Draft National Plan of Action
for Minimising the Incidental
Catch of Seabirds in
Australian Capture Fisheries
Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
© Commonwealth of Australia 2017
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Acknowledgements
PLACE HOLDER
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Contents
Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................... v
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
Scope ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Seabirds at risk of incidental catch....................................................................................................................4
Australia’s capture fisheries.................................................................................................................................4
Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Framework for achieving objectives of NPOA–Seabirds ................................................................... 8
Objective 1 Understand the extent of incidental catch of seabirds......................................................8
Objective 2 Have best practice seabird bycatch mitigation in capture fisheries............................9
Objective 3 Promote development of innovative mitigation procedures and technologies
that are feasible, effective and efficient ................................................................................................................. 11
Objective 4 Increase awareness and understanding of the incidental catch of seabirds and
best practice mitigation................................................................................................................................................ 12
Objective 5 Promote adoption of effective mitigation measures in regional fisheries and
conservation bodies ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Implementation ............................................................................................................................................. 14
Government subcommittee ............................................................................................................................... 14
Roles and responsibilities .................................................................................................................................. 14
Resourcing ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Evaluation and review................................................................................................................................. 16
Appendix A: Data categories for best practice risk assessments ................................................ 17
Appendix B: Minimum standards for collecting seabird interaction data ............................... 18
Appendix C: Principles for recreational fishing codes of practice .............................................. 24
Principle 1 Reduce seabird attraction to fishing activity ...................................................................... 24
Principle 2 Use responsible fishing practices ............................................................................................ 24
Principle 3 Promote best practice hook removal ..................................................................................... 24
Principle 4 Promote best practice seabird handling ............................................................................... 24
Appendix D: Summary of best practice approaches for longline, trawl, set net and
recreational fisheries .................................................................................................................................. 25
Appendix E: Implementation action tables ......................................................................................... 29
Objective 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Objective 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Objective 3 ................................................................................................................................................................ 30
Objective 4 ................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Objective 5 ................................................................................................................................................................ 31
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
References ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Glossary
Term
Definition
ACAP
Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels
AFMA
Australian Fisheries Management Authority
bycatch
Species that physically interact with fishing vessels and/or fishing gear
which are not usually retained by commercial fishers and do not make a
contribution to the economic value of the fishery.
capture fishery
refers to all kinds of harvesting of naturally occurring living fish resources,
including industrial, small-scale and recreational.
Ecologically
Sustainable
Development
the principles of ecologically sustainable development as defined under the
Environment and Biosecurity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and
include:
(a) decision-making processes should effectively integrate both long-term
and short-term economic, environmental, social and equitable
considerations;
(b) if there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage,
lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing
measures to prevent environmental degradation;
(c) the principle of inter-generational equity—that the present generation
should ensure that the health, diversity and productivity of the
environment is maintained or enhanced for the benefit of future
generations;
(d) the conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity should
be a fundamental consideration in decision-making; and
(e) improved valuation, pricing and incentive mechanisms should be
promoted.
incidental catch
See ‘bycatch’
interaction
Any physical contact between a person and a protected species. This
includes all catching (hooked, netted, entangled) and collisions with
individuals of these species
IPOA–Seabirds
International Plan of Action for reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in
Longline Fisheries
NPOA–Seabirds
National Plan of Action for minimising the incidental catch of seabirds in
Australian capture fisheries
offal (marine)
discarded waste from processing fish (including, among other things,
discarded fish and other organisms and unused baits) discarded food and
food scraps
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Term
Definition
Seabird
A species of the class Aves that frequents coastal waters and the open
ocean: gulls; pelicans; gannets; cormorants; albatrosses; petrels;
shearwaters; etc.
TAP–Seabirds
Threat Abatement Plan for the Incidental Catch (or Bycatch) of Seabirds
During Oceanic Longline Fishing Operations
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Introduction
Fishing can represent a substantial threat to some seabird populations. Most seabirds are
primarily surface feeders, taking their prey from the top few metres of the water column
(Harper, Croxall & Cooper 1985). Many species are at-sea scavengers, preying on dead fish,
squid and other marine life found floating on the surface. Scavenging seabirds supplement their
diet by feeding on discards from vessels and baited hooks, and from fisheries catch as it is being
hauled (Baker et al. 2002).
The negative effects of fisheries practices occur most often when fishing and seabird foraging
behaviour overlap (Alexander, Robertson & Gales 1997; Baker, Gales & Hamilton 2002; Birdlife
International 1995; Croxall 1998; Croxall et al. 2012; Gales 1998). The incidental catch of
seabirds in capture fisheries has been an issue of international concern since the 1980s
(Brothers 1991; Gales 1998). Examples of the many studies highlighting the number of seabirds
killed annually by fishing operations include Anderson et al. 2011; Brothers 1991; Brothers,
Gales & Reid 1998; Gales 1998; Zydelis, Small & French 2013.
In 1999 the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) adopted the
International Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental catch of Seabirds in Longline Fisheries
(IPOA–Seabirds). IPOA–Seabirds is a voluntary instrument within the framework of the FAO
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries that sets out principles and international standards of
behaviour for responsible fishing practices. To support implementation of IPOA–Seabirds, in
2009 the FAO developed best practice guidelines to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in
capture fisheries (Box 1). These covered interactions between seabirds and all types of fishing
gear used by industrial, artisanal and traditional fisheries. The guidelines recognised that
seabird mortalities resulting from trawl and gillnet fisheries were less documented but were
becoming a global problem.
Australia undertakes activities to manage incidental catch of seabirds. Following release of
IPOA–Seabirds in 1999, Australia prepared an assessment report about reducing incidental
catch of seabirds in longline fisheries (Commonwealth of Australia 2003). The report provided
an updated assessment on the extent and nature of incidental catch of seabirds in Australian
longline fisheries. It concluded that the Threat Abatement Plan for the Incidental Catch (or
bycatch) of Seabirds During Oceanic Longline Fishing Operations (TAP–Seabirds) was largely
fulfilling the role of a national plan but only for longline fisheries. National assessments of
seabird bycatch in Australian fisheries undertaken in 2003 and 2008 (Baker & Finley 2010;
Commonwealth of Australia 2003) recommended that reporting be improved to better
understand seabird interactions across all capture fisheries. They also recommended the
development of a National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in
Australian Capture Fisheries (NPOA–Seabirds) that would promote national coordination and
action to better understand and mitigate impacts of fishing activities on seabirds.
Since the release of the IPOA-Seabirds, Australia has updated its TAP–Seabirds (twice, in 2006
and 2014) and become a signatory to the international Agreement on the Conservation of
Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) in 2001, which coordinates international activity to mitigate
known threats to these bird populations. ACAP was developed under the Convention on the
Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. The latest version of TAP–Seabirds
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incorporates ACAP mitigation methods, including line weighting strategies, use of bird-scaring
lines, retention of offal during line setting and night setting (in certain instances).
Over the decade to 2017, the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) has worked
with industry to mitigate impacts of fishing activity on seabirds including:

fishers in the Great Australian Bight Trawl and Commonwealth Trawl sectors of the
Southern and Eastern Shark and Scalefish Fishery are to follow
 seabird management plans introduced in 2011 and tailored to individual fishing boats
 mitigation measures that the concession holder has agreed to implement to reduce the
risk of seabird interactions

demersal longline fishers
 must not discharge fish offal while setting and bringing in lines
 must use a tori line device when setting gear

fishers must use measures such as brickle curtains to scare seabirds away when bringing
lines in and use weights to make sure baited hooks sink quickly to a depth that birds are
unable to dive to

