Mr. Ermer
World History AP
Miami Beach Senior High
 Nationalism rises as major factor throughout nineteenth cen.
 Self-determination
 Eastern Europe and Balkan nations controlled by Russian,
Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires
 Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia gain independence from Ottomans
 Nationalism continues to grow among Slavs
 Naval arms races and colonial competition
 Public Opinion
 Formation of Alliances
 Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
 Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia
 War Plans
 Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
 France’s Plan XVII
“Till the world
comes to an
end, the
ultimate
decision will
rest with the
sword”
 June 28, 1914: Bosnian terrorist group, The Black Hand,
assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (future Austrian
king)
 Serbia rejects Austria-Hungary’s peace offer, due to terms
infringing on Serbian sovereignty
 With Germany’s “full support” Austria-Hungary declares
war on Serbia on July 28
 July 29: Russia mobilizes troops to defensive positions
 Germany sends ultimatum to Russia, note to France
 August 1: Germany declares war on Russia and France
 Mobilizes Schlieffen Plan, Belgium refuses Germany passage
 August 4: Britain sends Germany ultimatum on Belgium
 Expectations for quick war
 German advance stops along River Marne, trenches form
 Western Front becomes war of attrition
 Use of barbed wire, chemical weapons, machine guns, tanks,
airplanes, submarines (U-Boats)
 Bloodletting, deaths, costs rise along both fronts
 Civilians also seen as targets, cities and trade ships attacked
 German zeppelins bomb English cities—London
 Italy leaves Triple Alliances, joins with Triple Entente,
alliances renamed Allied Powers
 Germany & Austria (Central Powers), drive back Russian
attack of Poland and Prussia, new defensive lines form
 Russian defeats undermine Tsar’s authority
 Bulgaria joins Central Powers
 Total War
 Conscription, Control of Production, Rationing
 Women in the workplace
 Dangerous conditions, TNT poisoning
 Women’s rights and suffrage
 Propaganda
 Censorship
 Advertising
 Demonization of the enemy
 Building support and cause for war
 War Bonds
European Colonies in East Asia
 War spills into European colonies
 Colonial peoples brought to Europe to fight
 British commonwealth also called on
 August 15, 1914: Japan sends Germany ultimatum for land
 Also immediate withdrawal of German navy from Asia
 Japan declares war on Germany, take German possessions
 Australia and New Zealand join in taking German islands
 1915: Japan Issues the “Twenty-one Demands”
 Japan’s imperial motivations for China
Europe Colonizes Africa
 Allies target German colonies in Africa
 Many troops die of tropical and mosquito borne diseases
 Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers, Britain attacks
 Britain attempts control of the Dardanelles at Gallipoli
 Turks under Mustafa Kamel turn back British
 1913: Trukification pogrom targets Armenians
 Arab self-determination and T.E. Lawrence
 Ottoman army performs poorly, Allies gain territory
 Tsar mismanages the war, grows unpopular
 Russian economy cannot handle total war
 The March Revolution
 Tsar Nicholas II abdicates amidst protests, mutinies, famine
 Provisional government shares power with soviets (unions)
 Provisional government popular, until it supports Allies
 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) takes control of Bolsheviks
 November Revolution
 Lenin and Bolsheviks take control of government
 Socialist slogans, communist reorganization
 Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to take Russia out of war
 Russia gives much territory to Germany in exchange for peace
 At first United States stays out of the war
 British navy blocks ships from Germany
 German submarines bomb British ships
 May 7, 1915: Germans bomb Lusitania killing over 100 American
citizens
 U.S. angry, Germans suspend sub warfare
 British navy gains edge, Germans break promise, re-launch subs
 1917: U.S. enters war against Central Powers
 March 1918: German Gen. Lundendorff unsuccessfully leads
new offensive on Western Front—defeat at hand
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September 30, 1918: Bulgaria capitulates
October 30: Ottoman Empire signs armistice
November 4: Austria-Hungary surrenders
November 11: Germany accepts armistice
 Physical destruction (northern France & Belgium=worse)
 Influenza Pandemic of 1918
 The Paris Peace Conference
 Georges Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, and
Woodrow Wilson dominate the proceedings
 Central Powers not invited to Peace Conference
 Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 Open covenants, self-determination (for “civilized nations”), freedom of
the seas, free trade, rights for colonial peoples
 League of Nations
 Harsh peace for Germany and Austria
 Ataturk and modern, secular Turkish nationalism
 The Mandate System
 Middle East under French and British control
 Shifting global order: colonial nationalism, weakened Europe