Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Management Plan 2010-2015 – Strategy
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley
Management Plan 2010-2015
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley
Management Plan 2010-2015
Strategy
Strategy
Designed by Suffolk Design and Print
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Contents
1. Strategy
1.1
Foreword
1.2
Statement of Commitment
1.3
Introduction
1.4
Structure of the plan
1.5
Area covered by this management plan
1.6
Statement of Significance
1.7
Vision Statement
1.8
Spatial Dimension
1.9
Relationship with other plans and strategies
1.10 Processes
1.11 Themes
1.12 Theme 1: Landscape, Biodiversity and Farming
1.13 Theme 2: Settlements and People
1.14 Theme 3: Enjoying the Area
1.15 Theme 4: The River and its Tributaries
1.16 Theme 5: Traffic and Transport
1.17 Monitoring
2. Delivery Plan
2.1
Theme 1: Landscape, Biodiversity and Farming
2.2
Theme 2: Settlements and People
2.3
Theme 3: Enjoying the Area
2.4
Theme 4: The River and its Tributaries
2.5
Theme 5: Traffic and Transport
3. Appendices
Appendix A Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Joint Advisory Committee
Appendix B Index of Relevant Plans and Strategies
Appendix C The Partnership Structure
Appendix D Location map of the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley
Appendix E Dedham Vale AONB designation map
Appendix F Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley facts
Appendix G Glossary
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1. Strategy
1.1 Foreword
The natural
beauty of the
The Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley is one of the finest landscapes in
area is vulnerable England. It is characterised by riverside meadows, rolling farmlands and
picturesque villages often dominated by church towers. The area is cherished by
to the many
residents and is a draw to visitors who come to enjoy its beauty and tranquillity
pressures on the and to explore the countryside with its historical and artistic connections. The
area has been an inspiration for many artists and writers but is particularly
landscape
associated with England’s greatest landscape artist, John Constable, who, two
centuries ago, painted many of the views that are still recognisable today.
The natural beauty of the area is vulnerable to the many pressures on the landscape
from our lifestyles in the early twenty-first century. Demands for development,
improvements to communication, transport and the utilities infrastructure, together
with changing practices in land management and the problems associated with climate
change, have all contributed to these pressures.
Cllr Nigel Chapman
Over the past twenty-five years, the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Joint Advisory
and partnership Committees have sought to work to reduce the adverse effects on the
area. In 2004 the first management plan for the area was produced, under the
requirements of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. The plan set out
guidelines to co-ordinate the management of the area to protect and enhance its
natural beauty. This management plan, which runs from 2010 to 2015, builds upon the
success of the previous plan and includes a delivery plan of co-ordinated activity to
maintain and enhance the qualities of the area.
The production of this management plan meets the statutory duty placed on the local
authorities under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 to produce such a plan
for local authorities that have part of their administrative area designated as an AONB.
This duty has been devolved to the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Joint Advisory
Committee which has taken the decision to extend the remit of the plan beyond the
AONB boundary upstream to include parts of the Stour Valley. The plan will be
implemented by The Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Partnership.
Robert Erith
On behalf of the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Joint Advisory Committee and
partnership we welcome the production of this plan and look forward to seeing the
actions from the delivery plan implemented. We will continue to work together to
maintain and enhance this very special area and landscape.
Cllr Nigel Chapman
Robert Erith
Chairman of the Dedham Vale
AONB and Stour Valley
Joint Advisory Committee
Chairman of the Dedham Vale
AONB and Stour Valley Partnership
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
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1.2 Statement of commitment
The following organisations are signatories to the statement:
We endorse the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Management Plan 2010-15 and
will use it as a guiding framework for maintaining and enhancing the special qualities
of the AONB and Stour Valley. We will work in partnership with other organisations to
delivery the vision for the area through the delivery plan.
As required by Section 85 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 this plan
formulates policy for AONB local authorities relating to the management of the
Dedham Vale AONB.
Ryan Jones BSc CEng MICE
Bill Nickson
Head of Contract and Asset Management
Babergh District Council
Team Leader, West Suffolk and Breckland
Natural England
Nigel Harley
Jeremy Cohen
Cabinet Member for Enterprise & Culture
Braintree District Council
Campaign to Protect Rural England
CPRE Essex & Suffolk Preservation Society
Cllr Anne Turrell
Ade Clarke
Council Leader and Strategy Portfolio Holder
Colchester Borough Council
Property Manager, Essex
National Trust
Cllr Tracey Chapman
Pam Forbes
Chief Whip and Cabinet Member for
Environment and Waste
Essex County Council
Regional Director
National Farmers’ Union
Nicola Currie
Cllr Peter Stevens
St Edmundsbury Borough Council
Regional Director
Country Land and Business Association
Cllr Judy Terry
Andrew Hoppit
Portfolio Holder for Greenest County
Suffolk County Council
Grants & Regulations Manager
Forestry Commission
Cllr Michael Dew
Richard Powell
Tendring District Council
Regional Director
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.3 Introduction
AONBs
constitute some
of the finest
countryside in
England and
Wales and make
an important
contribution
to society
This plan seeks to coordinate the
management of the AONB and Stour
Valley and to bring together individuals and representatives of all those
organisations that have an interest in the area, to maintain and enhance its
natural beauty.
The Dedham Vale AONB is part of a suite of protected landscapes in England and Wales.
The Dower Report (1945) and the Hobhouse Report (1947) recommended that England
and Wales’s finest landscapes should be protected for the nation’s benefit. Landscapes
were designated either as an AONB or as a National Park on the basis of their size, scale
and aims. The 40 AONBs are primarily designated to conserve and enhance their natural
beauty, with the secondary purposes of meeting the need for quiet enjoyment and
having regard to those that live and work there. AONBs and National Parks have equal
status in planning terms. There are currently 40 AONBs in England and Wales with a
further 9 in Northern Ireland.
The Dedham Vale was designated by the then Countryside Commission in 1970 as an AONB.
Support for the original designation grew from the resistance to mounting pressure for new
housing development in the 1960s and a desire to protect the landscapes captured by
artists such as John Constable. Since the designation in 1970, there have been two
extensions of its boundary and the designated area now extends to 90 square kilometres.
AONBs constitute some of the finest countryside in England and Wales and make an
important contribution to society in terms of maintaining areas of natural beauty for
people to enjoy and for wildlife to thrive; they also provide a resource for learning about
human interaction with the environment and the landscape. In 1998 the National
Association of AONBs was formed to act on behalf of all AONBs.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.4 Structure of the plan
The management plan is split into
three sections:
1. Strategy:
• Introduction
• statement of significance
• vision for the area
• themes of the plan and objectives and
policies to achieve the vision.
2. Delivery Plan:
Groups of actions from each theme.
3. Appendices:
Background information and other more detailed
information on the area.
The management plan seeks to deliver
the vision (section 1.7).
Each of the five themes:
• Landscape, Farming and Biodiversity
• Settlements and People
• Enjoying the Area
• The River and its Tributaries
• Traffic and Transport
(section 1.12)
(section 1.13)
(section 1.14)
(section 1.15)
(section 1.16)
has background information and evidence on the current situation and
investigates pressures affecting the theme now and in the future. A series of
objectives and management policies follow outlining how the partnership will
meet the area’s vision.
The delivery plan outlines specific actions undertaken by the partnership to achieve
the objectives and the vision.
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.5 Area covered by this
management plan
This plan covers the Stour Valley that is shown on the map below.
ST EDMUNDSBURY
BOROUGH COUNCIL
BRAINTREE
DISTRICT
COUNCIL
ESSEX
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
While recognising that the populations of the
surrounding urban areas of Colchester; Ipswich;
Sudbury; Cornard and Haverhill have an
interrelationship with the Stour Valley they are
not included in the area covered by this
management plan.
The Dedham Vale AONB has a higher designated status than the rest of the
Stour Valley. The as was Countryside Commission AONB designation map is
shown in appendix E.
The Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley sit in a series of protected landscapes,
its location and that of other protected landscapes in the East of England is
shown in the map in appendix D.
SUFFOLK
COLCHESTER
BOROUGH
COUNCIL
BABERGH
DISTRICT
COUNCIL
TENDRING
DISTRICT
COUNCIL
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.6 Statement of
Significance
The following statement draws on comments made during the consultation
undertaken for the Management Strategy 2004-09 and during the review process
for the management plan 2010-15. It seeks to outline what is special about the
AONB and Stour Valley. The plan covers an area beyond the nationally protected
AONB to include the Stour Valley and therefore the statement is split into two
sections, one to reflect the AONB and the other the Stour Valley.
1.6.1 Dedham Vale AONB
The Dedham Vale AONB covers the lower part of the Stour Valley on the Essex/Suffolk
border. At its heart is an area known as ‘Constable Country’ centred on the villages of
East Bergholt, Flatford and Dedham which Constable painted two centuries ago. His
scenes of a working landscape strongly influenced the designation of the area that has
come to represent the epitome of lowland English countryside.
The AONB stands apart from other lowland river valleys because of its association with
Constable and the assemblage of features he painted that can still be seen today. These
features include a meandering river and its tributaries; gentle valley slopes with
scattered woodlands; grazing and water meadows; sunken rural lanes; historic villages
with imposing church towers and historic timber framed buildings; small fields
enclosed by ancient hedgerows and a wealth of evidence of human settlement over
millennia. Despite intrusions of human activity in the twentieth and twenty first
centuries, the area retains a sense of tranquillity in terms of minimal noise, light and
development intrusion.
The Dedham Vale AONB remains a predominately farmed landscape. There is little
evidence of urban sprawl or industrial buildings but pressures on this intimate and
subtle landscape are nevertheless increasing.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
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1.6.2 Stour Valley (upstream of the AONB)
The River Stour has been an important administrative boundary for hundreds of years
and the river and its associated wet meadows have been a barrier to movement. From
the eighteenth century, the river brought wealth to the area as it provided an important
trading route between Sudbury and the sea, with links to other trading ports.
The area remains predominately rural and has its medieval settlement pattern. Changes
to agricultural practices and the growth of villages have altered the landscape but not
fundamentally changed it. Many of the villages retain their historic centres with timberframed buildings, imposing churches and village greens. In addition to the villages,
historic hamlets and isolated farm buildings are scattered throughout the landscape.
Woodlands are situated within the tributary valleys and on the valley sides but much of
the valley floor has been given over to arable crops, with the exception of areas such
as the Sudbury Common Lands. Generally, fields have been enlarged but some evidence
of former boundaries can still be seen in the form of tree lines, drainage ditches and
banks. Tributary valleys are generally steeper than the main valley; often, they are less
intensively farmed because of their topography and geology and so retain more of
their landscape features.
Changes to
agricultural
practices and the
growth of villages
have altered the
landscape but not
fundamentally
changed it.
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.7 Vision Statement:
The Dedham Vale AONB
and Stour Valley in 2025
It is the aim of this plan that by 2025 the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley is
recognised as a distinctive working landscape, (one that maintains a viable
agricultural production as its core function), and retains its special character. This
character should be understood and appreciated by those that choose to live in,
work and visit the area.
The management plan has five themes:
•
•
•
•
•
Landscape, biodiversity and farming
Settlements and people
Enjoying the area
The river and its tributaries
Traffic and transport
Each theme has its own vision statement and these have been amalgamated to produce
this overall vision statement for the area.