trawl fishers must use warp deflectors (pinkie buoys) that sit alongside the trawl gear as a
visual deterrent and a physical barrier between birds and fishing gear; recent research
shows that pinkies reduce seabird interactions with warp wires by 75 per cent.
Industry is trialling other innovative ways to reduce seabird interactions, including water
sprayers and bafflers.
Box 1 FAO Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries
1) Address incidental catch of seabirds in all capture fisheries (BPTG1)
2) Advocate seabird bycatch mitigation in regional fisheries and conservation bodies
(BPTG2)
3) Identify extent of seabird bycatch in capture fisheries (BPTG3)
4) Implement mitigation measures (BPTG4)
5) Conduct mitigation research and development(BPTG5)
6) Provide education, training and outreach (BPTG6)
7) Conduct independent monitoring (BPTG7)
8) Establish objectives to avoid and minimise incidental catch of seabirds (BPTG8)
9) Implement monitoring and reporting arrangements (BPTG9)
BPTG Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries.
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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Scope
NPOA–Seabirds is seeks to contribute towards achieving and maintaining a favourable
conservation status of seabirds (Box 2) by providing a comprehensive and consistent approach to
reducing the impact of fishing on seabirds. The scope of this plan includes:

all species of birds (Aves) that occur naturally in Australian marine areas, including
migratory and threatened seabird species listed under the Environment Protection and
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act)

all commercial, recreational and other relevant capture fisheries

all waters under the jurisdiction of Commonwealth, state and Northern Territory fisheries

all fishing undertaken by Australian-flagged fishing vessels on the high seas, including areas
governed by regional fisheries and conservation bodies.
NPOA–Seabirds does not include actions to achieve and maintain a favourable conservation
status of seabirds by reducing threats at their breeding sites or by addressing any other relevant
threats. These issues are more appropriately dealt with through complementary measures such
as TAP–Seabirds and the National Recovery Plan for Threatened Albatrosses and Giant Petrels.
Box 2 Favourable conservation status
Conservation status means the sum of the influences acting on seabird species that
may affect their long-term distribution and abundance. Conservation status is
considered favourable when these conditions are met:
 population dynamics data indicate that the species is maintaining itself on a longterm basis
 the range of the species is neither currently being reduced nor likely to be reduced
on a long-term basis
 sufficient habit exists, and will continue to exist in the foreseeable future, to
maintain the population of the species on a long-term basis
 the distribution and abundance of the species approach historic coverage and
levels to the extent that potentially suitable ecosystems exist and are consistent
with wise wildlife management.
Conservation status is considered unfavourable when any of these conditions are not
met.
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Rationale
NPOA–Seabirds outlines actions to avoid or minimise the death or injury of seabirds across all
capture fisheries in Australia. It provides directions for collecting information about seabird
interactions. Commonwealth fisheries generally operate beyond three nautical miles of coastal
baselines to the 200 nautical mile limit of the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone. State and
Northern Territory-managed fisheries generally operate within three nautical miles of the
coastal baselines. Under offshore constitutional settlement arrangements, as appropriate,
jurisdiction for specific fisheries may be vested in the Commonwealth, the state or Northern
Territory, or the fishery may be managed jointly. Australian capture fisheries use methods that
have the potential to interact with seabirds—longline, trawl, gillnet, purse-seine, dropline, and
pot, set net and trap.
Seabirds at risk of incidental catch
This plan aims to include all seabird species in Australia. The conservation status of seabird
species varies considerably. However all seabirds are covered, including threatened albatrosses
and petrels, which are among the most critically endangered bird species in the world (IUCN
2016). Seabird species differ in their susceptibility to fishing gear or practices and the risks of
incidental catch differ depending on the foraging behaviour of each species. For example, some
seabird species are responsible for primary foraging attacks during fishing operations but others
are responsible for secondary attacks. NPOA–Seabirds considers the conservation status of a
species, its susceptibility to fishing and the spatial and temporal overlap of the population with
fisheries.
Australia’s capture fisheries
All capture fisheries that are likely to have incidental capture of seabirds should be considered
when implementing NPOA–Seabirds. Also relevant to all capture fisheries is the injury or death
of seabirds due to lost, discarded or abandoned fishing gear.
Commercial fisheries use various fishing methods, such as longlines, gillnets and trawls (Bull
2007; Løkkeborg 2011). Seabirds get entangled or hooked in fishing gear, resulting in injury and
death. Seabirds are attracted to fish scraps and unused baits (offal) when these are discarded by
fishing vessels or accessible during setting and hauling of fishing gear or when the gear is in the
water. The incidental catch of seabirds generally occurs during setting and hauling, when baits
or nets are close to the surface.
Recreational fishers also capture seabirds incidentally (Campbell 2013; McPhee et al. 2002).
Recreational fishing activities are widespread—in estuaries, along coastlines and in coastal and
offshore waters—increasing the likelihood of seabird interactions. These activities are especially
widespread along Australia’s east coast, and are expected to increase as coastal communities
continue to expand and develop.
Based on the value of exports, Australia’s strengths in food production are in raw and
moderately processed products. Australia is also particularly successful at producing the key
growth commodities of the Asian Century such as beef, grains and dairy products (Australian
Bureau of Statistics 2015). These strengths in production build on Australia’s advantages,
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including land availability, a stable business environment and a highly educated workforce. Our
geographic location makes it easier for our businesses to work with Asian nations by, for
example, reducing transport costs.
Commercial longline fisheries
The TAP–Seabird has successfully reduced the impact of longline fishing on seabird species.
Several Commonwealth fisheries have reduced incidental seabird bycatch rates to below the
maximum permissible level set by the TAP–Seabirds (either 0.01 or 0.05 birds per 1,000 hooks
depending on the fishery) (Department of the Environment 2014).
However, the 2008 national assessment of the extent of seabird bycatch in longline fisheries
highlighted a lack of reliable data on seabird interactions with fishers outside the
Commonwealth jurisdiction (Baker & Finley 2010). NPOA–Seabirds outlines actions—such as
improved data collection—to enable fisheries managers to record any seabird interaction.
Improved data collection will provide a better understanding of the impacts of fishing on
seabirds and help ensure consistency in management approaches and reporting by jurisdictions.
Commercial trawl fisheries
Early reports of seabird mortalities in trawl fisheries emerged from New Zealand in the 1990s
(Bartle 1991). From 2000 onwards, increased reporting from trawl and other fisheries indicated
that such mortalities were more widespread, extending as far as the Falkland and Kerguelen
islands and the coast of Argentina (González-Zevallos & Yorio 2006; Sullivan 2006, Reid &
Bugoni 2006; Weimerskirch, Capdeville & Duhamel 2000).
Until recently, the impact of trawl fisheries in Australia has not been a focus of research and
mitigation. This is due to the difficulty of observing interactions and subsequent mortalities.
Seabird mortalities were first reported in Australian trawl fisheries around Heard and McDonald
islands, where factory trawlers were targeting Patagonian toothfish. AFMA became aware of
interactions between seabirds and fishing gear on inshore wet-boat trawlers in the Southern and
Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery in late 2009. Seabirds are now recognised as a priority for
the management of bycatch in Commonwealth trawl fisheries.
Commercial gillnet and entanglement net fisheries
International evidence suggests gillnet fisheries contribute to high levels of seabird incidental
mortality. A global review of seabird bycatch in gillnet fisheries estimated that 400,000 birds
were killed every year (Zydelis, Small & French 2013). In 2012 the figure exceeded estimates for
longline and trawl fisheries combined (300,000 birds a year) (Anderson et al. 2011). Diving
seabird species such as penguins, sea ducks, shearwaters, cormorants and gannets are
particularly susceptible to entanglement in net fisheries.
Australia has limited information on seabird bycatch levels in set-net fisheries. Some fisheries
managers and industry have taken steps to develop best practice measures. However, without
data on specific fisheries, it is difficult to determine the level of interaction or the impact gillnet
fisheries may have on seabirds. This lack of data has also affected the level of research applied to
developing best practice seabird mitigation measures for gillnet fisheries.
Recreational fisheries
Recreational fisheries includes commercial game and charter operators. Interactions with
recreational fishing gear can result in injury and death for seabirds through ingestion of baited
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hooks and fishing line and entanglement in crab pots, discarded fishing line and gillnets
(McPhee, Leadbitter & Skilleter 2002). Inappropriate fishing practices directly affect birdlife and
are a major factor in incidences of entanglement and hooking of estuarine seabirds by fishers
(Ferris & Ferris 2004). Fishing gear and marine debris can also lead to injury and or death of
seabirds. Seabird interactions with recreational fishers are largely unrecorded because fishers
are not required to formally report incidents in coastal waters, where most recreational fishing
occurs. Estimates of interactions are based on data collected from seabird rescue groups.
The Australian Government has funded the Australian Recreational Fishing Foundation to
review and revise a national code of practice for recreational fishing to promote best practice
principles for all forms of recreational fishing. The code of practice sets standards and seeks to
improve the knowledge, behaviour and reputation of recreational fishers and ensure sustainable
fishing and aquatic resources.
Case study 1 Understanding the impact of recreational fishing on seabirds
According to a southern Queensland rescue group, over 1,000 birds were rescued
from the area between the Sunshine Coast and the Redcliffe Peninsula in 2012
(Campbell 2013).
The majority of birds rescued after interactions with discarded fishing tackle were the
Australian pelican and the white ibis. However, significant numbers of white-faced
herons, pied cormorants, wood ducks and silver gulls were also rescued. About 60 per
cent of birds rescued presented with wing or feet injuries and most were released
after less than two weeks. However, the remaining 30 per cent suffered beak or
internal injuries and required longer-term rehabilitation. Some 6 per cent died or
were euthanased as a result of their injuries.
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Objectives
Stakeholders would commit to implementing NPOA–Seabirds voluntarily. The plan aims to
establish a nationally coordinated approach to avoid or minimise seabird deaths or injuries
resulting from capture fishing activities. Given data limitations, Australia has not done a
comprehensive assessment across all its capture fisheries. Implementation of the plan would
ensure we obtain the necessary information to complete a national assessment.
The goal of Australia’s NPOA–Seabirds is to minimise and, where practicable, eliminate the
incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries.
To achieve this goal, the plan has the following objectives:

