M1 Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM ALGEBRA II Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem Student Outcomes ο§ Students know and apply the remainder theorem and understand the role zeros play in the theorem. Lesson Notes In this lesson, students are primarily working on exercises that lead them to the concept of the remainder theorem, the connection between factors and zeros of a polynomial, and how this relates to the graph of a polynomial function. Students should understand that for a polynomial function π and a number π, the remainder on division by π₯ β π is the value π(π) and extend this to the idea that π(π) = 0 if and only if (π₯ β π) is a factor of the polynomial (A-APR.B.2). There should be plenty of discussion after each exercise. Classwork Exercises 1β3 (5 minutes) Assign different groups of students one of the three problems from this exercise. Have them complete their assigned problem, and then have a student from each group put their solution on the board. Having the solutions readily available allows students to start looking for a pattern without making the lesson too tedious. π(π₯) = π₯ 2 β 7π₯ β 11 Consider the polynomial function π(π) = πππ + ππ β π. a. Divide π by π β π. b. π(π) πππ + ππ β π = πβπ πβπ = (ππ + ππ) + 2. Find π(π). π(π) = ππ ππ πβπ Divide π by π + π. π b. π π(π) π β ππ + ππ + π = π+π π+π = (ππ β ππ + ππ) β Lesson 19: a. Divide by π₯ + 1. 3 (π₯ β 8) β π₯+1 b. Find π(β1). π(β1) = β3 β(π₯) = 2π₯ 2 + 9 Consider the polynomial function π(π) = ππ β πππ + ππ + π. a. If students are struggling, replace the polynomials in Exercises 2 and 3 with easier polynomial functions. Examples: Exercises 1β3 1. Scaffolding: Find π(βπ). a. Divide by π₯ β 3. b. Find β(3). 27 (2π₯ + 6) + 2 β(3) = 27 2π₯ + 9 π(βπ) = βπ π π+π The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 206 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M1 ALGEBRA II Consider the polynomial function π(π) = ππ + ππ β π. 3. a. Divide π by π β π. b. π(π) ππ + ππ β π = πβπ πβπ Find π(π). π(π) = ππ = (ππ + ππ + ππ) + ππ πβπ Discussion (7 minutes) ο§ What is π(2)? What is π(β1)? What is β(3)? οΊ ο§ Looking at the results of the quotient, what pattern do we see? οΊ MP.8 ο§ The remainder is the value of the function. Stating this in more general terms, what do we suspect about the connection between the remainder from dividing a polynomial π by π₯ β π and the value of π(π)? οΊ ο§ π(2) = 24; π(β1) = β2; β(3) = 30 The remainder found after dividing π by π₯ β π will be the same value as π(π). Why would this be? Think about the quotient 13 3 . We could write this as 13 = 4 β 3 + 1, where 4 is the quotient and 1 is the remainder. ο§ Apply this same principle to Exercise 1. Write the following on the board, and talk through it: π(π₯) 3π₯ 2 + 8π₯ β 4 24 = = (3π₯ + 14) + π₯β2 π₯β2 π₯β2 ο§ How can we rewrite π using the equation above? οΊ ο§ Multiply both sides of the equation by π₯ β 2 to get π(π₯) = (3π₯ + 14)(π₯ β 2) + 24. In general we can say that if you divide polynomial π by π₯ β π, then the remainder must be a number; in fact, there is a (possibly non-zero degree) polynomial function π such that the equation, π(π₯) = π(π) β (π₯ β π) + π β β quotient remainder is true for all π₯. ο§ What is π(π)? οΊ π(π) = π(π)(π β π) + π = π(π) β 0 + π = 0 + π = π We have just proven the remainder theorem, which is formally stated in the box below. REMAINDER THEOREM: Let π be a polynomial function in π₯, and let π be any real number. Then there exists a unique polynomial function π such that the equation π(π₯) = π(π₯)(π₯ β π) + π(π) is true for all π₯. That is, when a polynomial is divided by (π₯ β π), the remainder is the value of the polynomial evaluated at π. ο§ Restate the remainder theorem in your own words to your partner. Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 207 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M1 ALGEBRA II While students are doing this, circulate and informally assess student understanding before asking students to share their responses as a class. Exercise 4 (5 minutes) Students may need more guidance through this exercise, but allow them to struggle with it first. After a few students have found π, share various methods used. Exercise 4β6 a. Find the value of π so that π + π is a factor of π·. In order for π + π to be a factor of π·, the remainder must be zero. Hence, since π + π = π β (βπ), we must have π·(βπ) = π so that π = βπ + π β π + π. Then π = βπ. b. Challenge early finishers with this problem: Given that π₯ + 1 and π₯ β 1 are factors of π(π₯) = π₯ 4 + 2π₯ 3 β 49π₯ 2 β 2π₯ + 48, write π in factored form. Consider the polynomial π·(π) = ππ + πππ + π + π. 4. Scaffolding: Answer: (π₯ + 1)(π₯ β 1)(π₯ + 8)(π₯ β 6) Find the other two factors of π· for the value of π found in part (a). π·(π) = (π + π)(ππ β ππ + π) = (π + π)(π β π)(π β π) Discussion (7 minutes) ο§ Remember that for any polynomial function π and real number π, the remainder theorem says that there exists a polynomial π so that π(π₯) = π(π₯)(π₯ β π) + π(π). ο§ What does it mean if π is a zero of a polynomial π? οΊ ο§ So what does the remainder theorem say if π is a zero of π? οΊ ο§ If π is a zero of π, then (π₯ β π) is a factor of π. How does the graph of a polynomial function π¦ = π(π₯) correspond to the equation of the polynomial π? οΊ ο§ There is a polynomial π so that π(π₯) = π(π₯)(π₯ β π) + 0. How does (π₯ β π) relate to π if π is a zero of π? οΊ ο§ π(π) = 0 The zeros are the π₯-intercepts of the graph of π. If we know a zero of π, then we know a factor of π. If we know all of the zeros of a polynomial function, and their multiplicities, do we know the equation of the function? οΊ Not necessarily. It is possible that the equation of the function contains some factors that cannot factor into linear terms. We have just proven the factor theorem, which is a direct consequence of the remainder theorem. FACTOR THEOREM: Let π be a polynomial function in π₯, and let π be any real number. If π is a zero of π then (π₯ β π) is a factor of π. ο§ Give an example of a polynomial function with zeros of multiplicity 2 at 1 and 3. οΊ π(π₯) = (π₯ β 1)2 (π₯ β 3)2 Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 208 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M1 ALGEBRA II ο§ Give another example of a polynomial function with zeros of multiplicity 2 at 1 and 3. π(π₯) = (π₯ β 1)2 (π₯ β 3)2 (π₯ 2 + 1) or π (π₯) = 4(π₯ β 1)2 (π₯ β 3)2 οΊ ο§ If we know the zeros of a polynomial, does the factor theorem tell us the exact formula for the polynomial? οΊ No. But, if we know the degree of the polynomial and the leading coefficient, we can often deduce the equation of the polynomial. Scaffolding: Exercise 5 (8 minutes) As students work through this exercise, circulate the room to make sure students have made the connection between zeros, factors, and π₯-intercepts. Question students to see if they can verbalize the ideas discussed in the prior exercise. Consider the polynomial π·(π) = ππ + πππ β ππππ β πππ + πππ. 5. a. Is π a zero of the polynomial π·? No b. Encourage students who are struggling to work on part (a) using two methods: ο§ by finding π(1), and ο§ by dividing π by π₯ β 1. This helps to reinforce the ideas discussed in Exercises 1 and 2. Is π + π one of the factors of π·? Yes; π·(βπ) = ππ β ππ β πππ + πππ + πππ = π. c. The graph of π· is shown to the right. What are the zeros of π·? Approximately βπ, βπ, π, and π. d. Write the equation of π· in factored form. π·(π) = (π + π)(π + π)(π β π)(π β π) ο§ Is 1 a zero of the polynomial π? How do you know? οΊ ο§ What are two ways to determine the value of π(1)? οΊ ο§ No. π(1) β 0. Substitute 1 for π₯ into the function or divide π by π₯ β 1. The remainder will be π(1). Is π₯ + 3 a factor of π? How do you know? οΊ Yes. Because π(β3) = 0, then when π is divided by π₯ + 3, the remainder is 0, which means that π₯ + 3 is a factor of the polynomial π. ο§ How do you find the zeros of π from the graph? ο§ How do you find the factors? οΊ οΊ ο§ The zeros are the π₯-intercepts of the graph. By using the zeros: if π₯ = π is a zero, then π₯ β π is a factor of π. Expand the expression in part (d) to see that it is indeed the original polynomial function. Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 209 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M1 ALGEBRA II Exercise 6 (6 minutes) Allow students a few minutes to work on the problem and then share results. Consider the graph of a degree π polynomial shown to the right, with π-intercepts βπ, βπ, π, π, and π. 6. a. Write a formula for a possible polynomial function that the graph represents using π as the constant factor. π·(π) = π(π + π)(π + π)(π β π)(π β π)(π β π) b. Suppose the π-intercept is βπ. Find the value of π so that the graph of π· has π-intercept βπ. π·(π) = ο§ What information from the graph was needed to write the equation? οΊ ο§ The π₯-intercepts were needed to write the factors. Why would there be more than one polynomial function possible? οΊ ο§ π (π + π)(π + π)(π β π)(π β π)(π β π) ππ Because the factors could be multiplied by any constant and still produce a graph with the same π₯-intercepts. Why canβt we find the constant factor π by just knowing the zeros of the polynomial? οΊ The zeros only determine where the graph crosses the π₯-axis, not how the graph is stretched vertically. The constant factor can be used to vertically scale the graph of the polynomial function that we found to fit the depicted graph. Closing (2 minutes) Have students summarize the results of the remainder theorem and the factor theorem. ο§ What is the connection between the remainder when a polynomial π is divided by π₯ β π and the value of π(π)? οΊ ο§ If π₯ β π is factor, then _________. οΊ ο§ They are the same. The number π is a zero of π. If π(π) = 0, then ____________. οΊ (π₯ β π) is a factor of π. Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 210 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Lesson 19 M1 ALGEBRA II Lesson Summary REMAINDER THEOREM: Let π· be a polynomial function in π, and let π be any real number. Then there exists a unique polynomial function π such that the equation π·(π) = π(π)(π β π) + π·(π) is true for all π. That is, when a polynomial is divided by (π β π), the remainder is the value of the polynomial evaluated at π. FACTOR THEOREM: Let π· be a polynomial function in π, and let π be any real number. If π is a zero of π·, then (π β π) is a factor of π·. Example: If π·(π) = ππ β π and π = π, then π·(π) = (π + π)(π β π) + ππ where π(π) = π + π and π·(π) = ππ. Example: If π·(π) = ππ β πππ + ππ + π, then π·(π) = ππ β ππ + π + π = π, so (π β π) is a factor of π·. Exit Ticket (5 minutes) Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 211 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M1 ALGEBRA II Name Date Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem Exit Ticket Consider the polynomial π(π₯) = π₯ 3 + π₯ 2 β 10π₯ β 10. 1. Is π₯ + 1 one of the factors of π? Explain. 2. The graph shown has π₯-intercepts at β10, β1, and ββ10. Could this be the graph of π(π₯) = π₯ 3 + π₯ 2 β 10π₯ β 10? Explain how you know. Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 212 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M1 ALGEBRA II Exit Ticket Sample Solutions Consider polynomial π·(π) = ππ + ππ β πππ β ππ. 1. Is π + π one of the factors of π·? Explain. π·(βπ) = (βπ)π + (βπ)π β ππ(βπ) β ππ = βπ + π + ππ β ππ = π Yes, π + π is a factor of π· because π·(βπ) = π. Or, using factoring by grouping, we have π·(π) = ππ (π + π) β ππ(π + π) = (π + π)(ππ β ππ). 2. The graph shown has π-intercepts at βππ, βπ, and ββππ. Could this be the graph of π·(π) = ππ + ππ β πππ β ππ? Explain how you know. Yes, this could be the graph of π·. Since this graph has π-intercepts at βππ, βπ, and ββππ, the factor theorem says that (π β βππ), (π β π), and (π + βππ ) are all factors of the equation that goes with this graph. Since (π β βππ)(π + βππ)(π β π) = ππ + ππ β πππ β ππ, the graph shown is quite likely to be the graph of π·. Problem Set Sample Solutions 1. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder for each of the following divisions. a. (ππ +ππ+π) b. (π+π) βπ c. ππ βπππ βππ+π (πβπ) βππ ππππ +ππππ βππππ +ππ+π (π+π) d. ππππ +ππππ βππππ +ππ+π (ππβπ) Hint for part (d): Can you rewrite the division expression so that the divisor is in the form (π β π) for some constant π? βπ π 2. Consider the polynomial π·(π) = ππ + πππ β ππ β π. Find π·(π) in two ways. π·(π) = ππ + π(π)π β π(π) β π = πππ 3. ππ +πππ βππβπ πβπ has a remainder of πππ, so π·(π) = πππ. Consider the polynomial function π·(π) = πππ + πππ + ππ. a. Divide π· by π + π, and rewrite π· in the form (divisor)(quotient)+remainder. π·(π) = (π + π)(πππ β πππ + πππ β ππ) + ππ Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 213 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Lesson 19 M1 ALGEBRA II b. Find π·(βπ). π·(βπ) = (βπ + π)(π(βπ)) + ππ = ππ 4. Consider the polynomial function π·(π) = ππ + ππ. a. Divide π· by π β π, and rewrite π· in the form (divisor)(quotient) + remainder. π·(π) = (π β π)(ππ + ππ + ππ) + πππ b. Find π·(π). π·(π) = (π β π)(π(π)) + πππ = πππ 5. Explain why for a polynomial function π·, π·(π) is