The AONB stands out from other lowland river valleys because of its associations with
Constable and the favourable condition of its features that he painted that can still be
seen today. The rural landscape is primarily shaped by agriculture with its assemblage of
features such as hedgerows, small woodlands and grazing meadows managed in a
manner that meets landscape, conservation and food production needs.
There is a rich diversity of wildlife throughout the area, sometimes in protected areas
such as Sites of Special Scientific Interest or Local Wildlife Sites but also throughout the
AONB and Stour Valley.
The contribution of geology, landforms, soils and water to the landscapes and habitats
of the AONB is appreciated and understood, and features are conserved.
Historic villages and isolated dwellings are populated by communities that appreciate
and understand the significance of the area and have the opportunity to further
understand the historic landscape and its features.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Visitors to the area have the opportunity to enjoy it and engage in a variety of
opportunities to learn more about its special qualities. Local businesses help enhance the
visitor experience by providing facilities for enjoyment the area whilst not detracting
from its special qualities. These businesses can provide valuable local employment with
additional benefits of reducing commuting distances and helping environmental
sustainability.
The river and its tributaries support a wide range of wildlife and provide a resource for local
agriculture, water supply and a recreational resource for low impact activities. The river
defines the valley and the importance of the river and its navigation is well understood.
Opportunities to travel to and through the area in a sustainable manner are reliable,
known about and used by the local population and visitors. Public rights of way, public
transport and newly developed sustainable transport opportunities are easily accessible
and used for both recreational and commuter use and as a means of travelling to and
from the area.
Forces for change within the area, and particularly the AONB, including development
proposals, agricultural change and infrastructure and communication projects are
sensitively managed to ensure the special qualities of the area are not compromised.
Opportunities to mitigate the effects of climate change and opportunities to reduce
potential contributions to negative climate change processes are considered during
decision making processes on how the AONB and Stour Valley is managed.
Much of the AONB is included in the Haven Gateway Growth Point, a central
government designated area for growth, which presents opportunities through the
Green Infrastructure Strategy and threats of increased development pressure. There are
complex issues surrounding increasing pressures on the existing infrastructure in the
AONB and Stour Valley. In addition St Edmundsbury has been awarded Growth Area
Status with funding for services needed to accompany new housing such as transport
links and the provision of green spaces between 2009 and 2011.
The effects of the general economic downturn in the late part of the first decade of
the twenty first century will have an impact on the area in terms of visitor numbers
and their interaction with the environment, the viability of local businesses and
development proposals.
Wildlife, habitats and sites of importance for biodiversity and geodiversity, whether in
protected sites or in the wider countryside, are maintained in a positive condition and
the area is a well-functioning ecosystem.
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There are
complex issues
surrounding
increasing
pressures on
the existing
infrastructure
in the AONB and
Stour Valley
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.8 Spatial Dimension
The AONB and Stour Valley is a distinct area that has been subjected to its own
Landscape Character Assessments, a developing discipline that seeks to describe
the area in terms of its topography, landscape and human influence.
A Landscape Character Assessment of the Stour Valley has identified three basic
categories: valley floor, valley sides and upland landscapes. These basic categories are
sub-divided as summarised below. Details of this assessment can be seen at
www.suffolklandscape.org. In addition to this assessment the councils that have at
least part of their administrative area as AONB or Stour Valley have their own landscape
character assessments.
Landscape Character Assessment of the Stour Valley
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
A Valley Floor Landscapes:
Good examples of meadows providing excellent wildlife habitat and confined views
often supported by agri-environment schemes. Objectives and policies relate to
promoting the government-funded schemes and ensuring continuing positive
management for wildlife, river and tributary management and landscape considerations.
B Valley Side Landscapes:
Subdivided into two:
i Rolling Valley Farmlands
A varied landscape with a concentration of picturesque village settlements. Steep valley
sides with sunken lanes.
Objectives and policies relate to maintaining the village form and feel and management
of historic landscape features.
ii Rolling Estate Farmlands
Gently sloping valley sides with parcels of semi-natural ancient woodland combine with
organic field patterns.
Objectives and policies relate to landscape and historic feature management to maintain
the natural beauty and historic resource.
C Upland landscapes
Subdivided into three:
i Plateau Farmlands
Dispersed settlement pattern and a network of lanes with a sense of isolation, that is
sometimes compromised by A-Roads.
Objectives and policies relate to mitigating the effects of infrastructure and enhancing
existing character features.
ii Undulating Ancient Farmlands
Long open views of an undulating landscape with woodland and trees as dominant
features. Dispersed farmsteads, medieval timber-framed buildings and some larger villages.
Objectives and policies relate to maintaining the character of the settlements and
farmed landscape.
iii Undulating Estate Farmlands
Clustered settlements and some parklands with modern larger farms with fewer hedgerows.
Objectives and policies relate to maintaining the rural feel and mitigating pressures of
modern infrastructure.
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.9 Relationship with
other plans and strategies
This plan sits within a complex framework of plans, strategies and policies that
impact upon the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Project area. Many of these
plans, listed in Appendix B, have been produced by public bodies that have a
statutory duty to ‘have due regard to the purpose of conserving and enhancing
the natural beauty of the AONB’ under Section 85 of the Countryside and Rights
of Way Act 2000.
1.9.1 National context
The Government’s Planning Policy Statements and (and Planning Policy Guidelines that are
being updated to produce new Planning Policy Statements) have been prepared to explain
statutory provisions and provide guidance to local authorities and others on planning
policy. Local authorities must take into account their contents when preparing development
plan documents. A list of the most relevant statements is given in Appendix B.
Policy has been guided by various pieces of legislation including the Natural
Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act
2000 and the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
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1.9.2 Regional context
The Government Office for the East of England is responsible for overseeing the preparation
of the Regional Spatial Strategy and Local Development Frameworks. The Revision to the
Regional Spatial Strategy, The East of England Plan published May 2008, includes in its
objectives to ensure the protection and enhancement of the regions assets including the
built and historic environment, landscape, water and woodlands. This management plan will
support the regional spatial strategy by delivering actions to meet this objective.
The Government Office’s key role is to promote the new system of Local Development
Frameworks, which are replacing local plans, and to oversee their preparation. This is to
ensure that Local Development Frameworks broadly conform to national planning
policies and the Regional Spatial Strategy.
Local Development Frameworks set out the local planning authority’s policies and
proposals for the development and use of land in their area over a period of at least 10
years. Local Development Frameworks must take into account the national and regional
policies issued by the Secretary of State responsible for planning. The Regional Spatial
Strategy is part of the Development Plan.
The Development Plans’ Team in the Government Office for the East of England appraises
draft plans on behalf of the Secretary of State, provides advice to local planning
authorities and other stakeholders, and promotes the new reformed planning system.
The Government review of sub national and economic development seeks to improve the
regions performance in terms of economic and environmental sustainability. This plan will
promote projects and decision making to enhance schemes that meet these aims.
The Haven Gateway, an area incorporating the Haven ports and including parts of the
Dedham Vale AONB in its hinterland, was given growth point status in 2006. A
partnership was formed to deliver a vision of economic opportunity and financial
prosperity with a strong focus on sustainable growth. The Joint Advisory Committee
seeks to work with the Haven Gateway Partnership to deliver long-term sustainable
development and create a green infrastructure.
1.9.3 Local context
The plans, strategies and policies of most significance to this management plan are to be
found in the local authorities’ Local Development Frameworks which will take the place
of Local Plans.
Local Strategic Partnerships have been set up to produce Community Strategies to guide
the work of the public sector bodies. These strategies take into account the nature and
significance of the AONB and Stour Valley.
In 2009 the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Partnership agreed to seek an
extension to the AONB and to evaluate and provide a substantive case and detail in
support of the proposed extension. The proposals will relate to the north and west of its
current boundary along the Stour Valley. An extension of the AONB boundary would
provide further protection for the area to the west and north of Bures.
‘We want
to promote
sustainability
and protect the
county’s physical
environment’
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Local Strategic
Partnerships
have been set
up to produce
Community
Strategies to
guide the work
of the public
sector bodies.
These strategies
take into account
the nature and
significance of
the AONB and
Stour Valley.
In Suffolk one of four agreed fundamental themes of Suffolk’s Community Strategy,
Transforming Suffolk is 2008-2028, is ‘The Greenest County’ that notes that Suffolk
wants to be an exemplar in enhancing the natural and historic environment which
this plan will help achieve.
In Essex the Community Strategy called Essex Strategy notes ‘We want to promote
sustainability and protect the county’s physical environment’ which this plan will help
achieve. See The Essex Strategy: Liberating Potential Fulfilling Lives.
This plan will help fulfil the Rights of Way Improvement Plans for Essex and Suffolk.
In Suffolk this strategy is known as In Step With Suffolk and notes the benefits of
quiet informal recreation, providing safe routes and access opportunities that this
plan will help deliver.
In Essex the Rights of Way Improvement Plan has objectives that include improved
accessibility, tourism and economic benefits which this plan will help deliver.
The East of England Tourism study, undertaken in 2008, found that when direct, supplier
and income deduced expenditure are added together, business turnover in the Dedham
Vale AONB economy, ie total tourism value, is £39,767,418. Furthermore it is estimated
that 599 full time equivalent jobs in the Dedham Vale AONB, equating to 841 actual jobs
are supported by the tourism industry.
Source: Economic Impact of Tourism in the East of England Protected Landscapes,
East of England Tourism, 2008.
The Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Partnership work with many organisations
including the Dedham Vale Society and Colne Stour Association both work to protect
the AONB and Stour Valley from inappropriate development.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.10 Processes
This management plan has been developed over many years. In 1992 the first
Stour Valley Management Plan was produced by the Project Team and the Joint
Advisory Committee and largely concerned itself with project team work and
planning issues and its involvement in the planning process. It was adopted by
most local authority partners as supplementary planning guidance.
In 1996, the then Countryside Commission produced the first Landscape Assessment
of the AONB that was closely followed by project team work to undertake a Visitor
Perception Study, a Residents Perception Study, produce a Visitor Management Group
Sustainable Tourism Action Plan and carry out a community consultation exercise, based
on the ‘planning for real process’, in conjunction with the University of Essex.
In 2000, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act placed a legal requirement on local
authorities that have at least part of their administrative area in the AONB, to produce
an AONB management plan. This responsibility was officially devolved to the Joint
Advisory Committee. The plan that was produced, the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour
Valley Management Strategy 2004-09, drew on consultations that included a
partnership conference, public consultation and consultation drafts with final adoption
by local authorities and publication in 2004.
In 2008, an Historic Landscape Study was commissioned as part of ‘Managing a
Masterpiece: The Stour Valley Landscape Partnership’. It incorporated Landscape
Character Assessment work undertaken by the Project and by Suffolk County Council’s
Landscape Unit (that included the Essex side of the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley)
which assessed the important landscape and historic features of the area.
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In 2000, the
Countryside and
Rights of Way Act
placed a legal
requirement on
local authorities
that have at least
part of their
administrative
area in the AONB,
to produce an
AONB management
plan.