Objective 1 Understand the extent of incidental catch of seabirds.

Objective 2 Have best practice seabird bycatch mitigation in capture fisheries to
 minimise or, where practicable, eliminate incidental catch of seabirds
 contribute towards achieving and maintaining a favourable conservation status for
seabirds.

Objective 3 Promote development of innovative mitigation procedures and technologies
that are feasible, effective and efficient.

Objective 4 Increase awareness and understanding of the incidental catch of seabirds and
best practice mitigation.

Objective 5 Promote adoption of effective mitigation measures in regional fisheries and
conservation bodies.
See Appendix E to learn how the objectives will be implemented.
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Framework for achieving objectives of
NPOA–Seabirds
Objective 1 Understand the extent of incidental catch
of seabirds
A focus of IPOA–Seabirds is for jurisdictions to identify the capture fisheries where incidental
catch of seabirds is occurring. Australia has a well-developed understanding of the extent of
incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries; assessments of the incidental catch of seabirds
in Australian longline fisheries were undertaken in 2003 and 2009 (Baker & Finley 2010;
Commonwealth of Australia 2003).
Evidence suggests action is needed to understand the effects of other fishing gear types on
seabirds in Australian fisheries. Implementation of NPOA–Seabirds provides a framework for a
comprehensive national assessment of the incidental catch of seabirds in Australian capture
fisheries.
Principles for understanding and managing the incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries
across jurisdictions include:

determining whether a problem exists based on





magnitude of seabird bycatch (rate or number)
species that are incidentally caught and their conservation status
spatial and temporal overlap of fishing effort with seabirds
existing mitigation measures and their effectiveness
existing seabird monitoring programmes and their effectiveness

reviewing available data about the incidental catch of seabirds

validating data sources and, where appropriate, conducting more detailed investigations

