Emotion
Emotion:
Is the feeling which are experience in an
intense fashion, or feeling states that are
aroused by certain actions. Fear, rage,
hate, lone all these are motional
responses
Limbic system
Play an important part in emotion. It
composed of the following structures:
1. Primary olfactory complex.
2. Sebtal cortex.
3. Hypocampal gyrus.
4. Cingulate gyrus.
5. Subcallosal gyrus.
It is closely related to emotion, it is not found
in organism lower than mammals.
The instinctive activities of birds as feeding,
flying from fear is achieved by limbic
system which is build upon Hypothalamic
mechanism which direct the organism and
led the organism engaged in series of
activities depending on its adaptive
activities.
- Any emotion experienced is accompany by a
general excitation of autonomic nervous system.
The evidence suggest that emotional reaction
depend upon the physiological arousal.
All psychologists classify emotions into those that
are pleasant (joy, love) and those are
unpleasant (anger, sadness).
Other classification according into intensity
provided by emotional term word pairs such
Anger- rage
Sadness- grief.
Fear – horror.
Pain- agony.
Brain mechanism in emotion
- The central nervous system control the
skeletal muscles which is responsible
muscular activity.
- The autonomic system and endocrine
glands control the flow of adrenaline, the
acceleration of the heart and other visceral
response pattern. The tear in laughter and
weeping are controlled by the A.N.S and
vocal & facial muscles by C.N.S.
- There is evidence that the Hypothalamus
play a central role in the organization and
activation of many types of emotional
behaviour.
- The limbic system also involved in
emotion.
- the reticular activating system play a role
in emotion.
Theories of emotion
1. Jam’s Lang Theory
Stimulus producing emotion
Activity of visceral and
skeletal muscles (physiological)
To brain and
causes experience of emotion.
2. Cannon theory
Stimulus producing emotion is perceived
Thalamus which process it
Cortex of brain
Visceral & skeletal effects
Experience of emotion
3. Cognitive Theory: include three factors
A. Stimulus factor.
B. Cognitive factor.
C. Physiological factor.
Physiological differentiation
The evidence has shown that strong emotion as
violence have been associated with the
disturbances of the body for this reason an
attempt to differentiate emotions on the bases of
bodily responses. e.g if the face flushed in anger
and pail in fear this would be a convenient way
to describe the difference between anger and
fear.
These findings on the differences between fear
and anger are supported by the study of
adrenal medullas of wild animals.
The chemical study of the blood has showed
that secretion of Nore-adrenaline and
adrenaline associated with expression of
anger and fear.
Other evidence showed that one pattern of
response may be quite consistent within
individual but differ sharply from one
person to another.
Aggression as an emotional reaction
Emotion may causes not only general reaction but
also specific action like we may laugh when
happy, withdraw when frightened, aggression
when angry.
- At a social level the significance of aggression, a
single aggressive act can produce disaster.
- at an individual level many people experience
aggressive thoughts and impulses and how they
handle these thought will have an effect on their
health and interpersonal relations.
Aggression as drive ‫الحافز‬
According to Freud early psychoanalytic
theory many of our actions are determined
by Instincts particularly sexual instinct,
when expression of these instinct is
frustrated an aggressive drive is induced
or whenever person’s effort to reach any
goal is blocked an aggressive drive is
induced that motivated behaviour to injure
the obstacle person or object causing the
frustration.
Emotional development
Emotion develops through both maturation and
learning the infant is born with the capacity to cry
and the capacity to laugh comes through
maturation.
The child has to learn not only the occasions for
emotion but how to control emotional expression
according to patterns considered proper in his
culture. The child learn to distinguish among
pleasant smile, a gentle laugh and a loud one.
Through the study of emotional
responsiveness it appears that
characteristic forms of emotion as well as
many of the actions that indicate emotion
to us are essentially inborn and develop
without any special learning.