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
This management plan has been drawn up from the continuing requirements of the
Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. In 2008, the Joint Advisory Committee took
the decision to employ a ‘light-touch’ review of the previous plan. Members of the Joint
Advisory Committee undertook internal consultation on the strengths and weaknesses
of the 2004-09 plan and this analysis, along with issues identified at a national level in
workshops facilitated by the National Association of Areas of Outstanding Natural
Beauty, was fed into the process.
The Strategic
Environmental
Assessment
ensures that the
plan, including
the delivery
plan, does not
have a negative
environmental
impact upon
the area.
Consultation drafts were distributed to the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley
Partnership (made up of all organisations and individuals with an interest in the AONB
and Stour Valley) and a consultation process with stakeholders and via the Dedham Vale
AONB and Stour Valley Project’s website ensured that consultation penetrated to those
with an interest in the area.
Once the consultation draft was complete, a Strategic Environmental Assessment was
undertaken on the plan as directed by the European Directive 2001/42/EC. The Strategic
Environmental Assessment ensures that the plan, including the delivery plan, does not
have a negative environmental impact upon the area.
The AONB and Stour Valley benefit from resources from seven local authorities to help
manage the area. Within the AONB, significant additional resources from Natural
England enable relevant authorities to meet the requirements of the Countryside and
Rights of Way Act (2000). The AONB, and ‘Constable Country’ in particular, attracts a
large number of visitors and work to encourage sustainable actions by these visitors is
undertaken. In addition the AONB benefits from a Sustainable Development Fund, from
Defra and channelled through Natural England to the AONB, to develop projects that
benefit the social, environmental, economic and natural beauty of the area.
Formal comments from Natural England, the Environment Agency and English Heritage
have been sought before adoption of the plan by local authorities, followed by
publication and use of the plan as the guiding document in the management of the
AONB and Stour Valley.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.11 Themes
The Management Plan is based on five themes, each generated
from the consultation process of the 2004 -09 plan and
refined during consultation to reflect the current situation.
Dedham Vale AONB
and Stour Valley
For each theme there is an introduction and theme vision. The
vision for each theme draws on an element from the plan vision.
The issues surrounding each theme are explored and objectives are
set for the period 2010-2015, the life span of this management
plan. These objectives seek to deliver the vision of the AONB and
Stour Valley in 2025.
Partner organisations will achieve the vision set out in this plan by
achieving the objectives through the delivery of the policies and
actions set out in delivery plan.
The structure of the Management Plan is set out in the diagram right:
Vision for AONB and
Stour Valley in 2025
(Incorporated
5 theme visions)
5 Themes
Landscape, biodiversity
and farming Settlements
and people Enjoying the
area The River and its
tributaries Traffic and
transport
Theme based objectives
to achieve the vision
Policies
on how to achieve
the objectives
Delivery plan
Actions to implement
the policies and achieve
the objectives
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.12 Theme 1:
Landscape, Biodiversity
and Farming
Farming is the 1.12.1 Theme Introduction
The Stour Valley is predominately a farmed landscape and has benefited in recent
key driver in
years from agri environmental schemes to maintain the nationally recognised
landscape
landscape qualities and character of the area within the intimate topography of a
management lowland river valley. Information on local food availability is given in appendix F.
Farming is the key driver in landscape management of the area. Many of the key
of the area.
landscape features in the AONB and Stour Valley, such as hedgerows, meadows and
woodlands are dependant on input from the farming community. Farming makes a key
contribution to providing food, and possibly energy, locally and nationally and the local
economy. The generation of income from farming operations allows many of those
farming the land to conserve and enhance biodiversity habitats and landscape features.
Farmers in the AONB and Stour Valley are well placed to meet:
•
•
Local premium and niche markets.
Address some climate change pressures by sequestering carbon and its products in the soil.
Climate change and rising transport costs may reduce the ability of exporting countries to
supply the UK with food leading to an increase in UK production of vegetables, salad and fruit.
The biodiversity of the area also benefits from agri environment schemes and the
habitat types found in the valley include woodland, wetland, grassland, hedgerow and
the river and its tributaries. Some habitats such as heath and acid grasslands are less
prevalent than they were 100 years ago. Wildlife is present throughout the Stour Valley,
some of which is present in designated sites such as Sites of Special Scientific Interest,
Local or County Wildlife Sites and nature reserves.
Geodiversity may also benefit from agri-environment schemes, for example soil
conservation, maintenance of natural springs, protecting wetland archaeology, protection
of historical features such as limekilns. Farmers are the most frequent guardians of
geodiversity features and have an important role to play in their conservation.
In 2003 there were 183 land holdings in the AONB up from 121 in 1990. This can be in part
due to changes in recording procedures, in 2000 smaller units were classified for the first
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
21
Within the AONB there is data available from the Countryside Quality Counts (CQC)
survey of 2003. The Joint Character Assessment (JCA) (now National Character
Areas) area’s of the AONB that can be summarised below:
JCA
number
JCA name
% of
AONB
CQC
assessment
Comment (since 1990)
86
South Suffolk and North
Essex Clayland
86
Maintained
Strengthening of grassland
character
82
Suffolk Coast and Heaths
2
Enhancing
Overall area of grassland
stable or increased
111
Northern Thames Basin
13
Neglected
Overall loss of grassland,
mixed and general agriculture
time. From 1990 to 2003 there has been a decline in cereal farms (27 to 15); general
cropping (22 to 15); dairy (3 to 0); and horticulture (6 to 0). Increases for this period include
mixed (9 to 10); grazing livestock (20 to 26); pigs and poultry (10 to 20) and other (24 to 97).
The substantial increase in ‘other’ landholdings can be attributed to improvements in the
registration process and an increase in the requirement for small holdings to register
rather than a structural change in farming.
Landowners with grassland or livestock can benefit from the Grazing Exchange
programme www.grazingforum.co.uk/grazingexchange.asp as a quick and easy way to
identify local stock or grassland.
Of the 9059 hectares that make up the AONB 29% (2606.75ha) are in the Suffolk River
Valleys Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) area. Within the ESA, there has been a
focus on arable reversion to grassland and scrub management but outside the ESA
Stewardship payments are below national levels. Information on agri environment
schemes from September 2009 is given in appendix F.
2% of the AONB is designated as Site of Special Scientific Interest. Of these 97% meet
Public Service Agreement targets. Cattawade Marshes Site of Special Scientific Interest is
part of the Stour and Orwell Special Protection Area.
Woodland cover in the AONB is higher than the surrounding countryside, at 694
hectares calculated from the National Inventory of Woodlands and Trees in 1999 of
woodlands over 2 hectares. The uptake of English Woodland Grant Scheme is lower than
in the rest of the Joint Character Area.
The Dedham Vale AONB Sustainable Development Fund can be used to support projects
that can demonstrate an economic, social and environmental benefit. Projects must
support landscape or biodiversity objectives whilst conserving or enhancing the AONB.
Landowners
with grassland
or livestock can
benefit from
the Grazing
Exchange
programme
Landscape is an important draw
for visitors coming to the area.
The Dedham Vale AONB visitor
survey 2009 recorded:
•
63% of visitors knew they
were in an AONB
•
20% of visitors visited
because of the scenery
•
48% of visitors came to for
sight seeing
Source: Dedham Vale AONB
visitor survey 2009
22
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.12.2 Theme Vision for 2025
Grassland remains
an important
traditional
landscape feature
in areas where
there is sufficient
livestock to
graze it.
In 2025 the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley is a predominately rural, farmed
landscape with a rich diversity of wildlife, habitats, geology and landforms. It’s
natural, cultural and heritage assets and historic features, particularly in the
AONB, are retained and apparent.
The area has a strong rural feel, dominant agriculture, attractive views and historical
landscape features such as hedgerows, trees and the river. Farming is the primary tool
for managing the landscape and its wildlife.
Settlements continue to help define the special qualities of the area. The fine churches,
building vernacular and the associations with artists such as John Constable all
contribute to the nature of the AONB and Stour Valley.
The area has a diverse mix of agriculture and farm sizes. Farmers have access to clear
information and advice on agri environment schemes to enable them to deliver
sustainable farming and wider environmental and public benefits. Pressures to increase
agricultural production from increases in population and increased costs associated with
moving food and climate change have not had a detrimental effect on the landscape.
Grassland remains an important traditional landscape feature in areas where there
is sufficient livestock to graze it. Locally produced food is available, from domestic
production eg allotments, garden plots and community supported agriculture and at
a variety of shops, farm shops and farmers’ markets as well as providing for local pubs
and restaurants.
The management of the landscape, and development within it, is in line with the European
Landscape Convention and the Landscape Character Assessments relating to the area.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.12.3 Theme Issues
1.12.3.1 Landscape Issues
The Stour Valley is a rural landscape with major settlements lying outside the designated
area of the Project. The River Stour and its tributaries have cut a gently sloping valley
through Eocene and glacial deposits and have an underlying geology of chalk. London
clay and deposits of sands and gravels are sometimes exposed on the valley sides. In the
AONB in particular, many features such as hedgerows, ancient woodlands and grazing
meadows are retained.
With the Environmentally Sensitive Areas Scheme drawing to a close, work to maintain
the benefits accumulated for both landscape and biodiversity attained over the past 20
years of the ESA scheme will need to be maintained by promoting the uptake of Higher
Level Stewardship.
The National Trust hold covenants for over 4000 acres of land in the AONB and this
provides a further layer of landscape protection.
There have been many landscape gains over the last twenty years. An awareness of the
importance of the rural landscape and the built environment has lead to numerous
benefits: new hedgerows, tree planting schemes and the restoration of buildings.
Land is increasingly being sold in smaller plots for non agricultural use including
extended gardens, keeping caravans and the keeping of horses. Future use of these
parcels of land should be established when determining these planning applications to
ensure minimal negative effects on landscape character. While individual incremental
changes have minimal impact, the landscape of the area as a whole can be altered
when many of these changes are brought together.
Some land is being leased or bought for the creation of amenity sites for public access,
such as at Stoke by Nayland (Cherry Wood), Langham (Hornestreet Field) and Clare (The
Nuttery). The sites can have a public benefit and add biodiversity habitats and landscape
features to the area.
Redundant agricultural buildings are often subject to applications for change of use to
residential, office space and visitor accommodation. These can bring economic benefits
to the area by providing opportunities for diversification. Such applications need to be
monitored to ensure that any conversions or change of use developments reflect the
local building style, resist suburbanisation and do not contribute to incremental new
development in the open countryside and associated growth in demand for gardens.
23
24
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
The removal of redundant infrastructure can bring landscape benefits to the area. Other
applications for replacement dwellings, communication infrastructure, and utility
infrastructure can have the potential to change the landscape character of the area.
The European Landscape Convention, signed by the UK government in 2006, came into
force in 2007 and seeks to strengthen the protection, management and planning of
landscapes in England through the work of many bodies including that of local
authorities and non governmental organisations. The policies and actions within this
management plan will need to adhere to the principles set out in the convention.
There is a demand for infrastructure development that can potentially have detrimental
effects on the landscape. Such developments include reservoirs, telecommunication
structures and the utility supply network infrastructure. It is recognised that suitably
sited and designed agricultural reservoirs can bring benefits to landscape and
biodiversity.