adopting a precautionary approach where information is lacking or uncertain.
Fisheries managers should undertake risk assessments to determine the risk to seabirds from
fishing operations and the appropriate management measures to take. Jurisdictions should
ensure logbook programmes in fisheries require collection of data on interactions with seabirds
that support risk assessments.
In developing NPOA–Seabirds, the department commissioned the Australian Bureau of
Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) to undertake a scientific review of
seabird–fishery interactions. The review identified the priority data categories considered
necessary for best practice (Appendix A). Data fields should be consistent across jurisdictions
and across time.
Data collection and reporting programmes, such as logbook reporting and observer
programmes, should be designed to provide representative data on the incidental catch of
seabirds and be regularly reviewed or analysed to improve performance. Day-to-day monitoring
will not always capture the information required to understand the extent of seabird incidental
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
catch in a fishery. It may be necessary for jurisdictions to initiate targeted research or
monitoring programmes that provide transparent and statistically robust estimates of seabird
injury and mortality. The ABARES review recommended that managers implement minimum
data standards for recording interactions in fisheries logbooks and during observer programmes
(Appendix B).
Many fisheries in Australia are small-scale, low-value enterprises that cannot support expensive
monitoring programmes. As a result, data on seabird interaction is limited. However, if evidence
indicates an incidental seabird catch problem, these fisheries should develop and implement
targeted programmes to better understand or mitigate the impact of their activities on seabirds.
Some government environmental agencies obtain data on seabird mortalities in coastal waters
from seabird rescue groups.
Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), it is an
offence to kill, take, trade, keep or move a listed species in a Commonwealth area without a
permit. Sometimes interactions with protected species occur as a result of unavoidable accidents
or incidents. Under the EPBC Act, fishers must report such interactions to the Australian
Government Department of the Environment and Energy within seven days of the incident
occurring, or face a fine. Fishers who promptly report interactions are meeting their legal
obligations and will help the Australian Government protect marine species. Fishers can report
interactions to the Hotline 1800 803 772 or via email at [email protected].
Objective 2 Have best practice seabird bycatch mitigation in
capture fisheries
Seabird bycatch mitigation measures are ‘a modification to fishing practices and/or equipment
that reduces the likelihood of seabird incidental catch’ (Brothers, Cooper & Løkkeborg 1999).
They can take many forms, including the use of bird-scaring devices, fishing gear modifications
(for example, line weighting), temporal and seasonal restrictions and general fishing practice
(such as cleaning of nets or offal management). Information is available on mitigation
technologies and measures for minimising seabird bycatch across a range of fishing gears. ACAP
continues to develop best practice advice across the full range of fishing gears, and in artisanal
and other non-commercial fishing sectors.
NPOA–Seabirds seeks to promote best practices for avoiding and minimising the incidental catch
of seabirds in capture fisheries. NPOA–Seabirds uses the best practice criteria defined by the
Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP). These criteria are outlined in
Box 3.
Feasible, effective and efficient seabird bycatch mitigation measures should be implemented in
all capture fisheries where there is a risk of incidental catch of seabirds.
This plan seeks to ensure that affected capture fisheries employ proven technical and
operational seabird mitigation measures. Each fishery should use a mix of mandatory and
voluntary measures appropriate for the type of the fishery and individual fishing operations.
Offal management is an important component of commercial and recreational seabird bycatch
mitigation. Commercial operators who effectively manage their use of offal will reduce the
numbers of seabirds attracted to their gear and consequently the likelihood of killing or injuring
seabirds.
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Recreational and small-scale fisheries should consider lower-cost management measures. These
could include education and extension programmes such as implementing a code of practice.
Appendix C lists principles for developing recreational fishing codes of practice. To ensure the
application of best practice in seabird bycatch mitigation, affected jurisdictions should maintain
a focus on strong stakeholder engagement throughout implementation. Jurisdictions should
share information and provide opportunities for support and technical assistance, particularly to
fishers at a regional level.
ACAP is a leading source of advice on best practice seabird bycatch mitigation—its advice is
incorporated in TAP–Seabirds. ACAP’s working groups research emerging mitigation measures
and refine best practice suites of mitigation measures, including fishery-specific
recommendations. Appendix D summarises ACAP’s current advice.
Case study 2 Lumo Lead—a new seabird bycatch mitigation device for longline fisheries
The correct use of line weighting in longline fisheries is an effective method of
minimising seabird bycatch because it sinks fishing gear rapidly. However, many
fishers are reluctant to adopt a line-weighting regime partly because of safety
concerns. If a line breaks during hauling, traditional leaded swivels can cause serious
injury or fatality when they fly back at the crew.
Fishtek Marine’s Lumo Lead may be a solution to this problem. The company
developed the device with AFMA, the Australian Antarctic Division and the East Coast
Tuna Fishery. The device places a sliding lead at or near the hook and the lead then
slides down the line during a bite-off event. When a hook is pulled from the fish’s
mouth, on or near the surface, the lead slides down the line and dampens the energy
of the recoiling line and hook, reducing the likelihood of fly-back.
Findings indicate that branch line weighting configurations where the Lumo Lead is
positioned closer to the hook increases the hook sink rates, when compared with
traditional line weighting configurations, and resulted in reduction in seabird
mortalities without reducing the target catch.
Members of the Queensland tuna industry have voluntarily adopted Lumo Lead
weights.
Box 3 ACAP Best practice seabird bycatch mitigation criteria
1) Individual fishing technologies and techniques should be selected from those
shown by experimental research to significantly reduce the rate of seabird
incidental mortality to the lowest achievable levels.
2) Fishing technologies and techniques, or a combination thereof, should have clear
and proven specifications and minimum performance standards for their
deployment and use.
3) Fishing technologies and techniques should be demonstrated to be practical, costeffective and widely available.
4) Fishing technologies and techniques should, to the extent practicable, maintain
catch rates of target species.
5) Fishing technologies and techniques should, to the extent practicable, not increase
the bycatch of other taxa.
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
6) Minimum performance standards and methods of ensuring compliance should be
provided for fisheries technologies and techniques, and should be clearly specified
in fishery regulations.
ACAP Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels.
Note: Any use of the word ‘significant’ is meant in the statistical context. Reduction in incidental seabird mortality
may be determined by either a direct reduction or by reduction in seabird attack rates, as a proxy.
Objective 3 Promote development of innovative mitigation
procedures and technologies that are feasible, effective and
efficient
New or improved technical measures for seabird mitigation can significantly reduce seabird
bycatch. Incentives for effective collaboration between stakeholders, and leadership from
industry, government, scientists and non-government environmental organisations help drive
the development of innovative technical measures. However, developers of new mitigation
procedures and technologies should consider the safety of fishers at sea and the feasible
application of their innovations across fleets.
Trialling of technical measures helps ensure that new procedures or technologies are feasible,
effective and efficient. However, controlled on-water testing of new fishing gear may result in
the death of seabirds or other marine species. Accordingly, ACAP’s best practice seabird bycatch
mitigation criteria allow for reductions in seabird attack rates to be used as a proxy for direct
reductions in seabird mortality.
Jurisdictions have a role in supporting and encouraging stakeholder and industry-led research
into new mitigation measures. This includes working with stakeholders to mitigate risks and
providing advice on experimental design. The development of national guidelines that help
direct the design of research projects would be a positive step. Jurisdictions also have a role in
effectively converting the results of studies into fleet-based uptake of measures.
Case study 3 Collaborative industry–science project reduces seabird interactions with trawl
fisheries
Seabirds are attracted to fishing vessels by the sight and smell of fish and fish offal. At
times seabirds have no interest in fishing vessels but at other times their behaviour
becomes frenzied. During these periods they can be injured or killed when they strike
the steel cables (warps) used to tow trawl nets.
As a condition on their fishing permit all trawlers in the South East Trawl Fishery
must follow the directions of an approved Seabird Management Plan at all times. This
plan directs each vessel to manage offal in a particular way and deploy an approved
physical mitigation device when fishing in daylight hours.
With Australian Government support the South East Trawl Fishing Industry
Association and the Great Australian Bight Fishing Industry Association have
developed and trialled two effective seabird bycatch mitigation devices for trawl
fisheries: the sprayer and the bird baffler.
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The sprayer device sprays seawater at high pressure over the area where the warp
enters the water, deterring seabirds from the area. Trials recorded a 92 per cent
reduction in warp–seabird interactions.
Seabird interactions most commonly occur at the front and sides of the warp wire
during the towing of trawl gear. The bird baffler device prevents birds from accessing
these parts of the vessel. It comprises two booms that extend perpendicular to the
side of the vessel. The booms have droppers that hang down to the water line and act
as a curtain. Tori lines extend from the booms. Trials indicate that bird bafflers reduce
bird-warp interactions by 96 per cent.
Commonwealth trawl vessels in south-eastern Australia are likely to be fitted with one
of three devices (bafflers, or sprayers or current measures plus no offal discharge)
before the start of the 2017 fishing season.
Objective 4 Increase awareness and understanding of the
incidental catch of seabirds and best practice mitigation
Education, training, incentives and outreach programmes can reduce seabird bycatch by driving
changes in behaviour and practices. NPOA–Seabirds will encourage the commercial fishing
industry and recreational fishing sector fishers to share experiences and exchange skills through
existing networks and with jurisdictions.
