroads led to shortages of raw materials for factories and the migration of workers to farms.
B Railroads stimulated the construction of steamships to trade up and down America’s inland rivers.
C
Railroads encouraged the growth of cities, settlement of the West, and creation of a national market.
D Railroads caused cotton, rice, and wheat production to move from the Southeast to the West Coast.
13 [3B]Which of the following identifies an advantage of big business in the late 19th century?
A Large businesses were more efficient than smaller enterprises, leading to lower prices for consumers.
B Large businesses often exploited their workers, who had to work long hours for low pay.
C
Large businesses were more careful to avoid the pollution of lakes and rivers than smaller businesses.
D Large businesses were more carefully regulated by the government than smaller businesses.
14 [3B]
Which was a disadvantageous practice of big businesses in the late 1800s?
A They engaged in unfair conduct to put competitors out of business.
B They failed to conduct research to improve their products.
C
They were slow to adopt innovations in production.
D They lacked the resources to produce goods in large quantities.
15
[3B]
The cartoon above was published in Puck magazine in 1883. This cartoon attacks—
A
the growing influence of labor unions
B the dangerous conditions of factory labor
C
the excessive power of business combinations
D the corruption of American political machines
16 [3B]
One major legacy of the Social Gospel Movement was—
A an end to racial segregation in Southern states
B the conversion of many Catholic immigrants to Protestantism
C
the intervention of prominent religious leaders into electoral politics
D a greater attention to the needs of the poor in industrial society
17 [15B]
Which of the following was a benefit of the laissez faire policies practiced by state and federal
governments during the Gilded Age?
A Businesses avoided corruption by following their own codes of ethics.
B Many American industries, such as railroads, steel and oil, achieved rapid growth.
C
Business owners helped pay for many of the expenses of government.
D Businesses were motivated to provide good pay and fair working conditions to their employees.
Section 1. Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of
trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal.
18
[15B]
Section 2. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with
any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States,
or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony.
What was the purpose of the legislation above?
A To prevent a group of companies from controlling an entire industry as a monopoly
B To make it impossible for companies to raise large sums of money
C
To discourage companies from investing in new technologies
D To prevent railroad companies from charging higher rates for short hauls than for long hauls
19 [15C]
Which group most favored the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882?
A Nativists on the West Coast
B Imperialists in the U.S. Senate
C
Progressives in Midwestern state legislatures
D Anarchists immigrating from Europe
20
[15C]
What was the goal of these measures?
A
To keep Asian immigrants out of American society
B
To assimilate Asian immigrants into American society
C
To encourage Americans to become more multicultural
D
To give Asian and European immigrants the same treatment
21
[3A]
This cartoon was published by Thomas Nast in 1871. What problem is addressed in the cartoon?
A
New citizens were often unable to exercise their voting rights.
B
City governments were providing inadequate services to residents.
C
Political machines were profiting from kickbacks on public contracts.
D
The deadlock between political parties was costing taxpayer’s money.
22 [3C] Which of the following was a consequence of the rapid growth of cities in the late 1800s?
A The decline of political machines in the Midwest
B The migration of poor workers to the suburbs
C
A decrease in the gap between rich and poor
D The proliferation of tenements and ghettos
23 [3C]
?
Night classes about
American history
Teaching classes in
English in public schools
Community center
program on democracy in
America
Which title best completes the diagram?
A Programs for Americanization
B Factors Promoting Immigration
C
Activities of the Freedmen’s Bureau
D Goals of the Temperance Movement
24 [3C] How did labor union members feel about the rapid influx of immigrants between 1870 and 1900?
A They worried that the costs of urban housing would go down.
B They feared that the immigrants might take their jobs for lower wages.
C
They hoped that the growth of cities would bring more concerts and parks.
D They welcomed the arrival of diverse peoples with different foods and traditions.
25 [12A]
Which factors contributed to the changes shown in these images?
A Extension of railroads and Homestead Act
B Construction of aqueducts and interstate highways
C
Discovery of precious metals and spread of factories
D Frequent droughts and dust storms
26 [14A] Which of the following was an impact of the spread of areas of American settlement to the Great Plains?
A the near extinction of millions of buffalo
B the destruction of thousands of acres of forests
C
the draining of marshlands and swamps
D the construction of a network of canals to ship crops
27 [15A]