Impacts on the landscape include:
•
Changes to landscape character eg unsuitable planting schemes and poorly sited
and designed new buildings
•
Loss of traditional agricultural areas to new development and inappropriate change
of use, eg poorly designed horse paddocks
•
Changes to the village environment, eg suburbanisation and a tidying up culture
1.12.3.2
Biodiversity Issues
The valley sustains a wide variety of biodiversity, particularly in the AONB where established
wet grazing grasslands and marshes, hedgerows,trees and small woodlands are retained.
There are 7 Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the valley and the river supports a
number of wetland species subject to biodiversity action plans. In addition, the
implementation of local biodiversity action plans encourages birds, mammals and
invertebrates to thrive in hedgerows, woodlands, grasslands and cereal margins.
2% of the AONB is designated as Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), of these
97% meet Public Service Agreement targets. The need to target SSSIs in Higher Level
Stewardship agreements is recognised as is the need to disseminate information to land
owners and managers on their importance and management. These sites are particularly
vulnerable to changing management practices and effects of climate change.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
In addition to the Sites of Special Scientific Interest, there are 94 Local or County
Wildlife Sites (sometimes known as Sites of Importance to Nature Conservation) that
have been designated and considered important by Local Planning Authorities as they
are home to a significant population of wildlife.
The biodiversity of England including the Stour Valley is protected by national and
international law as well as by local planning rules and regulations. The area is served
by two biodiversity action plans reflecting the administration of the area by the two
county councils of Essex and Suffolk.
There is a fragmentation of biodiversity habitats across the AONB and Stour Valley and
competing land uses should be encouraged to work together to meet the needs of biodiversity.
Biodiversity in the Stour Valley is affected by national and international trends in climate
change, development, changing farming practices and the requirements of the Common
Agricultural Policy. The biodiversity of the area is threatened by increasing use of the
countryside for leisure, the change in use of former agricultural land to inappropriate
activities and unsuitable intensive operations.
1.12.3.3
Cultural Issues
The association of one of the great landscape artists of England, John Constable RA
(1776-1837), with the Dedham Vale AONB is strong. Indeed, the designation of the AONB
was strongly influenced by the desire to protect the living and working landscapes which
he painted. The views that Constable painted, many of which are still recognisable today
and known globally, remain an important part of the fabric of the AONB.
The relationship of the landscape to art goes beyond Constable. Whether because of his
abiding influence or simply because of the allure of the East Anglian skies, the area has
attracted many artists and writers including Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788), Sir Alfred
Munnings (1878-1959), Ronald Blythe (1922-), Adrian Bell (1901-1980) and Ashley Cooper.
The Stour Valley contains many diverse archaeological sites and historic landscape
features, reflecting human habitation of the area for many millennia. Such sites include
clusters of cropmarks; two Norman motte and bailey castles; an historic navigation;
great halls and estates and numerous timber framed houses.
There are three registered parks and gardens identified by English Heritage as having
special historical interest: Tendring Hall, Melford Hall and Kentwell Hall.
There is a
fragmentation
of biodiversity
habitats across
the AONB and
Stour Valley
25
26
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Climate change
may also increase
the flooding
risk to the area
putting at risk
historic buildings
on the river’s
edge.
Little is known about many of the cropmark sites beyond their location and outline.
Many of these sites are still subject to agricultural practices that are potentially
damaging. There is an opportunity to help protect these sites by encouraging further
uptake of the Higher Level Stewardship scheme. The area’s two castle sites are equally
under researched and are at risk of damage from lack of positive management.
Climate change has the potential to change the landscape, for example an increase in
some species of insects or changes in weather patterns may present a threat to timber
framed buildings and thus affect the village scene. Climate change may also increase
the flooding risk to the area putting at risk historic buildings on the river’s edge.
One of the most important assets of the area is its cultural heritage. Many visitors come
each year primarily to view the landscape which inspired painters such as Constable and
Gainsborough. However, large numbers of visitors can actually have a detrimental effect
on the very landscape they have come to see.
The volume of visitors to the area known as ‘Constable Country’, (a triangle between the
villages of Dedham, East Bergholt and Flatford) can detract from the experience of the
landscapes as made famous by Constable and others. The issues associated with the
impact of visitor numbers are laid out in theme 3. Even small visitor numbers have the
potential to damage culturally-sensitive sites through erosion and compaction of soils.
1.12.3.4 Tranquillity Issues
The tranquillity of the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley area is a key part of its
landscape quality. New housing and infrastructure, increasing road size and traffic
levels, changes to aircraft movements and flying heights and an increase in light
pollution levels can all have an effect.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Some recreational pursuits can lead to a loss of tranquillity in the area such as off road
motor cycle sports; paint ball events; clay pigeon shooting and model aircraft events.
The Campaign for the Protection of Rural England’s tranquillity maps, see
www.cpre.org.uk, shows that the Stour Valley is a relatively tranquil area, efforts should
continue to maintain the nature of the area.
New developments and incremental changes to existing features can have an effect on
the landscape quality of the area.
Schemes such as new roads or road improvement schemes, including widening,
increasing infrastructure, road markings, lighting and signage can all have a detrimental
impact on the landscape character of the area. Changes to road surface and layout can
alter traffic habits, speed and noise, further altering the character and quality of the
area. Theme 4 looks at Traffic and Transport issues in more detail.
Air traffic can have a significant impact on the landscape quality of the area. Changes
to flight paths, heights, stacking procedures and the number of commercial aircraft can
have a significant effect. At a local level, similar issues relate to small aircraft using
airstrips in and around the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley.
Increases in outdoor lighting for domestic, social and business purposes can have an effect on
the visibility of night time skies and on the perception of landscape tranquillity and quality.
1.12.3.5 Geodiversity
The Stour valley has significant geodiversity, including Cretaceous, Palaeocene, Eocene,
Pliocene and Pleistocene geology, and also Pleistocene and Holocene landforms. It owes
the character of its physical landscape, and its identity as a valley, to its geological and
geomorphological heritage. The diversity of its soils provides varied wildlife habitat and
types of agricultural land. The Chalk aquifer is the most important source of local water
supply, and in many places yields baseflow to the rivers in the catchment. The area’s chalk,
brickearth and aggregate resources were formerly economically important as building
materials, although commercial extraction of brickearth still continues at Bulmer (Essex).
An initial audit of geodiversity features in the Suffolk part of the valley has been carried
out as part of the Suffolk Geodiversity Action Plan process, and seven sites of
significance at county level have been identified (so far). Sites include disused chalk and
gravel pits which have yielded geological information, and examples of relic and activeprocess landform features. There is one site of national importance at Brundon for its
link between Palaeolithic human settlement and palaeo-environmental evidence.
27
28
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Physical landscape features and other Earth heritage sites in the Stour valley may be
conserved as part of routine land management work, including agri-environment
enhancements and wildlife conservation. However such features may often be
vulnerable due to lack of understanding of their significance and value to the
environment. Problems include infilling and landscaping of geological exposures,
imposition of artificial landforms, river canalization and flood management;
contamination and depletion of groundwater, soil erosion. The result is a steady loss
of quality and distinctiveness of the valley’s Earth heritage.
1.12.3.6 Other Issues
The affects of climate change on the area are difficult to model. The issues are
complex and interrelated but will include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The viability of species and habitats
Effects on agricultural practices including crops
Effects on river systems and wetlands due to possible increased extreme weather
Effects of possible increasing of flooding events on property, water bodies and land
based industries
Effects on soil erosion due to changes in weather patterns
Changes to human activity, including recreation behaviour
Potential of changes/increases in flora and fauna diseases
Potential increases in non-native invasive species
The combination of these affects could lead to a change in character of the area
including potential changes to the viability of characteristic wildlife; landscape features
such as trees, hedgerows and timber framed buildings; increases in visitor pressures due
to larger numbers of people coming to the area and changing agricultural activity such
as new crops and livestock.
Any development
in the AONB
and Stour Valley
should seek to
minimise the
reliance on
private transport
where possible
The transition movement can be an important driver in minimising the reliance on fossil
fuels by developing local skills and encouraging local solutions to the supply of goods
and services to residents and visitors. This should be done within the framework of the
AONBs primary purpose of conserving and enhancing the natural beauty of the area and
not lead to large scale wind power or bio mass farming.
Any development in the AONB and Stour Valley should seek to minimise the reliance on
private transport where possible and meet with the aims of the AONB and Stour Valley.
The electricity industry regulator Ofgem’s Distribution Price Control Review 5 for 2010 to
2015 will be in operation for the lifespan of the management plan. Within this scheme,
there is potential for a continuation of the Ofgem allowance to Distribution Network
Operators, in the case of the Dedham Vale AONB this is EDF Energy Networks. It is
possible that further wooden pole low voltage overhead power cables will be put
underground continuing the landscape benefits achieved from the current schemes
between Dedham and East Bergholt and Langham to Boxted Mill.
Other utilities such as high voltage electricity distribution, BT lines and low voltage distribution
networks within villages all have a detrimental affect on the landscape and opportunities to
remove them or replace them with more sympathetic infrastructure should be sought.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.12.3.7 Priorities
The partnership sees the following as Landscape, Biodiversity and Farming theme
priorities:
•
•
•
Maximise land in agri environment schemes.
Implement biodiversity and geodiversity action plans.
Maintain tranquillity and landscape character features.
1.12.4 Management Plan Objectives
OB1
Land use management decisions will demonstrate consideration of
landscape, cultural associations, tranquillity, biodiversity and geodiversity
to conserve and enhance the area.
OB2
Protected habitats and species will be conserved and enhanced.
OB3
The area retains its assemblage of landscape features which contribute to
the character of the AONB and Stour Valley.
1.12.5 Management Policies
LFB1
Ensure wide access to information on agri environment schemes and
encourage the take up of schemes.
LFB2
Encourage changes in land use to reflect local landscape character
assessments and guidelines and in line with the European Landscape
Convention and are not detrimental to landscape and tranquillity.
LFB3
Encourage environmentally sensitive agricultural systems that include
food production for local markets.
LFB4
Seek to protect the tranquillity of the area, including its setting, from
intrusive communication and utility infrastructure; noisy recreational
pursuits; air traffic; some forms of national scale renewable energy
facilities and light pollution.
LFB5
Provide integrated and consistent guidelines from Landscape Character
Assessment in Essex and Suffolk.
LFB6
Conserve, protect and enhance habitats and species that have
international, national and local importance.
LFB7
Encourage communities to enhance biodiversity in small areas such as
gardens, greens, parish and community owned sites.
LFB8
Ensure archaeological features are understood, protected and managed.
LFB9
Monitor changes within the AONB relating to landscape, biodiversity,
geodiversity and environmental issues.
Actions to implement the policies are listed in the delivery plan.
29
30
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.13 Theme 2:
Settlements and People
1.13.1 Theme Introduction
The Dedham Vale AONB has a small population of just 15,161 (census 2001) in an
area of 90 square kilometres. A similar population density exists over the
remainder of the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Project’s area, towns such
as Sudbury and Haverhill lie beyond the Project’s boundary.