All jurisdictions and fishing sectors should consider the use of training and outreach
programmes for fishers, and the production of seabird identification or seabird handling guides
that promote best practice. Education and outreach activities are important for recreational
fisheries where regulatory oversight of fishing practices is limited. A significant threat to marine
life is lost or discarded fishing gear that entangles marine life, including seabirds. Education on
responsible fishing practices can help minimise the amount of discarded fishing gear.
Case study 4 Education and outreach programmes to reduce seabird bycatch: OceanWatch
TAngler bins
The OceanWatch TAngler bins project encourages recreational fishers to dispose of
fishing line and tackle responsibly. Associated education programmes help
recreational fishers understand that keeping their fishing spots tidy and free of lost
and littered fishing line will help preserve their fishing spots and the wildlife.
Over 300 TAngler bins have been installed across Victoria, New South Wales and
Queensland and over 10 tons of discarded fishing line has been collected.
This project is a partnership between OceanWatch, local and state governments, land
managers and volunteer groups who join the TAngler Bin Network.
Objective 5 Promote adoption of effective mitigation
measures in regional fisheries and conservation bodies
Seabirds cross national boundaries and can spend most of their lives migrating and foraging in
waters distant from their breeding grounds. For these reasons mitigating risk to seabird
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
populations requires regional and international cooperation. Regional fisheries management
organisations and regional conservation bodies can help ensure the use of complementary and
consistent practices for reducing seabird bycatch and for reducing the impact on populations,
particularly seabird species that spend considerable time on the high seas.
Australia is pursuing world’s best practice for seabird bycatch management by engaging in and
influencing international conservation initiatives such as ACAP and the Convention on the
Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.
NPOA–Seabirds will also apply to fishing undertaken by Australian-flagged fishing vessels
operating on the high seas, including the areas of compliance of regional fisheries and
conservation bodies.
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Implementation
To achieve its goal, NPOA–Seabirds aims to coordinate a national approach to addressing the
incidental catch of seabirds in all Australian capture fisheries. The actions needed to achieve the
objectives of NPOA–Seabirds are detailed in Appendix E. Notes indicate which actions are
relevant to particular fishing sectors. Managers who choose not to address a particular action
should be able to justify why they do not consider it to be relevant to their sector.
NPOA–Seabirds represents the interests of all stakeholders. Implementation will take four years,
from 2017 to 2020. Implementation should recognise existing practices and management
arrangements for Australian capture fisheries.
Government subcommittee
Implementation of Australia’s NPOA–Seabirds will be overseen by an existing subcommittee of
the Australian Fisheries Management Forum. The committee will review the progress of
implementation and consider current and emerging issues concerning the impact of fishing
activities on seabirds.
Fisheries management agencies will prepare annual reporting against the implementation
actions identified in the plan. Reports considered by the subcommittee will include input from
all jurisdictions, the commercial and recreational fishing sectors and environmental nongovernment organisations. The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources will be
responsible for collating annual reporting and making them available on the Department of
Agriculture and Water Resources website.
The subcommittee will also consider the benefits of holding a biennial workshop with sectors to
help sectors and stakeholders share experiences and exchange skills.
Roles and responsibilities
Australian Government
The Australian Government will provide national policy leadership and help implement NPOA–
Seabirds by providing impetus for whole-of-government approaches, coordinating the
subcommittee, facilitating and encouraging research activities, and overseeing implementation
of actions for Australian Government managed fisheries.
The Department of Agriculture and Water Resources will report on behalf of Australia on the
progress of the assessment, development and implementation of NPOA–Seabirds as part of
biennial reporting to the FAO on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. The Department
of the Environment and Energy will report to ACAP.
State and Northern Territory governments
State and Northern Territory fisheries and government environment agencies will be
responsible for overseeing implementation of actions in capture fisheries under their
jurisdiction. Each jurisdiction will be responsible for ensuring consultation is undertaken and
adequate resources are available to address actions and that NPOA–Seabirds remains an
ongoing priority. Jurisdictions will provide input to the Department of Agriculture and Water
Resources for reports to the subcommittee.
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Commercial and recreational fishing sectors
The commercial fishing and recreational fishing sectors have a significant role to play in
achieving the objectives of NPOA–Seabirds and ensuring practices are ecologically sustainable.
They develop and trial innovative mitigation measures and drive educational and outreach
activities to promote best practice approaches. Ecologically sustainable practices will ensure
community support for these sectors continues in the future. These sectors will also be critical to
the success of the proposed NPOA–Seabirds biennial workshops.
Non-government roles
Conservation groups, researchers, other interested organisations and members of the public can
carry out actions that support implementation of NPOA–Seabirds. This includes on-ground
activities and engagement with research, education and awareness programmes.
Resourcing
Implementation of NPOA–Seabirds will require resourcing from all jurisdictions and fishing
sectors, including financial in-kind commitments. Voluntary commitments from relevant
stakeholders will help to minimise the incidental catch of seabirds. However, resourcing is the
responsibility of anyone accessing or managing community-owned fisheries. Implementation of
the plan recognises existing practices and management arrangements in place for Australian
capture fisheries. This will help minimise the resourcing pressure on stakeholders to deliver
actions under the plan.
Issues and actions outlined in this plan will help responsible groups guide and prioritise their
own actions to minimise incidental capture of seabirds in Australian capture fisheries.
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Evaluation and review
NPOA–Seabirds will be reviewed four years after its release. The review will consider the
effectiveness of the action plan and any positive and negative effects of implementation. It will
assess the extent to which NPOA–Seabirds objectives have addressed Australia’s commitment to
implement IPOA–Seabirds and the associated best practice guidelines. The review may also
make recommendations about developing and implementing a revised NPOA–Seabirds.
Ongoing evaluation and the four-year review will provide recommendations for improvements
and future work, including changes to arrangements if necessary. Consultation with key
stakeholders will be central to the review.
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Appendix A: Data categories for best
practice risk assessments
The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences recommended data
categories for recording interactions in fisheries logbooks and during observer programmes.
Data category
Description
Data use
Vessel
specification
Minimum data fields should measure: vessel length;
vessel type; GRT; fishing master/skipper; number of
crew; gear types
Needed as covariates for standardising
interaction rates and analyses on the
implementation and effectiveness of
mitigation measures
Fishing effort
Minimum data fields should measure fishing time
and spatial location
Needed in analyses to determine
frequency of interactions by gear,
location and time of day
Mitigation
measures
Minimum data fields are mitigation technique, time
of deployment, where on vessel deployed, whether
the mitigation operated according to specifications
or was deployed unsuccessfully (including partially)
Standardised description of which and
how mitigation measures were deployed
to analyse implementation and
effectiveness of mitigation measures
Interaction
details
Minimum data fields should include number of
interactions, how the bird(s) interact(s) with the
gear and which part of the gear/vessel the
interaction occurred
Allow analyses of general and specific
interactions
Fate details
Minimum data fields should measure the condition
of the seabird (alive, dead or injured)
Allows partitioning of analyses to
estimate mortalities and encounters.
Seabird
identification
Minimum data fields should measure species
identification or provide evidence for its
identification
Allow species-specific analyses
Seabird
biologicals
Minimum data fields are seabird size, evidence of
maturity, counts, behaviour, tissue samples, handling
methods
Allows additional covariate inclusion in
analyses (e.g. maturity status or bird
density)
Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (forthcoming)
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Appendix B: Minimum standards for
collecting seabird interaction data
The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences recommended that
managers implement minimum data standards for recording interactions in fisheries logbooks
and during observer programmes.
Table B1 Minimum observer data standards
Data field and instructions
Observations
General (trip)
–
Vessel flag
–
Vessel name
–
Vessel call sign
–
Vessel Registration number (flag state or
SIOFA)
–
Lloyd’s/IMO number (IMO if allocated)
–
Vessel size: gross tonnage (gross register
tonnage may be used if GT not available
or both)
–
Name of observer
–
Name of person filling in the data
–
Email address of person responsible for
data enquiries
–
Haul information
–
Intended target species (FAO code)
–
Type of fishing Commercial; Research;
Survey data
–
Haul/trawl number
–
Gear
–
Trawl
Type – Mesh size (mm) – Trawl technique – Type of trawl: single –
double – or triple –
Longline
Longline type (Spanish trotline autoline) – Type of line – Type of bait –
Hook size (mm) – Hook code or make – Length of line (m) – Number of
hooks set – Number hooks per cluster (if trotline) – Length of longline
– Number of hooks lost –
Trap/potting
Pot type – Number set – Number lost – Type of bait –
Dahn/dropline
Total number of hooks in the set – Number of hooks lost – Type of
hooks used – Type of leader used – Type of bait used – Total number of
line lifts in the set –
Gillnet
Gillnet type – Mesh size (mm) – Gillnet length (metres – Gillnet depth
(number of meshes in a net drop) –
Date (DD/MM/YYYY) and UTC time
(hh:mm)
Fishing started – and ended –
Recorded at start and end of fishing.
Longline fishers must also record date
Hauling started –and ended –
Setting started – and ended –
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Data field and instructions
Observations
and UTC time at start and end of setting
and at start and end of haul.
Latitude and longitude
Latitude (DD.MM) and longitude (DD.MM)
Use N and S rather than + and –
Use E and W rather than + and –
Recorded at start and end of fishing. Longline fishers must also record
these details at start and end of setting.