equal to the remainder of the quotient of π· and π β π. The polynomial π· can be rewritten in the form π·(π) = (π β π)(π(π)) + π, where π(π) is the quotient function and π is the remainder. Then π·(π) = (π β π)(π(π)) + π. Therefore, π·(π) = π. 6. Is π β π a factor of the function π(π) = ππ + ππ β πππ β ππ? Show work supporting your answer. Yes, because π(π) = π means that dividing by π β π leaves a remainder of π. 7. Is π + π a factor of the function π(π) = πππ β πππ + πππ β π + ππ? Show work supporting your answer. No, because π(βπ) = βπ means that dividing by π + π has a remainder of βπ. 8. A polynomial function π has zeros of π, π, βπ, βπ, βπ, and π. Find a possible formula for π·, and state its degree. Why is the degree of the polynomial not π? One solution is π·(π) = (π β π)π (π + π)π (π β π). The degree of π· is π. This is not a degree π polynomial function because the factor (π β π) appears twice, and the factor (π + π) appears π times, while the factor (π β π) appears once. 9. Consider the polynomial function π·(π) = ππ β πππ β πππ + πππ. a. Verify that π·(π) = π. Since π·(π) = π, what must one of the factors of π· be? π·(π) = ππ β π(ππ ) β ππ(π) + πππ = π; π β π b. Find the remaining two factors of π·. π·(π) = (π β π)(π β π)(π + π) c. State the zeros of π·. π = π, π, βπ d. Sketch the graph of π·. Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 214 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M1 ALGEBRA II 10. Consider the polynomial function π·(π) = πππ + πππ β ππ β π. a. Verify that π·(βπ) = π. Since π·(βπ) = π, what must one of the factors of π· be? π·(βπ) = π(βπ)π + π(βπ)π β π(βπ) β π = π; π + π b. Find the remaining two factors of π·. π·(π) = (π + π)(π β π)(ππ + π) c. State the zeros of π·. π = βπ, π, β d. π π Sketch the graph of π·. 11. The graph to the right is of a third-degree polynomial function π. a. State the zeros of π. π = βππ, β π, π b. Write a formula for π in factored form using π for the constant factor. π(π) = π(π + ππ)(π + π)(π β π) c. Use the fact that π(βπ) = βππ to find the constant factor π. βππ = π(βπ + ππ)(βπ + π)(βπ β π) π π=β π π π(π) = β (π + ππ)(π + π)(π β π) π d. Verify your equation by using the fact that π(π) = ππ. π π π(π) = β (π + ππ)(π + π)(π β π) = β (ππ)(π)(βπ) = ππ π π Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 215 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Lesson 19 NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM M1 ALGEBRA II 12. Find the value of π so that ππ βπππ +π πβπ has remainder π. π = βπ 13. Find the value π so that πππ +πβπ π+π has remainder ππ. π = βπ 14. Show that πππ β πππ + ππ is divisible by π β π. Let π·(π) = πππ β πππ + ππ. Then π·(π) = πππ β ππ(π) + ππ = π β ππ + ππ = π. Since π·(π) = π, the remainder of the quotient (πππ β πππ + ππ) ÷ (π β π) is π. Therefore, πππ β πππ + ππ is divisible by π β π. 15. Show that π + π is a factor of πππππ + πππ β π. Let π·(π) = πππππ + πππ β π. Then π·(βπ) = ππ(βπ)ππ + ππ(βπ) β π = ππ β ππ β π = π. Since π·(βπ) = π, π + π must be a factor of π·. Note to Teacher: The following problems have multiple correct solutions. The answers provided here are polynomials with leading coefficient 1 and the lowest degree that meet the specified criteria. As an example, the answer to Exercise 16 is given as π(π₯) = (π₯ + 2)(π₯ β 1), but the following are also correct responses: π(π₯) = 14(π₯ + 2)(π₯ β 1), π(π₯) = (π₯ + 2)4 (π₯ β 1)8 , and π (π₯) = (π₯ 2 + 1)(π₯ + 2)(π₯ β 1). Write a polynomial function that meets the stated conditions. 16. The zeros are βπ and π. π(π) = (π + π)(π β π) or, equivalently, π(π) = ππ + π β π 17. The zeros are βπ, π, and π. π(π) = (π + π)(π β π)(π β π) or, equivalently, π(π) = ππ β πππ + ππ + ππ π π 18. The zeros are β and π π π π . π π π π π(π) = (π + ) (π β ) or, equivalently, π(π) = ππ β β π π π π 19. The zeros are β and π, and the constant term of the polynomial is βππ. π(π) = (π β π)(ππ + π) or, equivalently, π(π) = πππ β πππ β ππ π π 20. The zeros are π and β , the polynomial has degree π, and there are no other zeros. π(π) = (π β π)π (ππ + π) or, equivalently, π(π) = (π β π)(ππ + π)π Lesson 19: The Remainder Theorem This work is derived from Eureka Math β’ and licensed by Great Minds. ©2015 Great Minds. eureka-math.org This file derived from ALG II-M1-TE-1.3.0-07.2015 216 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
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