Travel to California became faster and safer.
Sharpshooters were able to kill buffalo more easily on the Great Plains.
Lands granted to it by Congress were sold to settlers at low prices.
Settlers could now ship their crops and livestock back east
Which of the following led to the changes described in the box above?
A Republican control of the Presidency
B Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad
C
Passage of the Homestead Act
D Development of techniques of dry farming
28
[15B]
This cartoon, “The Bosses of the Senate,” was published in 1889. What is the viewpoint of the artist?
A Trusts mainly compete against one another for profits.
B Trusts have been subjected to unfair regulation by Congress.
C
Trusts have too much influence over the United States Senate.
D Trusts play an essential role in promoting American economic growth.
STOP This completes Chapters 4-6
29 [3B]
In the late 1800s, which associations were formed by farmers to help solve their problems?
A
National Grange
+
Populist Party
B
Muckrakers
+
Progressives
C
Democratic Party
+
Republican Party
D
Temperance Movement
+
Social Gospel Movement
30 [5C] Which idea was first proposed by the Populist Party and later enacted by a constitutional amendment?
A Direct election of Senators by voters
B Unrestricted immigration
C
Social security payments to the unemployed
D Prohibition of racial segregation in education
31 [5C] Which of the following was first proposed by the Populist Party and later enacted by Congress?
A Graduated income tax
B Unrestricted immigration
C
Social security payments to the unemployed
D Nationalization of railroads
32 [5C] What has been the main contribution of third parties like the Populists and the Progressive Party of 1912 to
American political life?
A Most third parties go on to become major parties.
B Third parties often introduce new ideas that are eventually adopted.
C
Third parties help prevent the majority parties from losing members.
D Most third parties have helped Americans in rural areas resist the effects of industrialization.
33 [5A]
Key Reforms of the Progressive Era





Initiative
Referendum
Recall
Direct Primary
17th Amendment
Which characteristic was shared by all five reforms?
A They were reforms at the state level.
B They gave citizens a greater voice in government.
C
They were directly aimed at reducing corruption in state government.
D They successfully brought economic relief to the urban working classes.
34 [5A]
Which reform is correctly matched with its definition?
A
Referendum
Voters can directly introduce bills into the state
legislature
B
Recall
Voters can remove an elected official from office
C
Initiative
Voters can repeal a law already passed by the
state legislature
D
Primary
Voters, rather than state legislators, directly
elect U.S. Senators
35 [5B]



Upton Sinclair exposed the unhealthy practices of Chicago’s meat-packing plants.
Ida Tarbell revealed the dishonest business tactics of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.
Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives, showing the conditions of the residents of New
York City tenements.
What was the impact of these muckraking activities during the early 1900s?
A
Society changed in response to their promotion of Social Darwinism.
B
Voters agreed to let big business owners create more profitable monopolies.
C
Reports of their works in publications abroad caused a decline in immigration.
D
Public reaction to their books led to new laws addressing the abuses of industrialization.
36
[5B]
There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage…. There would be meat that had
tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had trampled and spit uncounted
billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from
leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these
storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls
of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for
them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together…. There was no
place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing
them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage … in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old
nails and stale water — and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers
with fresh meat, and sent out to the public’s breakfast.
—Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1905)
Which federal law was passed in reaction to the description excerpted above?
A 17th Amendment
B Federal Reserve Act
C
Meat Inspection Act
D Clayton Antitrust Act
37
[5C]
We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1.
We demand that the amount of circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita.
We demand a graduated income tax….
We demand that postal savings banks be established by the government for the safe deposit of the earnings of the
people and to facilitate exchange….
[W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count in all elections and pledge ourselves to secure it to every legal voter
without Federal Intervention, through the adoption by the States of the unperverted Australian or secret ballot
system…
[W]e commend to the favorable consideration of the people and the reform press the legislative system known as
the initiative and referendum….
[W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing
for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people….
Which party platform contained all of these demands in 1892?
A
Democratic Party
B
Republican Party
C
Populist Party
D
Progressive Party
38
[9A]
Leader
Views on education
for African
Americans
Achievements
Views on struggle for
equality
Booker T. Washington
Emphasized vocational training
W.E.B. Du Bois
Believed in liberal
education to foster the
“Talented Tenth”
Opened Tuskegee Institute and
advised leaders like Theodore
Roosevelt
First African American to
earn Ph.D., a noted
historian, and a founder of
the NAACP
African Americans should
submit to white leadership in
return for education and basic
civil rights
?
Which of the following best completes the chart?
A
African Americans should wait a little longer before seeking social equality.
B
African Americans should demand complete political and economic equality.
C
African Americans should move to Africa to escape American racism.
D
African Americans should use violence to achieve their rights.
39 [9A]
Which of these outcomes was an effect of the passage of the 13th Amendment?
A Abolition of slavery
B Women’s suffrage
C
Prohibition of alcoholic drinks
D Introduction of graduated income tax
40 [9A]
Why did Congress pass the 14th Amendment?
A To establish rights that could not be challenged by the Supreme Court
B To establish conditions for the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson
C
To prevent African Americans in the South from moving to the North
D To prevent Southern states from being readmitted to the Union
41 [9A]
Which group was disappointed by the interpretation given to the terms of the 15th Amendment?
A Women suffragists
B Northern industrialists
C
African-American freedmen
D Radical Republicans in Congress
42 [9A] What did the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments have in common?
A They only applied to Southern states.
B They provided rights to former slaves.
C
They expanded federal power over the economy.
D They prohibited secession by states from the Union.
43 [15B]