Trawl fishers should take the readings when the otter board is on the
bottom
Bottom depth (m)
–
Average and/or actual fishing/gear
depth (m)
Depth at start of fishing – and at end–
Start and end of fishing (except for
trapping/potting where only needed at
start)
Marine seabirds caught
Marine seabirds caught –(Yes/No)
For each species:
Species name –
Number alive –
Number dead or injured –
– Indicates field to be completed by observer.
Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (forthcoming)
Table B2 Fishing operation data
Data field
Observations
Trawl fishing activities
Gear details
Net ID – Net type (ISSFCV) – Head rope length (m ) – Ground rope length (m) –
Bobbin diameter (cm) – Otter board to wing length (m) – Horizontal opening (m) –
Vertical opening (m) –
Codend mesh
Mesh size (cm) – codend circumference (cm) – Orientation – Mesh type (e.g. diamond
or square) –
Otter board
Type – weight (kg) –
Net design
Net design description including make model and other features –
Trawl details
Trawl Number – Gear – Trawl type: Research or Commercial (R/C) – Observed
(Yes/No) – Target species (FAO species code) – Date started (DD/MM/YYYY) – Date
finished (DD/MM/YYYY) – Time net deployed (hh:mm) – Time net retrieved (hh:mm)
–
Start and end fishing
Time (hh:mm) – Latitude degrees (DD; N and S for north and South – Latitude
minutes (MM) – Longitude degrees (DD; E and W for east and west) – Longitude
minutes (MM) – Trawl depth (m) – Bottom depth (m) –
Other
Offal discharged during shooting (Yes/No) – Offal discharged during hauling
(Yes/No) –
Trawl speed (knots) – Horizontal opening (m) – Total catch (kg) –
Seabird interactions
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Data field
Observations
FAO species code – Total number of interactions – Number of seabirds dead as
consequence of interaction – Number of seabirds injured as consequence of
interaction –
Bycatch mitigation measures employed:
Were bird-scaring (tori) lines in use? (Yes/No) –
Whether aerial extent of bird scarer lines consistently extended at least 10 m beyond
point of entry of warps into the sea?
Were bird bafflers in use? (Yes/No) –
Trawl warp strike (monitored for 15 minutes immediately after the net has
been deployed)
Trawl number – Observer name – Start observation time (hh:mm) –
End observation time (hh:mm) –
Number of heavy warp strikes for:
Albatross – Giant petrels – White-chinned petrels – Other petrels –
Air – Water – Sinker –
Seabird abundance observation
Seabirds present in observation area (Yes/No) –
Estimated numbers (by species) –
Longline fishing activities
Longline description
Longline type (FFSSCV) – Period when gear was used (DD/MM/YYYY) – Start and end
date (DD/MM/YYYY) – Target species (FAO species code) –
Main line –
Material Diameter (mm) Integrated weight (gm) –
Branch lines –
Material – Length (M) – Spacing (m) –
Hooks –
Type – Make – Total length (mm) – Shank (mm) – Gape (mm) – Throat (mm) – Front
length (mm) – Usual setting position – Line off bottom (m) –
Hooks off bottom (m) – Method of baiting (manual/automatic) –
Automatic baiting equipment (make and model) –
Hook sinkers
Size (g) – Position from hook (mm) – Offal dumping position (port starboard stern) –
Longline setting position (port starboard stern) – Offal dumping during hauling
(never occasionally always) – Propeller rotation direction (clockwise/anti-clockwise)
– Detail weight and distance between line weights for longline system used – Single
(auto) – Line (kg:m) – Double (Spanish) line (kg:m) –
Trotline (vertical droppers/trots attached to a mainline) (kg:m) –
General streamer line description
Vessel equipped with streamer line (Yes/No) – Number of streamer lines regularly
set – Streamer line position (port starboard stern) – Streamer line length (m) –
Streamer length min/max (m) – Attached height above water (m) – Distance between
streamers (m) – Number of streamers – Streamer design (single or paired) – Aerial
extent of line (m) – Method used to assess aerial extent –
Streamer material – Streamer line diameter (mm) – Streamer colours –
Streamer line over bait entry position? (Yes/No) – Distance from stern to bait entry
point (m) – Towed object (Yes/No) –
Horizontal distance from bait entry point to streamer line (m) –
Daily setting observations
Set number (as referenced in catch and effort log) – Set type: research or commercial
(R/C) – Longline type code (FSSCV) – Trotline cetacean exclusion device used
(Yes/No) – Date of observation (DD/MM/YYYY) –
Setting information
Vessel setting speed (knots) – Number sets unobserved since last set –
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Data field
Observations
Start and end setting –. Repeated for hauling
Date (dd/mm/yy) – Time (hh:mm) – Latitude degrees (DD; N and S for north and
South) – Latitude minutes (MM) – Longitude degrees (DD; E and W for east and west)
– Longitude minutes (MM) – Bottom depth (m) – Total length of longline set (km) –
Total number of hooks for the set –
Observation number –
Start date (DD/MM/YYYY) – Start time (hh:mm) –
End date (DD/MM/YYYY) – End time (hh:mm) –
Details of longline setting
Main line length (m) – Number of hooks set – Number of baskets/magazines set –
Number of hooks per basket/magazine – Percentage hooks baited –
Distance between branches (m) – Distance of hooks off bottom (m) –
Bait species (FAO species code) – Deck lights during setting (On Off) –
Streamer lines used (Yes/No) – Number of streamer lines used –
Whether aerial extent of bird scarer lines consistently achieved at least 100 m?
Offal dumping during setting (Yes/No) – Bait entry position (port starboard stern) –
Daily hauling observations
Set number – Date of observation (DD/MM/YYYY) –
Hauling Information
Number of hooks observed for seabird and fish bycatch (tally period) –
Offal dumped during hauling (Yes/No) –
Gear lost –
Number of sections lost –
Number of hooks lost that were attached to lost sections of the longline –
Number of other hooks lost (excluding hooks attached to lost sections) –
Observed catch composition
Was haul observed for fish/invertebrate bycatch (Yes/No) –
Estimated percentage of haul observed for bycatch (%)–
Seabird Interactions
FAO species code – Total number of interactions –
Number of seabirds dead as consequence of interaction –
Number of seabirds injured as consequence of interaction –
Seabird abundance observation –
Seabirds present in observation area (Yes/No) –
Estimated numbers of abundance (by species) –
Trapping/potting fishing
Activities
Gear type
Pot type (with drawing) – Mesh size (mm) –
Funnel position
Orientation – Aperture (cm) – Number of chambers – Escape port present (Yes/No) –
Dimensions (cm) of escape port –
Processing details and conversion factors
Haul number – Observer name – Species code (FAO species code) – Processing code –
Length range Min – Max – Number of individuals –
Live weight (kg) – Processed weight (kg) – Grade – Conversion factor –
Set and haul details
Set number – Date of observation (DD/MM/YYYY) – Set type: research or commercial
(R/C) – Target species (FAO species code) – Offal dumped during setting (Yes/No) –
Offal dumped during hauling (Yes/No) –
Start and end setting. Repeat for hauling
Date (DD/MM/YYYY) – Time (hh:mm) – Latitude (DD; N and S for north and South)
Latitude minutes and fraction of minutes (MM.mm) – Longitude (DD; E and W for east
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Data field
Observations
and west) – Longitude minutes and fraction of minutes (MM.mm) – bottom depth (m)
–
Gear details
Length of line (m) – Type of line – Pot spacing (m) – Bait type –
Setting : Number of pots set – number of pots observed –
Hauling: Number of pots hauled – number of pots observed –
Observed interactions with birds or marine mammals
FAO species code –
Setting: Abundance (500m radius) – Gear interaction (Yes/No) –
Hauling: Abundance (500m radius) – Gear interaction (Yes/No) –
Seabird interactions
FAO species code – Total number of interactions –
Number of seabirds dead as consequence of interaction –
Number of seabirds injured as consequence of interaction –
Seabird abundance observation
Seabirds present in observation area (Yes/No) –
Estimated numbers of abundance (by species) –
Dahn/dropline fishing
activity
Dahn/dropline description
Line type – Period when gear was used (DD/MM/YYYY) Start date –and end date –
Target species (FAO species code) –
Main line
Material – Diameter (mm) – Integrated Wt (gm) –
Hooks
Type – Make – Total length (mm) – Shank (mm) – Gape (mm) – Throat (mm) –
Front length (mm) – Usual setting position – Line off bottom (m) – Hooks off bottom
(m) – Method of baiting (manual/automatic) – Automatic baiting equipment (make
and model) –
Offal
Offal dumping position (port starboard stern) – offal dumping during hauling (never
occasionally always) – Propeller rotation direction (clockwise/anti-clockwise)
General streamer line description
Vessel equipped with streamer line (Yes/No) – Number of streamer lines regularly
set – Streamer line position (port starboard stern) – Streamer line length (m) –
Streamer length min/max (m) – Attached height above water (m) –
Distance between streamers (m) – Number of streamers – Streamer design (single or
paired) – Ariel extent of line (m) – Method used to assess aerial extent –
Streamer material – Streamer line diameter (mm) – Streamer colours –
Streamer line over bait entry position (Yes/No) – Distance from stern to bait entry
point (m) – Horizontal distance from bait entry point to streamer line (m) –
Details of dahn/dropline setting
Main line length (m) – Number of hooks set – Percentage hooks baited –
Distance between branches/snoods (m) – Distance of hooks off bottom (m) –
Bait species – Bait size – Bait proportion – Deck lights during setting (On Off) –
Streamer lines used (Yes/No) – Number of streamer lines used – Offal dumping
during setting (Yes/No) – Daylight period – Moonlight – Bait entry position (port
starboard stern) – Vessel setting speed (knots) –
Start and End setting
Date (DD/MM/YYYY) – Time (hh:mm) – Latitude degrees (DD; N and S for north and
South) – Latitude minutes (MM.mm) – Longitude degrees (DD; E and W for east and
west) – Longitude minutes (MM.mm) – Bottom depth (m) –
Start and End of hauling
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Data field
Observations
Date (DD/MM/YYYY) – Time (hh:mm) – Latitude degrees (DD; N and S for north and
South) – Latitude minutes (MM.mm) – Longitude degrees (DD; E and W for east and
west) – Longitude minutes (MM.mm) – Bottom depth (m) –
Gear lost
Number of sections lost –
Number of hooks lost that were attached to lost sections of the dahn/dropline –
Number of other hooks lost (excluding hooks attached to lost sections) –
Seabird interactions
FAO species code – Total number of interactions –
Number of seabirds dead as consequence of interaction –
Number of seabirds injured as consequence of interaction –
Seabird abundance observation
Seabirds present in observation area (Yes/No) –
Estimated numbers of abundance (by species) –
Additional information
Species (identified taxonomically or accompanied by photographs if identification is
difficult) – and size –
If released, report life status (vigorous, alive, lethargic, injured, dead) on release –
If injured, what was the cause of injury? –
If dead, collect information or samples for onshore identification in accordance with
pre-determined sampling protocols. Where this is not possible, observers may be
required to collect sub-samples of identifying parts, as specified in biological
sampling protocols.
Record the type of interaction (hook/line entanglement/warp strike/net
capture/other). If other, describe.
Sex of each individual for taxa where this is feasible from external observation.
– Indicates field to be completed by observer.
Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (forthcoming)
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Appendix C: Principles for recreational
fishing codes of practice
Principle 1 Reduce seabird attraction to fishing activity

Avoid bird feeding and nesting areas.

Look out for diving birds, which may take bait when lines are cast.

Avoid discarding fish waste in areas where you are actively fishing.

Avoid fishing near fish-cleaning tables because seabirds are attracted to these areas.
Principle 2 Use responsible fishing practices

Do not leave your fishing equipment unattended at any time.

Avoid using alloy or stainless steel hooks; these remain intact indefinitely and can cause
serious or fatal infections in seabirds.

Use single hooks, barbless hooks and circle hooks to minimise harm.

Don’t leave anything behind—take all your tackle home and dispose of discarded fishing line,
other gear or rubbish responsibly.
Principle 3 Promote best practice hook removal
 If you accidently hook a bird, carefully pull the bird in and if possible carefully de-hook it.
 If the hook is too deep to remove, contain the bird and call for help, or take it to the nearest
vet so the hook can be surgically removed. Most vets will treat native wildlife for free.
 If the bird breaks free of the line call for help immediately and keep the creature in sight so
that a rescuer can find it.
Principle 4 Promote best practice seabird handling

Keep handling to a minimum to avoid causing stress to an injured seabird. Do not attempt to
comfort the bird by cooing or stroking or petting it. Remain calm, speak quietly and refrain
from sudden movements.

Immobilise the beak and feet with a firm hold and gentry restrain the rest of the bird.

Do not hold birds around the neck. This restricts breathing and can cause muscle damage.

When handling birds with long legs, hold the legs of the bird at the top of the femur where
the legs and body meet. Hold the bird at waist height, away from your face.

Protect your eyes and other body parts from birds with sharp beaks and claws.
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Appendix D: Summary of best practice approaches for
longline, trawl, set net and recreational fisheries
Table D1 Trawl fisheries
Mitigation
Description
Objective of mitigation action
Recommendation
Net binding
Net binding is when 3–ply sisal string is applied to the net on the
deck, at intervals of approximately 5m.
Reduce seabird entanglements by preventing the net from
lofting and mesh from opening
Recommended
Net weights
Adding weight on or near the cod end to increase the angle of
ascent of the net during hauling operations.
Reduce the time the net is on the water’s surface, reducing
seabird entanglements
Recommended
Net cleaning
Net cleaning involves removing all fish stickers and other
material from nets.
Reduce net entanglement during shooting
Recommended
Bird-scaring lines for warp
cables
Attachment of a bird-scaring line to both the port and starboard
sides of a vessel, above and outside of the warp blocks.
Reduce seabird access to the danger zone, where warps enter
the water
Recommended
Avoid use of net monitoring
cables, else employ bird
scaring lines
Net monitoring cables should not be used. Where this is
impracticable:
1. Deploy bird scaring lines specifically positioned to deter birds
away from net monitoring cables while fishing; and
2. Install a snatch block at the stern of a vessel to draw the net
monitoring cable close to the water to reduce its aerial
Avoid or minimise risk of bird strikes.
Recommended
Nets
Cables
extent.
Offal
Offal discharge and fish
discard management –
mealing
Mealing converts fish waste into fish meal, reducing the quantity
of fish waste discharge.
Reduce the number of seabirds attracted to vessels
Recommended
Offal discharge and fish
discard management –
batching
Batching is the storage or controlled release of
discards/discharge.
Reduce the number of seabirds attached to vessels
Recommended (when
full retention or mealing
not possible)
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Mitigation
Description
Objective of mitigation action
Recommendation
Offal discharge and fish
discard management – full
retention
All waste material is fully retained.
Reduce the number of seabirds attracted to vessels
Recommended
Avoiding fishing at during periods of intense bird foraging
activity.
Reduce seabird bycatch
Recommended
General measures
Area closures
Table D2 Pelagic longline fisheries
Mitigation
Description
Objective
Recommendation
Branch-line weighting
Branch lines should be weighted to sink the baited hooks
rapidly out of the diving range of feeding seabirds.
Recommended minimum standards for branch line weighting
configurations include the following:
(a) 40 g or greater attached within 0.5 m of the hook; or
(b) 60 g or greater attached within 1 m of the hook; or
(c) 80 g or greater attached within 2 m of the hook.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
Night setting
Most vulnerable seabirds are inactive at night. Setting longlines
at night, between nautical twilight and nautical dawn avoids
contact with seabirds.
Reduce seabird bycatch
Recommended
Bird-scaring lines for vessels
>35m in total length
Bird-scaring lines run from a high point at the stern to a device
or mechanism that creates drag at its terminus, and consistently
achieve an aerial extent of 100 m.
Vessels >35m should use two bird-scaring lines, one on each
side of the sinking longline. Streamers for vessels >35m should
be brightly coloured and a mix of long and short, placed at
intervals of no more than 5m.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
Bird-scaring lines for vessels
<35m in total length
Bird-scaring lines run from a high point at the stern to a device
or mechanism that creates drag at its terminus, and consistently
achieve an aerial extent of 75 m.
Small vessels should use a single bird-scaring line—either long
and short streamers or short streamers only. Streamers for
vessels <35m should be brightly coloured. Short streamers
(>1m) should be placed at 1m intervals along the length of the
aerial extent.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Mitigation
Description
Objective
Recommendation
Hook shielding devices
Hook-shielding devices to be deployed prior to setting to deter
birds from accessing baited hooks.
Hook-shields shall be positioned at the hook, and shall
encapsulate the barb and point of the hook during setting.
Hook shields shall remain attached until either a minimum
depth of 10 m, or minimum immersion time of 10 minutes is
reached.
Hook shields shall meet minimum standards for branch line
weighting.
Reduce risk of seabird bycatch on baited hooks
Recommended
General measures
Time-area fishery closures
Temporary closure to fishing of important seabird foraging areas
(e.g. areas adjacent to important seabird colonies during the
breeding season or highly productive waters when large numbers
of aggressively feeding seabirds are present).
Avoid seabird bycatch
Recommended
Description
Objective
Recommendation
The temporary closure of important seabird foraging areas (e.g.
near seabird colonies during the breeding season, when large
numbers of aggressively feeding seabirds are present).
Reduce seabird bycatch
Recommended
Line weighting
Lines should be weighted to get the baited hooks rapidly out of
the range of feeding seabirds. Weights should be deployed
before line tension occurs to ensure that the line sinks rapidly
out of reach of seabirds.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
External-weighted line: Spanish
system
In the Spanish system the buoyant longlines are deployed with
steel weights (minimum 5kg) attached at 4 m intervals to make
them sink.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
External-weighted line: Chilean
method
This variant of the traditional Spanish double-line method uses
a net sleeve or cachalotera, which envelops captured fish
during hauling. Hooks are clustered on secondary lines that
have steel weights attached, at a minimum of 5kg at 40m
intervals. Weights are deployed directly below the hooks.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
Table D3 Demersal longline fisheries
Mitigation
General
Area and seasonal closures
Line settling
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Mitigation
Description
Objective
Recommendation
Hook-bearing lines sink in a vertical profile resulting in very
fast hook sink rates.
External-weighted line: autoline
Autoline gear consists of a single line with steel weights at a
minimum of 5kg at 40m intervals. These lines sink fast and
consistently, with a near-linear profile from the surface.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
Night setting
Most vulnerable seabirds are inactive at night. Setting longlines
at night, between nautical twilight and nautical dawn avoids
contact with seabirds.
Reduce seabird bycatch
Recommended
Bird-scaring lines for vessels
>35m in total length
Bird-scaring lines run from a high point at the stern to a device
or mechanism that creates drag at its terminus.
Vessels >35m should use two bird-scaring lines, one on each
side of the sinking longline. Streamers for vessels >35m should
be brightly coloured and a mix of long and short, placed at
intervals of no more than 5m.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
Bird-scaring lines for vessels
<35m in total length
Bird-scaring lines run from a high point at the stern to a device
or mechanism that creates drag at its terminus.
Small vessels should use a single bird-scaring line—either long
and short streamers or short streamers only. Streamers for
vessels <35m should be brightly coloured. Short streamers
(>1m) should be placed at 1m intervals along the length of the
aerial extent.
Reduce seabird attacks on baited hooks
Recommended
Offal and discard management
Offal and discards should be retained on board. If this is not
possible, these should be either retained on board during
hauling (preferable) or released on the opposite side of the
vessel to the hauling bay.
Reduce seabird bycatch
Recommended
Bird exclusion device
(BED/brickle curtain)
A BED or brickle curtain is a horizontal support several metres
above the water that encircles the entire line hauling bay.
Vertical streamers are positioned between the support and
water surface.
Deter birds from flying into the area where the line is being
hauled and prevent birds that are sitting on the surface from
swimming into the hauling bay area
Recommended
Offal and discard management
Offal and discards should be retained on board. If this is not
possible, these should be either retained on board during
hauling (preferable) or released on the opposite side of the
vessel to the hauling bay.
Reduce seabird bycatch
Recommended
Line hauling
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Appendix E: Implementation
action tables
Objective 1
Understand the extent of incidental catches of seabirds.
Table E1 Actions to achieve Objective 1, NPOA–Seabirds
Action
Responsible
Time frame
1.1 Conduct a qualitative or quantitative assessment of
the level of incidental catch of seabirds and current use
of mitigation measures in all relevant fisheries
(Appendix A).
– Fisheries management agencies
12 months
1.2 Develop a national data standard for logbook
reporting of incidental catch of seabirds and the use of
mitigation measures in commercial fisheries. (Appendix
B)
– AG Department of Agriculture and
Water Resources
1.3 Implement national data standard for logbook
reporting, ensuring comparable, representative and
verifiable time-series information.
– Fisheries management agencies
by 2019
1.4 Identify gaps in existing monitoring and data
collection programmes for recreational fishing to
understand the incidental catch of seabirds.
– Fisheries management agencies
by 2021
1.5 In capture fisheries with uncertain seabird catch
levels, conduct independent monitoring to provide
impartial and representative data.
– Fisheries management agencies
- Commercial fisheries members
by 2021
1.6 Investigate potential for additional tools for seabird
identification, such as morphological diagnostic tools or
DNA identification kits.
– Fisheries management agencies
by 2010
1.7 Analyse collected information to determine the
extent of incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries.
– AG Department of Agriculture and
Water Resources
– Environmental management
agencies
12 months
– ABARES
– Environmental management
agencies
– Industry bodies
– Research and Development
institutions
– ABARES
– Australian Fisheries Management
Forum subcommittee
Source: Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (forthcoming)
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
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by 2020
Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Objective 2
Have best practice seabird bycatch mitigation in capture fisheries to:

minimise or, where practicable, eliminate incidental catch of seabirds

contribute towards achieving and maintaining a favourable conservation status for seabirds.
Table E2 Actions to achieve Objective 2, NPOA–Seabirds
Action
Responsible
Time frames
2.1 Identify and review use of existing mitigation
measures in all relevant capture fisheries against best
practice (using ACAP advice where appropriate).
– Fisheries management agencies
by end 2018
2.2 Assess the need for mitigation practices in all capture
fisheries and implement best practice mitigation where
identified.
– Fisheries management agencies
– Environmental management
agencies
by end 2019
ACAP Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels
Objective 3
Promote development of innovative mitigation procedures and technologies that are feasible,
effective and efficient.
Table E3 Actions to achieve Objective 3, NPOA–Seabirds
Action
Responsible
Time frames
3.1 Encourage and support innovation in mitigation,
including through research, development and extension.
– Fisheries management agencies
by end 2019
– AG Department of Agriculture and
Water Resources
- AG Department of the Environment
and Energy
– Commercial fisheries members
3.2 Assess the need for changed mitigation practices in
all capture fisheries and implement best practice
mitigation where identified.
– Fisheries management agencies
by end 2018
3.3 Develop national guidelines for conducting research
on seabird bycatch mitigation.
– AG Department of Agriculture and
Water Resources
by end 2018
- AG Department of the Environment
and Energy
3.4 Develop a toolbox of effective technologies that can
be applied to different fisheries.
– Fisheries management agencies
by end 2018
3.5 Develop management arrangements that
complement best practice mitigation measures.
– Fisheries management agencies
by end 2018
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
Objective 4
Increase awareness and understanding of the incidental catch of seabirds and best practice
mitigation.
Table E4 Actions to achieve Objective 4, NPOA–Seabirds
Action
Responsible
Time frames
4.1 Incorporate within commercial and recreational
education programmes information about the incidental
catch of seabirds and effective mitigation techniques.
– Fisheries management agencies
by end 2018
– Environmental management
agencies
– Commercial fisheries
– Non-government environmental
groups
4.2 Promote how to recognise and report interactions
with seabirds.
– Fisheries management agencies
– Environmental management
agencies
ongoing
– Commercial fisheries
– Non-government environmental
groups
4.3 Develop and promote duty of care and seabird
handling techniques, especially for hooked and
entangled seabirds.
– Fisheries management agencies
ongoing
– Environmental management
agencies
– Commercial fisheries
– non-government environmental
groups
4.4 Provide guidance and raise awareness on best
practices to minimise interactions with fishing gear and
discarded gear.
– Fisheries management agencies
ongoing
4.5 Promote best practice mitigation of seabird
interactions in codes of conduct.
– Fisheries management agencies
ongoing
– Environmental management
agencies
– Commercial fisheries
– non-government environmental
groups
Objective 5
Promote adoption of effective mitigation measures in regional fisheries and conservation bodies.
Table E5 Actions to achieve Objective 5, NPOA–Seabirds
Action
Responsible
Time frames
5.1 Advocate for effective mitigation measures in
regional fisheries and conservation bodies.
– Commonwealth agencies on behalf
of the Australian Government.
ongoing
5.2 Encourage collaborative research between countries.
– Commonwealth agencies on behalf
of the Australian Government.
ongoing
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
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Draft National Plan of Action for Minimising the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Australian Capture Fisheries
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