Within 20 miles of the Stour Valley there are the towns of Colchester (pop 155,796,
2001 census); Ipswich (pop 117,069, 2001 census); Halstead (pop 11,094); Hadleigh (pop
8,000); Braintree (pop 132,179, 2001 census); Sudbury (pop 20,040), Haverhill (pop
22,090) and Cambridge (pop 108,863, 2001 Census). It is likely that these populations
will increase significantly by the vision date of 2025 due to the housing targets set for
local authorities. Many of these developments in towns surrounding the AONB and
Stour Valley will be built with the minimum standard for the size of gardens, potentially
increasing demand for access to the countryside.
Within the area much of the population is housed in villages although there are a
significant number of hamlets, isolated farms and houses. The profile of the East of
England indicates that the population has a slightly older demographic and a higher
growth rate than the national average.
Sudbury and Haverhill have higher than average levels of deprivation. The index of
multiple deprivation published by Suffolk County Council (see
www.suffolk.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/7BCAFCC0-775E-48CF-BE4B-FDB6D20D167D/
0/20080103IMD2007Summaryreport.pdf) shows that these two towns on the edge
of the project area are in the country’s lowest 20-40% Lower Super Output Areas.
The majority of the settlements date back to the Saxon period
and are listed in the Domesday Book of 1086.
Many have a distinctive settlement
pattern with dwellings
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
clustered around small triangular greens or tyes. Some place names are indicative of
former heathland, such as Dedham Heath, Polstead Heath and Leavenheath where there
are still open tracts of land.
Medieval churches are often built in prominent positions, such as at Stoke by Nayland
and built from knapped flint. These churches reflect medieval prosperity.
The villages show a rich heritage of buildings styles which make the area so distinctive.
The buildings range from medieval timber-framed dwellings to grander brick-faced,
eighteenth-century houses and to modern buildings of the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries.
1.13.2 Theme Vision for 2025
In 2025 the people of the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley community further
understand the importance of the area that they live in. There is a vibrant local
community with opportunities for all members of society.
The local economy continues to thrive and there is support for the farming community.
New technologies bring opportunities to the area. Tourism continues to benefit the local
community as it generates money and encourages projects at an appropriate scale that
benefits residents and visitors.
The Stour Valley is a place where people want to live and work. It is a place that is safe
and has an environment that is sustainable and where access to services is available to
all. Local businesses and populations operate with a view to protecting local resources
and within environmental limits ensuring a strong local society.
Many villages retain their historic core and where homes have been adapted this has
been done sensitively. The design and location of new buildings has taken into account
the character of the area. Where smaller settlements and isolated dwellings have been
extended, there has been recognition of the local vernacular and of the landscape setting.
31
The importance of the
area to those from the
surrounding area is
demonstrated in responses
to the Dedham Vale AONB
visitor survey 2009 that
indicated:
•
68% of visitors travelled
over 15 miles to reach
the area
• 9.7% of visitors travelled
from Colchester Borough
• 3.2% of visitors travelled
from Ipswich Borough
Source: Dedham Vale AONB
visitor survey 2009.
32
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.13.3 Theme Issues
1.13.3.1 Housing Issues
With convenient links to London, outstanding landscapes and high quality housing, the
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley is desirable area to live. Because of relatively low
wages in the traditional rural occupations, affordable housing is in high demand. The
desire to meet this high demand should not outweigh the need for any new
development to fit in well with the local character of the area.
New housing in the area should be developed using sustainable materials in terms of
construction, transport and access to services.
With the increase in housing provision in the towns surrounding the AONB and Stour
Valley, including Colchester, Ipswich and Haverhill there is likely to be an increase in
demand for visits to the AONB and Stour Valley.
1.13.3.2 Design and Development Issues
The Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley is a working landscape as well as a protected
area. For it to thrive, it must accommodate appropriate sensitive development to meet
future needs. Incremental extensions, alterations and replacements need to reflect the
vernacular architecture. New developments can provide opportunities for affordable
housing and economic prosperity but their design and scale must respect traditional
building materials and styles and use sustainable materials wherever possible.
Many of the settlements owe much of their character to their historic buildings, either
residential, communal or places of worship. Such buildings are almost always listed and
often sit within built conservation areas. Local people can be priced out of the housing
market and Local Authorities need to enable appropriate affordable housing to address
this need that will reduce the need for commuting and help develop more sustainable
communities. Development within the AONB and Stour Valley needs to take into
account the local character and scale of the area and development needs to be of
an appropriate scale, situation, siting and style.
Residents are often well informed about local issues and aware of the historic nature of
their villages. Some sectors of the community, such as young people, are less likely to
engage in planning processes but it is important to attempt to engage everyone in order
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
to understand the needs of a whole community. Techniques such as village design
statements, community planning events and village appraisals can all be useful tools in
helping to understanding the need for resources, highlighting demand and suggesting
plans for future physical assets and services.
1.13.3.3 Infrastructure Issues
People living in rural areas are necessarily more reliant on private cars as a means to
accessing services, usually due to the lack of public transport and the availability of
appropriate public rights of way (see also theme 3, Enjoying the Area). An increase in car
ownership and the increase in size of vehicles have the potential to damage rural roads and
verges. There is likely to be an increasing demand for improved road infrastructure such as
parking provision, for example at Stoke by Nayland, more road markings and signage, for
example on the A134 at Nayland and therefore ‘urbanisation’ of the rural landscape.
Proposals for telecommunications masts continue to be made within the valley and
in settlements in response to demands for improved coverage and band width and to
meet the needs of customers.
33
An increase in
car ownership
and the increase
in size of vehicles
have the potential
to damage rural
roads and verges
34
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
The demand for domestic renewable energy facilities such as household wind turbines,
solar panels and water heating panels may also increase as people seek to tackle climate
change and reduce their reliance on conventional power sources. There will need to be a
consistent response across the AONB and Stour Valley to these applications and a
balance struck between the aspiration of reducing local carbon emissions and the
potential affect of such installations on the landscape and settlement character. Best
practice in siting and design should be promoted.
The development of new visitor facilities can have both positive and negative effects and
careful consideration is required when they are determined. There are social and
economic benefits to new facilities but they should not detract from the landscape,
particularly within the AONB where the protection of natural beauty is paramount to
managing the area. These issues are explored more fully in theme 3, Enjoying the Area.
1.13.3.4 Historic Settlements Issues
The Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley has a number of previously occupied sites.
Many of these sites are scheduled monuments such as Clare Camp, Clare Castle, Court
Knoll, Mount Bures and Wormingford Lodge. These are important sites to the
understanding of the history of settlement in the area.
The AONB and
Stour Valley
should be
recognised as
an important
place by those
who live there
These sites are protected by law and present an opportunity to learn how our ancestors
lived and worked. Whilst they can be studied by professional archaeologists and
historians, it is equally important that local communities and visitors are given
information about these sites. This will improve understanding of the historic landscapes
of the AONB and Stour Valley and encourage future protection of the area.
1.13.3.5 Other Issues
The development of appropriate new and existing businesses in the valley should be
encouraged to support the local economy and help to achieve local sustainability. In the
AONB, this should not be at the expense of environmental concerns such as its natural
beauty, biodiversity or tranquillity. The primary purpose of the AONB is to conserve and
enhance natural beauty.
The AONB and Stour Valley should be recognised as an important place by those who
live there. Innovative schemes to promote a sense of place should be encouraged,
raising awareness of the importance of the area.
Any development within flood zones 2 or 3 will need to be supported by a Flood Risk
Assessment (FRA) which should accompany the planning application. Generally,
development should be directed away from areas at risk of flooding.
Under the terms of the Water Resources Act 1991 and Land Drainage Byelaws, any
works in, over, under or within 9 metres of a designated main river will require our
formal written consent prior to any of the works taking place.
1.13.3.6 Priorities
The partnership sees the following as Settlement and People theme priorities:
•
•
•
Development should reflect local characteristics.
Historic features should be conserved.
Infrastructure development should not detract from the areas character.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.13.4 Management Plan Objectives
OB4
Development should be of an appropriate scale and take into account
the landscape qualities of the area, from Local Landscape Character
Assessments and should not adversely affect the integrity of any
European site.
OB5
The character of historic villages, buildings and conservation areas
are maintained or enhanced.
OB6
Infrastructure developments are of a type and scale appropriate to
the AONB and Stour Valley.
OB7
Heritage features are protected and there is a greater understanding
of their significance.
1.13.5 Management Policies
SP1
Conserve and enhance the quality of villages and archaeological sites and
promote greater understanding of the area’s character.
SP2
Ensure that business development brings economic benefits to the local
area and does not adversely affect existing sustainable businesses or
adversely affect the qualities, including its setting, of the AONB and Stour
Valley and should not adversely affect the integrity of any European site.
SP3
Ensure that Landscape Character Assessments of the AONB and Stour
Valley are acknowledged in local plans and local development frameworks
and ensure that councillors and officers involved in the management of
the area are aware of its qualities and aims.
SP4
Encourage local communities to become involved in environmental
enhancements of the area through processes such as community
planning, village design statements and involvement in local
development frameworks.
SP5
Reduce or mitigate any negative impacts of tourism, communication and
utility infrastructure development.
SP6
Continue to lobby local and national organisations to protect the special
qualities of the AONB and Stour Valley.
SP7
Ensure that development does not detract from the area’s character and
that they meet sustainability principles.
Actions to implement the policies are listed in the delivery plan.
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.14 Theme 3:
Enjoying the Area
1.14.1 Theme Introduction
The AONB and Stour Valley is an area ideal for quiet, informal recreation.
Recreation is a secondary purpose of AONBs, their primary purpose being to
conserve ‘natural beauty’. The area has long attracted visitors, either to value the
landscape made famous by artists such as John Constable or simply to enjoy the
countryside. Close access from several towns including Colchester, Ipswich,
Sudbury and Haverhill provides a rural idyll for many of their residents.
The value of tourism to the AONB in terms of direct, supplier and income induced
expenditure has been calculated as £39,767,418. Furthermore it is estimated that 599
full time equivalent jobs, equating to 841 jobs are supported by the tourism industry.
Source: Economic Impact of Tourism in the East of England Protected Landscapes.
East of England Tourism (2008).
Every opportunity must be taken to help visitors to gain greater understanding and appreciation
of the physical and historic landscapes and heritage features they have come to enjoy.
The majority of the area is farmed and access to it is via the rural road network, public
rights of way and partly by the river’s navigation. National conservation organisations
such as the National Trust and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds have small
land holdings in the area and local authorities, small charities and parish councils have
some minor sites with public access.
The Dedham Vale AONB
visitor survey indicates
some information about
those that choose to
visit the area:
There are many opportunities for residents to get involved in managing the area through:
•
Volunteer groups: Such as those run by the AONB and Stour Valley Project, National
Trust, Royal Society for Protection of Birds, BTCV, Sudbury Common Lands Charity,
Wildlife Trusts and local parish groups
•
Guided walks: Such as those run by AONB and Stour Valley Project, Ramblers’
Associations groups, National Trust, Sudbury Common Lands Charity, Wildlife Trusts
and local parish groups
Events on a variety of countryside issues: Such as those run by Assington Mill, Daws
Hall, Wildlife Trusts, River Stour Trust and the Field Studies Council.
•
65% of visitors went
for a short walk
•
66% of visitors are
on a day trip
•
•
48% of visitors came
for sight seeing
opportunities
Details can be found on: www.dedhamvalestourvalley.org/events.asp?PageId=6
Source: Dedham Vale AONB
visitor survey 2009.