Interstate Commerce Act
Sherman Antitrust Act
Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
These acts demonstrated that Progressive leaders—
A
believed that states rather than the federal government should regulate the economy
B
thought some federal regulation of the economy was necessary to prevent the worst abuses of industrialization
C
were prevented from taking more active measures by the U.S. Supreme Court
D
favored a socialist approach in which the federal government ran the most important businesses
44 [15B]
With which statement would the cartoonist most likely agree?
A
The Clayton Antitrust Act, the Federal Reserve Act, and a lower tariff were enacted in part to stimulate American
business.
B
President Woodrow Wilson’s policies towards business were less effective than were those of President Theodore
Roosevelt.
C
Congress has no power under the Constitution to enact laws that regulate the operations of business in a single
state.
D
The two most important federal laws of the early 20th century were the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts.
45 [15E]



Buys and sells U.S. government securities
Sets the interest rate it charges banks to lend them money
Sets the reserve requirement (the percentage of deposits banks
cannot lend)
Which government body has these characteristics?
A United States Congress
B National Bank
C
Federal Reserve System
D Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
46 [2D] Why is the Spanish-American War of 1898 considered a historical turning point?
A It marked the first American victory over a foreign power.
B It demonstrated the need for better communications in wartime.
C
It affirmed American support for European economic interests in East Asia.
D America acquired new territories needed for raw materials and showed it had become a
world power.
47 [4A] Before 1898, most Americans opposed imperialism. Why did imperialism afterwards
become more popular?
A Americans felt it was against the principles of democracy to rule over others.
B Americans feared it would bring the United States into conflict with other powers.
C
Americans wanted to rule over others because America had once been a British colony.
D Americans wanted to sell goods to new markets and buy raw materials for new
industries.
England’s naval bases have been in all parts of the world and her fleets have at once protected them,
kept open the communications between them, and relied upon them for shelter…. Colonies
attached to the mother-country afford, therefore, the surest means of supporting abroad the sea
power of a country…. Britain’s power was everywhere that her ships could reach.
48
[4A]
—Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)
In this book, Mahan urged Americans to build a large navy. What other strategy did Mahan advocate
for the United States to increase its naval power?
A
Develop an air force
B
Maintain a large standing army
C
Build a canal through Panama
D
Obtain military bases in Europe
49 [4A]
How did the Platt Amendment differ from the earlier Teller Resolution?
A The Platt Amendment promised that the United States would never intervene again in
Cuba.
B The Platt Amendment overturned the Teller Resolution by authorizing the United States
to annex Cuba.
C
The Platt Amendment preserved Cuban independence but claimed the right to intervene
in Cuban affairs.
D The Platt Amendment promised that the United States would leave Cuba as soon as its
independence from Spain was secured.
50 [4A] How did the actions of President Theodore Roosevelt help move the United States into a
position of world power?
A He annexed the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and Hawaii to the United States.
B He established United States control over the Panama Canal Zone and warned European
nations not to interfere in the Caribbean.
C
He declared the “Open Door” policy in China and sent troops to suppress the Boxer
Rebellion.
D He followed a policy of “watchful waiting” towards Mexico and sent troops to capture
Pancho Villa.
51 [4A] How did the actions of Sanford B. Dole help move the United States into a position of world
power?
A He wrote articles for the Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers urging U.S. intervention to
protect Cuban rebels from Spanish repression.
B He demonstrated in his writings the importance of obtaining colonies, increasing
overseas trade and building a canal in Central America.
C
He led the American sugar and plantation owners who seized power in Hawaii and
asked to be annexed to the United States.
D He led those Senators who favored overseas expansion during the debates that took
place in the U.S. Senate in the 1890s.
52 [4A] In this cartoon, “The News Reaches Bogota,” President Theodore Roosevelt is shown
shoveling dirt on Bogota, the capital of Colombia.
To which of the following does this political cartoon refer?
A Congressional reluctance to appropriate sufficient funds to build the Panama Canal
B The obstacles that the geography of Panama posed to the construction of a canal
C
A Congressional debate over whether construction of the canal would be useful to U.S.
national security
D Roosevelt’s decision to help Panamanian rebels against Colombia in exchange for the
Canal Zone
53 [4A]






