virtual path layout in atm path with given hop count

LABORATOIRE
INFORMATIQUE, SIGNAUX ET SYSTÈMES
DE SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS
UMR 6070
VIRTUAL PATH LAYOUT IN ATM PATH WITH GIVEN HOP COUNT
Sébastien Choplin
Projet MASCOTTE
Rapport de recherche
I3S/RR–2002-09–FR
mars 2002
L ABORATOIRE I3S: Les Algorithmes / Euclide B – 2000 route des Lucioles – B.P. 121 –
06903 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France – Tél. (33) 492 942 701 – Télécopie : (33) 492 942 898
http://www.i3s.unice.fr/I3S/FR/
R ÉSUMÉ :
M OTS
CLÉS
: ATM, Dimensionnement de réseau, Diamètre, Chemin
A BSTRACT: Motivated by Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) in telecommunication networks, we investigate the problem
of designing a virtual topology on a physical topology, which consists of finding a set of virtual paths (VPs) satisfying some
constraints in terms of load (the number of VPs sharing a physical link) and hop count (the number of VPs used to establish a
connection). For particular network: paths, we give tight bounds on the network capacity (the maximum load of a physical link)
as a function of the virtual diameter (the maximum hop count for each connection).
K EY WORDS : ATM, Virtual Path Layout, Network Design and Dimensioning, Network Optimization
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