Issues relating to the river
and public access are
explored in greater detail
in theme 4 ‘The river and
its tributaries’.
Although the area is well known locally, there is often limited understanding of the
AONB designation and where its boundaries are. There is an active Visitor Management
Group concerned with visitor issues whose interest has been extended from ‘Constable
Country’ (a triangle of the AONB between the villages of East Bergholt, Dedham and
Flatford) to the whole of the AONB. More information on the Visitor Management Group
can be found at: www.dedhamvalestourvalley.org/text.asp?PageId=77
Information about how to travel to the area and around the area by public transport
should be in a format that is easily accessible and should highlight the benefits of such
an approach for example maintaining the tranquillity of the area; health benefits
associated with walking and cycling; reducing individual carbon footprint and the
chance to meet local people.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.14.2 Theme Vision by 2025
In 2025 the AONB and Stour Valley is an area providing access to the countryside for
both residents and visitors, enabling them to enjoy the landscape and the associated
benefits. These include health benefits associated with increasing exercise for those that
choose to walk, cycle, ride and paddle their way through the area. Other benefits include
mental well being advantages of being in a rural idyll and experiencing wildlife and
nature at first hand.
Every opportunity must be taken to help visitors to gain greater understanding and
appreciation of the historic landscapes and heritage features they have come to enjoy.
Local businesses can provide enhanced opportunities for sustainable tourism but must
ensure that such opportunities do not overwhelm the local population. Those businesses
not engaged in tourism must take care not to detract from the special qualities of the
AONB but equally care must be taken to ensure that such businesses are not
disadvantaged by tourism.
A wide cross section of society, including those from previously under represented
groups, comes to visit the area through the Managing a Masterpiece: Stour Valley
Landscape Partnership Scheme, walking for health and other innovative schemes.
Visitor access to the area is well-served, with a variety of sustainable facilities including public
rights of way and public transport. Information about access is widely available both within
the area and outside it, through the local media and on the internet. The primary purpose of
the AONB (protection of natural beauty) is always considered and taken into account.
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.14.3 Theme Issues
1.14.3.1 Access and Recreation Issues
There is a lack
of higher status
rights of way
(eg bridleways
and byways) and
joined up or
circular routes
for riders
Local Authorities and others
promote countryside access.
Examples of this are:
•
Discover Suffolk, (Suffolk
County Council’s official
countryside website)
www.discoversuffolk.
org.uk
•
Babergh and Mid
Suffolk’s Council’s annual
walking festival,
www.southandheartof
suffolk.org.uk
•
Visit Essex,
www.visitessex.com/
Many people move around the area by private car. There are limited opportunities for
moving around the area using public transport. Rail travel to the area as a whole is an
option. The AONB is served by Manningtree railway station situated on the main line
between London and Norwich, which also serves Colchester and Ipswich. Manningtree
railway station is just 2 miles from the heart of Constable Country and Flatford. Bures,
in the Stour Valley, can be reached by the Marks Tey to Sudbury branch line, known as
the ‘Gainsborough line’.
Public rights of way and permissive routes provide good access to the countryside. The
area straddles two highway authorities, Essex and Suffolk, and this can cause confusion
for users when reporting issues with rights of way.
People using the rights of way network in the area and wishing to report problems with
its infrastructure, for example issues with the surface, signage and furniture, (eg stiles,
gates and waymarking), can be confused about whose responsibility it is.
There have been recent improvements to signage from roads onto rights of way
including telephone numbers provided on finger posts for users to report issues.
There is a lack of higher status rights of way (eg bridleways and byways) and joined up or
circular routes for riders. There may be opportunities to upgrade rights of way to enhance
opportunities for quiet recreation pursuits such as cycling and horse riding where this
does not compromise walkers. This can be achieved by the creation of restricted
bridleways and byways to ensure use by those seeking quiet enjoyment of the area.
There are several promoted routes including the sixty mile regional route, the Stour Valley
Path and a number of circular routes promoted by the Project, the National Trust, district
councils, parish councils and local groups. These routes are generally maintained to a
higher standard than other routes and can provide good opportunities for public access.
Access is also promoted on guided events by organisations such as the Ramblers
Association; National Trust; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and parish councils,
eg Dedham and Stoke by Nayland and walking groups.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
There are two rights of way improvement plans, one for Essex and one for Suffolk, that
cover the AONB and Stour Valley. These plans are regularly reviewed and identify
opportunities for improvements to countryside access.
Some users, such as cyclists and horse riders, are less well served by the public rights of way
network. There are opportunities for both horse and cycle riding within the area although
these tend to be of a linear nature on existing bridleways. Cyclists can use parts of the old
railway network in Sudbury that passes through the area. There are cycling routes such as
the Painters’ Trail and South Suffolk Routes A and B that use the network of minor roads
and bridleways. There are opportunities to develop routes from railway stations and villages
as sustainable transport options for those living in the area and for those visiting.
Improvements to the public rights of way network are required for the needs of less able
users. The removal or replacement of stiles with gates can be achieved without affecting
the character of the area. Access to surfaced paths is limited and any proposals for
extensions to surfaced routes need to be considered carefully to ensure that they do not
impinge negatively upon the rural character of the area.
Agri Environment schemes such as Environmental Stewardship through its Entry and
Higher Level schemes continue to build on projects developed under Countryside
Stewardship. These schemes give incentives to landowners to increase the amount of
public access. All increases in public access need to be weighed up against the potential
negative effects on wildlife, habitats and heritage sites including disturbance and loss
of tranquillity. Details of access agreements can be found at:
www.cwr.naturalengland.org.uk/
The Haven Gateway Partnership has developed a Green Infrastructure Plan that includes much
of the AONB and there are opportunities for developing access and biodiversity projects.
Noisy and intrusive pastimes and sports have the potential to impact negatively on
the aims of the AONB. Furthermore, such pursuits can have negative effects on the
tranquillity and landscape quality of the area.
Villages and their settings should be protected from inappropriate parking and
commercial signage.
Facilities for non powered boating and angling should be available and maintained.
Recreation issues relating to the river are explored in theme 4 ‘the river and its tributaries.
39
Villages and
their settings
should be
protected from
inappropriate
parking and
commercial
signage.
40
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.14.3.2 Visitors and Tourism Issues
‘Constable Country’ (the triangle of the AONB between the villages of Dedham, East
Bergholt and Flatford) has traditionally been subject to relatively high visitor numbers.
Many local businesses cater for and rely on these visitors. In 2008 the National Trust
estimates that approximately 120,000 visitors were attracted to Bridge Cottage, and
220,000 visitors to Flatford. Figures are based on sales in the tea rooms and a vehicle
counter situated locally.
Though concern has sometimes surrounded the actual number of visitors, it is the ways
in which visitors travel to and around the area that has the highest potential to cause
problems for the local population and impact on the landscape.
The Dedham Vale AONB visitor survey 2009 indicated that:
•
•
•
92% of visitors came by car
The majority of visitors will visit more than one site per visit
66% are day visitors
Source: The Dedham Vale AONB visitor survey 2009
This can cause problems relating to visual intrusion, parking and the contribution to
climate change. The issues relating to the reliance on cars to get to the area continue to
be addressed by the Visitor Management Group.
The Visitor Management Group is made up of representatives of local authority tourism
staff, countryside charities and local businesses. The group seeks to address the needs of the
local community, the environment and the economy and encourages behavioural change
from visitors to enable visits which are more sustainable. The group seeks to promote best
practice, the development of a high quality visitor experience and ways of working but there
is no intention to seek to disperse visitors away from the AONB. The primary purpose of the
group is to enhance the visitor experience through the development of small scale projects
that conserve and respect the qualities of the landscape.
Beyond the AONB the effects of tourism are less well known. There are popular visitor
attractions in Long Melford, the National Trust’s Melford Hall and the privately run
Kentwell Hall and popular visitor attractions and events at Clare, Bures and Cavendish.
The affects on the landscape and local populations are not known.
1.14.3.3 Understanding the Area Issues
The AONB and Stour Valley is an area that contains a wide range of features relating
to the heritage of the area. This resource, such as historic houses and halls, scheduled
monuments, earth heritage and landscape features has the potential to engage visitors
and residents alike in learning more about the history of the area. There are many active
archaeological and history societies in the area and public events relating to the heritage
of the area usually prove popular.
Access to information for visitors and residents on the attractions in the area remains
dispersed. With seven Local Authorities, competing private attractions and a wide range
of activities available there remains the potential for those wishing to find out
information becoming frustrated.
The area’s unique landscape and history needs to championed at a national, regional
and local level and to reach as diverse an audience as possible. Although a uniform
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
‘branding’ of the area is unlikely and probably unnecessary,
the messages from the Partnership about the AONB and Stour
Valley should be clear and consistent.
1.14.3.4 Priorities
The partnership sees the following as Enjoying the Area theme
priorities:
•
•
•
People see the area as a place to enjoy.
There are opportunities to travel in more sustainable ways.
The areas heritage assets are understood.
1.14.4 Management Plan Objectives
OB8
Provide high quality of public rights of way including facilities for less able
visitors and increase the access provision for walkers and riders.
OB9
Maintain and protect the tranquillity of the area, particularly in the AONB.
OB10 Encourage sustainable businesses, tourism and transport opportunities to
the area.
OB11 Improve popular understanding of the area, in particular the AONB
designation, its purpose and its heritage features.
1.14.5 Management Policies
EtA1
Continue improvements to the public rights of way network and identify
opportunities to improve access facilities.
EtA2
Where new visitor facilities are provided within and/or affecting the area
they are of appropriate scale and nature to the AONB and Stour Valley and
will not adversely affect the integrity of any European site.
EtA3
Support the work of the Visitor Management Group and implement the
sustainable tourism action plan for 2009 to 2012.
EtA4
Support the work of Managing a Masterpiece: The Stour Valley Landscape
Partnership and its projects relating to visitor enhancements and increased
understanding of the special qualities of the area.
EtA5
Identify opportunities to increase quiet informal recreation and public
access that do not compromise the tranquillity and natural beauty of the
area and will not adversely affect the integrity of any European site.
EtA6
Raise awareness of the importance of the AONB and Stour Valley to
visitors, businesses and residents.
EtA7
Information, promotion and interpretation about the AONB and Stour
Valley should promote its special qualities.
Actions to implement the policies are listed in the delivery plan.
41
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.15 Theme 4:
The River and its
Tributaries
1.15.1 Theme Introduction
The Stour Valley is in one of the driest areas of England, with around 568mm of
rain per year falling on an average of 110 days, it has around half the UK average.
Water extraction for domestic and agricultural use means that virtually no water
flows out of the system into the sea. Other pressures on the river include those
from recreational interests such as boating and fishing, diffuse pollution and
industrial discharges.
The River Stour forms the spine of the Stour Valley. Many parts of the river are lined by
closely planted cricket bat willows that form an important income source to landowners
but can have adverse effects on the landscape character. Other native trees at irregular
intervals along the river banks provide important wildlife habitat and can add to the
rural feel of the area. It is an important wildlife habitat in its own right with a wide
range of species such as otter, fish, invertebrates, flora and amphibians.
The river is used to transfer drinking water for South Essex and London through the
Ely Ouse to Essex Water Transfer Scheme.
The river has a long history of commercial use since the creation of the navigation in
1705. More recently the river is used for boating and canoeing recreation.
The water quality of the river and its tributaries is subject to national legislation seeking
to protect and enhance the water quality. This includes initiatives such as Nitrate
Vulnerable Zones, the Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy and the Water
Framework Directive. The voluntary scheme, England Catchment Sensitive Delivery
Initiative, can provide advice and information to farmers which can help them meet the
requirements this legislation.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
The number of industrial discharges into the river Stour and its tributaries has reduced
over the years with the closure of, for example Bush Boake Allen and reduced activity at
the Little Wratting port factory. There are significant surface water discharges from the
major industrial estates including Haverhill, Chilton and Hadleigh although the number
of pollution incidents originating from these has fallen over the years.
The National Farmers’ Union is promoting protection of water and soil resources
through its programme of promoting the Entry Level Scheme in its Campaign for the
Farmed Environment programme.
1.15.2 Theme Vision for 2025
By 2025 the river provides the focal spine for the Stour Valley and is defined by its path
through wet grazing meadows and arable land with a variety of riverside trees and a
variety of riparian habitats.
By 2025 water quality is good, supporting healthy ecosystems with good stocks of fish
and other wildlife reflecting the quality of the catchment management systems in place.
The catchment meets demand for water supply, drinking supplies and irrigation, the
maintenance of traditional grazing marshes and recreational use. Natural hydrological
functioning has been restored to further parts of the river, as part of integrated flood
management and wildlife enhancement schemes.
River flow management systems, such as sluices and weirs, operate smoothly. Traditional
navigation structures, such as locks and cuts, that provided passage for craft using the
navigation, are maintained to help understanding of their importance in the
development of the area.
The Ely Ouse to Essex Water Transfer System is operating at a level that does not
impinge upon the wildlife, landscape, agricultural or recreational interests. The system is
understood by all those with an interest in the river.
The use of the navigation by recreational users is in line with local bylaws and recreational
use of the navigation is sensitive to the nature of the valley. Visitors and residents explore
the area in a sustainable way while not impinging on the riparian owners operations or
tranquillity and do not have an adverse impact upon the ecosystems.
43
The number
of industrial
discharges into
the river Stour
and its tributaries
has reduced over
the years ...
44
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Water Framework
Directive (Directive
2000/60/EC)
The directive seeks to
address the key issues of:
1.15.3 Theme Issues
1.15.3.1 Water Management Issues
The Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC) was adopted by the European
Union member states in 2000. The directive seeks to integrate river basin management,
i.e. looking at the catchment as a whole to ensure that the whole system works well in
terms of natural systems and the navigation, and consider the many differing demands
on the resource and provide objectives for water protection for the future.
•
Co-ordination of river
basin management
•
Identifying and
addressing risks to
surface water
The Water Framework Directive will clearly have an implication for all those whose area
of work has an affect on the water environment including government and non
government agencies and agricultural interests.
•
Managing
groundwater supplies
•
Managing artificial and
modified rivers
•
The monetary value of
the resource
•
Monitoring current
water quality
•
Calibration of water
measurements
The Stour and its tributaries have a major influence on the landscape character of the area
as detailed in the Landscape, Farming and Biodiversity theme. The form of the river has been
adapted by human activity for many hundreds of years and is increasing. The form of the
river has been adapted to accommodate mills, roads and railway lines. The channel has been
modified to reduce flood risk. The cricket bat willows that often line the river and its
tributaries have a significant landscape impact on the area. The river, especially on the areas
of navigation would have had significantly less trees on the banks when the commercial
navigation was in use, although it should be noted that the horses that drew the Stour
lighters would have frequently needed to change bank to continue their journey because of
landowner consent and tree cover. Cricket bat willows have a commercial lifespan of around
20 years and during this time can become important landscape features.
The Water Framework
Directive has the
following aims:
•
Expanding the scope of
water protection to all
waters, surface waters
and groundwater
•
Achieving good status
for all waters
Residents have genuine concerns over flooding of houses in the flood plain, for example
along Bear Street in Nayland. Grasslands created and maintained by the
Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme and its successors have helped reduce flood risk.
Flood management through ‘soft’ engineering options, ie those that allow water to
overflow from the channel into identified areas, have limited adverse effects on
residential areas and agriculture, constructed from natural materials rather than bricks
and concrete. Recent health and safety assessment of the mill gates has identified the
need to upgrade the facilities to reduce the risk to operators. Sluice gates are vital in
keeping proper water flow levels and the amenity of the river.
•
Water management
based on river basins
The Environment Agency regulate the discharges from Anglian Waters sewage treatment
works. Anglian Water Services operate and manage their own facilities as well as
•
A combined approach
of emission limit
values and quality
standards
•
Getting the citizen
involved more closely
•
Streamlining
legislation
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
sampling and monitoring the effluent quality on behalf the Environment Agency and
provide them with the data.
The affects of climate change could include increased storminess and wetter summers
potentially leading to an increased flood risk.
The Stour is subject to the North Essex Catchment Flood Management Plan that
identifies the main factors in influencing flood flow and flood risk. Its policies include:
General actions across the area:
•
Continue with the flood warning service including the maintenance of flood
warning infrastructure (ie river flow gauging stations) and public awareness plans.
•
Work with planners to influence the location, layout and design of new and
redeveloped property. Ensure that only appropriate development is allowed on the
floodplain through the application of Planning Policy Statement 25 (PPS25).
Actions specific to the Stour:
•
•
Continue with the current flood risk management activities.
•
Continue maintenance of Abberton Reservoir. Essex and Suffolk Water must carry
out their duties under the Reservoirs Act.
Work with partners to develop emergency response plans for critical infrastructure
and transport links at risk from flooding.
The River Stour falls within the Combined Essex Catchment in terms of the Environment
Agency’s Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy. The strategy sets out how the
Environment Agency will manage abstraction until 2014 and their policies for granting
abstraction licences. Both surface waters and ground water supplies in the chalk aquifer,
underlying the area, are included.
Any development plans within flood risk zones 2 and 3 (sites with higher flood risk) or
any sites greater than 1 hectare need to be accompanied by a Flood Risk Assessment
when any planning application is made. This will need to demonstrate the development
can be made safe without any increasing flood risk to the surrounding area.
The river is an important wildlife habitat for many species. Some species are still under
threat due to changes to habitat or the threats posed by non native species and
inappropriate management. Wildlife surveys can help to give greater understanding of the
situation and surveys are carried out for a number of species such as otter, water vole, fish,
45
The affects
of climate
change could
include increased
storminess and
wetter summers
potentially
leading to an
increased
flood risk.
46
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
crayfish and bats using the river as hunting grounds. The implementation of biodiversity
action plans, agri-environment schemes, river restoration works and improvements in
water quality can all help the wildlife in the area by improving wildlife habitat.
The River Stour is managed as its own system due to the operation of the Ely Ouse
to Essex Transfer Scheme (see section 1.15.3.3) from Wixoe to its tidal limit. The
Environment Agency has calculated that little or no freshwater flow reaches the estuary
via the weir at Cattawade due to abstractions along the river system. This situation, and
the fact that there is not free movement for fish at the Judas Gap weir, has been linked
to the poor levels of all fish stocks seen in the river and adverse affects on migratory
fish (sea trout and eels). In addition the exposure of riverine sediments during periods
of draw down from abstraction is thought to be responsible for the release of bacterial
toxins which have an adverse affect on the health of fish populations.
The low flow in the lower reaches of the Stour, before the tidal barrage and the lack of
water flowing into tidal reaches of the Stour has the potential to have an adverse affect
on Cattawade marshes Site of Special Scientific Interest and the Stour and Orwell
Estuaries Special Protection Area (that lies outside the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour
Valley Project area).
1.15.3.2 Water Quality Issues
Water pollution and its effects on water quality can be caused by a variety of causes
including agricultural operations and outputs from sewage and industrial plants. Diffuse
pollution from road run off, discharges from contaminated land and poaching of soils
alongside unprotected roadside verges.
The whole of the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Project area falls within a Nitrate
Vulnerable Zone, an area identified to be at risk from agricultural run off, and within one
of England Catchment Sensitive Farming Delivery Initiative areas.
The England Catchment Sensitive Farming Delivery Initiative seeks to keep diffuse
pollutants at a level where they will not harm the areas water resources including rivers,
groundwater and other water courses. The programme works by encouraging good
farming practices on the use of fertilisers, manures and pesticides. Other programmes
within the initiative relate to promoting good soil structure to avoid excessive run off,
protection from faecal contamination, separation of clean and dirty water and
managing stocking rates to avoid compaction and poaching of land. Further information
can be found at: www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/farming/csf/default.aspx
or www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/sectors/32767.aspx
In addition cross compliance places a legal duty on recipients of the single farm
payment (i.e. virtually all farmers) to follow specific environmental legislation including
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
that aimed at protecting soil and water resources. Government information on cross
compliance can be found at: www.crosscompliance.org.uk/cms/
1.15.3.3 Ely Ouse to Essex Water Transfer System Issues
The Ely Ouse to Essex Water Transfer System was built in 1968. The scheme was designed to
transfer surplus water from the Ely Ouse to the headwaters of Essex and Suffolk rivers
including the Stour to supply the increasing demand for potable water from South Essex
and London. The water, which would otherwise flow into the Wash, is taken out at under
licence from Denver in Norfolk. It is then transferred to the River Stour via a tunnel and pipe
at Kirtling Green in Cambridgeshire. At Wixoe, on the Stour, some water is pumped out into
the River Pant, and further water is abstracted for Abberton reservoir from Stratford St
Mary. The Environment Agency currently transfers water from Denver in Norfolk to Essex
when it is needed to fill Abberton reservoir via the Ely Ouse to Essex Transfer Scheme.
Northumbrian Water Limited as the statutory water undertaker for a large part of South
Essex is required to provide sufficient drinking water to its customers. Northumbrian
Water Limited has prepared a water resource plan that has identified that the water
available does not meet its statutory duty. After investigating the alternatives of
managing demand, alternative reservoir storage and new water resource options the
company’s favoured option is a scheme known as the Abberton scheme that involves
three elements: Abberton reservoir enhancement, variation to the abstraction licence
and enhancement of the Ely Ouse to Essex Transfer Scheme.
In the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley the most significant element is the enhancement
of the transfer scheme. This will have a potentially adverse affect on the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Traffic volume during construction
Wildlife habitats during pipeline laying
Wildlife
Archaeological and heritage features
Water quality
Spread of diseases affecting wildlife
Landscape quality of the area (new infrastructure)
Tranquillity of area during construction
Flow rates
New abstraction facilities will be built near Wormingford to pump water being transferred
along the Stour to Abberton reservoir and ultimately into the water supply network.
An Environmental Impact Assessment of the scheme was completed in 2008 and there
are plans to mitigate against any potentially damaging effects.
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Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Since the
feasibility study
the Environment
Agency have made
improvements to
the portage sites
... and increased
the number of
health and safety
notices displayed
along the
navigation.