Leader of Senate Majority in the 1890s
Advocate for the Spanish-American War
Advocate for annexation of the Philippines and other territories
Believed in the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race over others
Opposed immigration of illiterate, non-English speaking Europeans
Helped to move the United States into the position of a world power
Which individual had these characteristics?
A
Sanford B. Dole
B
Alfred Thayer Mahan
C
Henry Cabot Lodge
D
Henry Clay Frick
54 [4A]
Which individual is paired to his contribution to America’s rise as a world power?
Alfred Thayer
Mahan
Established U.S. control over the Panama Canal
Zone, negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth, and
warned European nations not to interfere in
the Caribbean.
B
Sanford Dole
Demonstrated in his writings the importance
of obtaining colonies, increasing overseas
trade, and building a canal in Central America.
C
Theodore
Roosevelt
Organized American sugar and plantation
owners who seized power in Hawaii, leading to
the later annexation of Hawaii by the United
States.
D
Henry Cabot Lodge
Led Senators who favored overseas expansion
during the debates in the U.S. Senate in the
1890s.
A
55 [4B] Which of the following was a negative effect of the construction of the Panama Canal?
A
The shortest water route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans was reduced by 8,000 nautical
miles.
B
Colombia and other Latin American countries resented U.S. interference in the Panamanian
revolt against Colombia.
C
Vast quantities of war materials and troops could now move quickly between the East and West
Coasts of the United States in the event of war.
D
Large numbers of ocean-going merchant vessels could pass through the canal annually, most of
which were headed to or from U.S. ports.
56
[4B]
This political cartoon appeared on December 1, 1897. Its caption reads: “Another Shotgun
Wedding, with Neither Party Willing.” The cartoon shows President William McKinley as a
minister conducting a wedding. He is reading from a book entitled “Annexation Policy.”
Which of the following does this political cartoon satirize?
A The war of U.S. forces against Filipino rebels
B The U.S. annexation of Hawaii
C
The Spanish-American War
D The treatment of American Indians
57
[4B]
I said to myself, here are a people who have suffered for three centuries. We can make them
as free as ourselves, give them a government and country of their own, put a miniature of the
American constitution afloat in the Pacific, start a brand new republic to take its place among
the free nations of the world….
But … since then, and I have read carefully the Treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not
intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer,
not to redeem….
It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them
deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I
am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.
— Mark Twain, New York Herald, October 15, 1900
Based on this excerpt, Mark Twain opposed U.S. acquisition of the Philippines because—
A Americans intended to rule the Philippines as conquerors instead of introducing them
to democracy
B he felt Filipinos were not ready for a system of government based on the American
Constitution
C
American ships no longer needed coaling stations on their way to Asia
D Filipinos had suffered for three centuries and had suffered enough
58 [12A]



Geography of Panama
Tropical climate with prolonged rainy season
Coastal plains and rugged mountains on the interior
Large interior lake elevated above sea level.
How did engineers overcome the obstacles that the geography of Panama posed to the
building of the Panama Canal?
A They built new paved roads so that a greater number of dump trucks could remove the
excavated earth.
B They sprayed insecticides to kill mosquitoes and built concrete locks to raise ships to a
higher elevation.
C
They used steam shovels to dredge the interior lake and bring its elevation down to sea
level for a sea-level canal.
D They used pneumatic drills and dynamite to remove several of Panama’s mountains,
making construction of the canal easier.
59
[15C]
After observing how the European great powers had carved out “spheres of influence” in
China, U.S. Secretary of State Hays proposed that the United States—
A help the Boxers to overthow foreign influence in China
B should enjoy equal trading rights with other foreign nations in China
C
help China to recover all those lands taken by European powers
D blockade all Chinese ports if it was not given control of Hong Kong.