Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed.
Chapter 6
Types of Long-Term Memory
Declarative memory refers to
knowledge of events, facts, and
concepts (knowing what).
Nondeclarative memory refers to skills
and related procedural knowledge
(knowing how).
Types of Declarative Memory
Episodic memory concerns the
recollection of events that took place at
specific places and times in the past.
Semantic memory concerns factual and
conceptual knowledge about the world
and the words used to symbolize such
knowledge.
Encoding and Storing Events
Maintenance rehearsal refers to
recycling information within short-term
or working memory.
Elaborative rehearsal refers to linking
information in short-term memory with
information already stored in long-term
memory.
Types of Memory Tests
Explicit or direct tests require the conscious
recollection of information (e.g., recall and
recognition).
Implicit or indirect tests require the use of
information stored in long-term memory, but
not its conscious recollection (e.g., perceptual
priming and stem completion).
Priming effects might be augmented by
conscious recall of the prime, just as
recognition effects could reflect familiarity
rather than recollection.
Principles of Encoding
Levels or depths of processing refers to a
memory superiority for events attentively
processed at a semantic as opposed to a
sensory level.
Transfer appropriate processing holds that
test performance depends on engaging in a
process at encoding that is compatible with
the demands of the test (e.g., recognition of
words that rhyme with studied words is best
when sensory, acoustic features are
encoded).
Principles of Encoding
Distinctiveness refers to how the items to be
learned are different from each other and
other items stored in long-term memory.
Item processing stresses differences (e.g.,
flashbulb memories).
Relational processing refers to how the items
to be learned are related to each other and to
other items stored in memory. It stresses
similarities (e.g., subjective organization).
Retrieval Processes
Retrieval mode is an attempt or effort
to retrieve an event stored in long-term
memory.
Ecphory is the actual successful
retrieval of an event.
Encoding Specificity
Specific encoding operations performed
on what is perceived determines what
retrieval cues are effective in producing
access to what is stored.
A retrieval cue is only effective if it is
associated with the to-be-remembered
material at encoding.
Hemispheric
Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry
Prefrontal activation in the right
hemisphere is associated with retrieval
mode.
Prefrontal activation in the left
hemisphere is associated with encoding
events.
Encoding Specificity Effects
Recall of unrecognizable words
Tip of the tongue (TOT)
Study-test interactions in environmental
context
Mood congruence effect
State-dependent learning
Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview
Encoding Specificity Effects
Recall of unrecognizable words
Tip of the tongue (TOT)
Study-test interactions in environmental
context
Mood congruence effect
State-dependent learning
Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview
Encoding Specificity Effects
Recall of unrecognizable words
Tip of the tongue (TOT)
Study-test interactions in environmental
context
Mood congruence effect
State-dependent learning
Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview
Encoding Specificity Effects
Recall of unrecognizable words
Tip of the tongue (TOT)
Study-test interactions in environmental
context
Mood congruence effect
State-dependent learning
Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview