Crawling a Country: Better Strategies than Breadth

Crawling a Country: Better Strategies
than Breadth-First for Web Page Ordering
Ricardo Baeza-Yates
Carlos Castillo
Center for Web Research
Universidad de Chile
Center for Web Research
Universidad de Chile
[email protected]
[email protected]
Mauricio Marin
Andrea Rodriguez
Center for Web Research
Universidad de Magallanes
Center for Web Research
Universidad de Concepción
[email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
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Categories and Subject Descriptors
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General Terms
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1.
INTRODUCTION
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, May 10–14, 2005, Chiba, Japan.
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7. REFERENCES
CONCLUSIONS
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