1.15.3.4 Recreational River Use Issues
In 1705 the River Stour was made a navigation from Brantham to Sudbury, so that
commercial craft could use the river to transfer goods over this maintained stretch. Over
the years the river has partially naturalised itself by re-forming many features that were
damaged by routine dredging and impounding water. Since the 1970s many changes
have occurred for water abstraction, land
drainage and flood defence. In 1977 Anglian
Water Authority confirmed the public right to
the navigation on the river following lobbying by
the River Stour Trust and others.
In 2001 a feasibility study into the navigation
was commissioned on behalf of The Environment
Agency; The River Stour Trust; The Dedham Vale
AONB and Stour Valley Joint Advisory Committee
and Essex and Suffolk Water. The findings from
that study were published in 2003 including the preferred option to develop the use of
the river by light craft, canoes, small sailing craft and rowing boats, and bylaws
restricting use of other craft to those operated by the riparian owners and the River
Stour Trust of the type in use on 25 October 1982.
Since the feasibility study the Environment Agency have made improvements to the
portage sites (agreed paths around sites where it is impractical for small craft to
navigate, such as locks and weirs) and increased the number of health and safety
notices displayed along the navigation. A users’ guide to the navigation was produced in
2008. The restoration of Stratford St Mary lock began in 2008 by the River Stour Trust.
Recreational use of the river is increasing and guided canoe tours, for small groups, are
a recent addition to boat rides from Sudbury and Flatford. Rowing boat hire is popular
and available from Dedham and Flatford.
The river has a strong coarse fishing interest. Fishing remains the highest participation
sport in England and the Stour provides many opportunities for fishing including a variety
of sites where local fishing clubs, such as the London Anglers Club and the Colchester
Angling Preservation Society have fishing rights. There are some additional fishing lakes
from gravel extractions where fishing rights have been let. Surveys by the Environment
Agency in 2008 indicate some species of fish have declined from previously recorded
levels. Facilities for the fishing community, such as platforms, are generally limited to
publicly owned sites such as Cattawade picnic sites and Kings Meadow in Sudbury.
1.15.3.5 Priorities
The partnership sees the following as the River and its Tributaries theme priorities:
•
•
•
The river is an important wildlife habitat and landscape feature.
The river is enjoyed as a recreational resource by responsible users.=
Water quality is good.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.15.4 Management Plan Objectives
OB12 The river and its tributaries provide a key landscape feature for the
Stour Valley.
OB13 The Stour provides water for irrigation on local farms in a
sustainable manner.
OB14 The Ely Ouse to Essex Water Transfer Scheme is understood and operated
in such a way that it has negligible effects on the landscape, biodiversity
and recreation interests of the valley.
OB15 Recreational use does not conflict with the tranquillity of the area nor
impacts adversely on landscape and biodiversity.
OB16 Water in the Stour and its tributaries is of the highest possible quality and
operations within the valley seek to minimise any adverse effects.
OB17 Flood management measures in the valley protect people and property and
where possible seek to enhance biodiversity and the landscape.
OB18 Historic river navigation structures are understood and conserved as
heritage features.
1.15.5 Management Policies
RaT1
Development proposals that could have an adverse affect on the floodplain
habitats and ecosystems should be avoided.
RaT2
The River Stour and its tributaries are managed to the best possible
standard for water quality, flood channel management and
landscape quality.
RaT3
The Ely Ouse to Essex Water Transfer Scheme is well understood and any
adverse affects of its use are mitigated.
RaT4
Active navigation features, including portages, are maintained to a high
standard to allow recreation users to benefit from the river environment.
Associated infrastructure takes into account the nature of the area,
particularly within the AONB.
RaT5
Landowners are kept informed of key legislation and initiatives relating
to water and encouraged to implement these.
RaT6
Opportunities for biodiversity and landscape enhancements should be
sought including during any river works.
RaT7
Historic navigation features are identified, mapped and conserved as
heritage features and their historic significance more widely understood.
Actions to implement the policies are listed in the delivery plan.
49
50
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.16 Theme 5:
Traffic and Transport
1.16.1 Theme Introduction
The AONB and Stour Valley is a rural area that over the last 50 years has faced a large
increase in private car use for commuting and recreation. The AONB is crossed by two
A roads, the A12 (a trunk road) and A134. Away from these the area is characterised by
minor roads many narrow and sunken, some of which are designated as protected lanes.
The AONB and Flatford in particular is a draw to visitors, with approximately 200,000
(estimated from a road counter on Flatford Lane and National Trust) visiting Flatford
each year. The main transport routes are indicated in the map on section 1.5.
Roads are managed by the County Councils, except the A12 that is the responsibility
of the Highways Agency. The A12 runs as a four lane dual carriageway, two in each
direction, through the AONB. There are three junctions off the A12 into the AONB.
Transport planning is developed through five year Local Transport Plans that are
complimentary to many other local, regional and national strategies.
The area is served by the London to Norwich mainline railway with the station at
Manningtree in the AONB, which is only two miles by footpath from ‘Constable Country’
and is an important gateway for walkers and cyclists. Further up the valley a branch
line from Marks Tey serves Bures and Sudbury.
Many of the villages within the area are accessible by bus although services have a
restricted timetable.
The Dedham Vale AONB visitor survey 2009 recorded the following:
•
•
•
92% of visitors arrived by car
68% of visitors travelled over 15 miles to reach the area
The majority of visitors planned to visit more than one place in the AONB
Source: Dedham Vale AONB visitor survey 2009
The increase in private car use for commuting and leisure purposes coupled with
pressures on public transport and increase in use of the A12 have a significant affect on
the landscape, tranquillity and natural beauty of the area, particularly within the AONB
with its draw for visitors.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.16.2 Theme Vision for 2025
By 2025 roads do not have an adverse impact on the areas character in terms of landscape,
tranquillity or biodiversity through limits on speed and weight restrictions. Roads and their
infrastructure are sympathetic to the rural scene and have not taken on a suburban feel.
More sustainable transport modes, including rail, buses, walking and cycling, are
accessible to residents and visitors and users have confidence in them. Innovative
schemes to encourage sustainable transport are in place, including improvements to
local facilities and the public rights of way network. Walking and riding, both horse and
cycle, is an attractive option along well maintained routes.
1.16.3 Theme Issues
1.16.3.1 Essex and Suffolk Strategic Issues
Major developments within the region, such as the Haven Gateway Growth Point
with its implications for the growth of ports, housing and other development and
the expansion of Stansted airport could have an impact on the transport network
through the area.
Changes to the flight and holding patterns to and from the London airports have the
potential to affect the tranquillity of the area and the AONB. These issues are explored
in more detail in theme 1, Landscape, Biodiversity and Farming theme.
There are areas where there could be better co-ordination and consistency between
Essex and Suffolk Highway Authorities and the Highways Agency. Work will continue
to develop a coordinated approach to signage within the AONB.
Public transport across the area requires further improvement in terms of service
provision and timetabling.
1.16.3.2 A12 Issues
The A12, which cuts through the AONB, is a strategic link between East Anglia and the
motorway network via the M25. Further development of this part of the A12, such as an
increase in lighting or widening will need to consider carefully the affects on landscape
and tranquillity. During 2008/09 up to £120m in funding has been sought from central
government and East of England Regional Assembly for enhancements to the A12 such
as upgrading junctions. The aim will be to minimise any adverse effect on the AONB in
terms of the landscape and tranquillity qualities of the AONB.
1.16.3.3 Public Transport Issues
Manningtree station has the potential to offer more as a gateway to the AONB for those
that want to visit the area. There is a link from the station to the public footpath
network. The station provides limited information on the AONB and there is potential
for further development of visitor information facilities at the station and improvements
to the public rights of way links to ‘Constable Country’. A leaflet detailing walking
opportunities from Manningtree railway station is available at:
www.nationalexpresseastanglia.com/leisure_offers/days_out_by_train/railway_stati
on_walks/manningtree_station_walk
51
In 2005 the Dedham Vale
hopper bus ran on a circular
route to and from Manningtree
Station with stops at Dedham
and East Bergholt from 1 July
to 30 October. The following
information is recorded from
the pilot project survey:
•
1,884 passengers were carried
on the 71 days of service
•
51% of those surveyed used
the service in preference of a
private car
•
35% of those surveyed used
the service to access shopping
or community facilities
Source: Dedham Vale hopper:
2005 pilot project summary
Manningtree
station has the
potential to
offer more as
a gateway to
the AONB for
those that
want to visit
the area.
52
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Many local
communities in
the Stour Valley
are concerned
about transport
issues, in
particular Heavy
Goods Vehicles
and large
vehicles.
The Marks Tey to Sudbury branch line and the station at Bures has similar potential for
visitors and commuters. In 2005 a second carriage was added to the train that runs on
the branch line to meet increasing demand from commuters. The line, known as the
‘Gainsborough Line’ due to the connections with the artist and Sudbury, was designated
as a community railway line by the Department of Transport in 2003.
In 2003 a pilot Hopper Bus was introduced to link Manningtree Station, East Bergholt,
Flatford and Dedham. Despite its success this stopped operation after one year due to lack of
funding. Work continues to identify alternative sources of funding to continue the service in
peak times such as Managing a Masterpiece: The Stour Valley Landscape Partnership.
1.16.3.4 Local Transport Issues
Transport in the area is planned through the Local Transport Plans and Local
Development Frameworks for Essex and Suffolk local authorities. Many local
communities in the Stour Valley are concerned about transport issues, in particular
Heavy Goods Vehicles and large vehicles.
Of particular concern is the choice of routes influenced by satellite navigation systems.
The Department for Transport is working on a Global Positioning System (GPS) routing
system for routing Heavy Goods Vehicles away from inappropriate roads.
There are issues of commuter and leisure traffic ‘rat running’, parking and the
proliferation of signage that cause particular concern. In addition the noise generated by
road traffic, in particular motorbikes is a concern to local residents.
The unique character, in terms of rural roads, historic villages and the protected sunken
lanes of the area should be taken in to account when planning improvements to the
transport network and road maintenance.
To retain the character of the area, road works needs to take into account the special
qualities of the area and the AONB in particular. Universal highways engineering
solutions and materials are not always appropriate.
The development of public transport and the public rights of way network needs further
development to encourage sustainable movement around the area. Schemes to
encourage walking and cycling should be encouraged such as developing walking and
cycling routes between villages, creating safe walking routes within villages and shared
space on roads to accommodate walkers, cyclists and horse riders.
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
In popular areas congestion and on street parking can be an issue. The number of
visitors is not usually in itself a problem, rather the problems caused by congestion and
parking issues at peak times.
Any development, in particular within the AONB, should consider both the positive and negative
traffic implications of the proposal, this is particularly important for new development and the
redevelopment of redundant farm buildings or farm diversification proposals. Development
near the boundary, particularly the AONB boundary, also needs to consider the implications of
transport and its affects on the character and tranquillity of the area.
1.16.3.5 Priorities
The partnership sees the following as Traffic and Transport theme priorities:
•
•
•
There are options for using more sustainable transport methods.
Reintroduction of the Dedham Vale hopper bus service
Development takes into account transport implications
1.16.4 Management Plan Objectives
OB19 Minimise the impact of road transport on the landscape quality and
tranquillity of the area, particularly the AONB.
OB20 Encourage the development and use of public transport systems and railway
stations promoted as gateways to the area for visitors and commuters.
OB21 Minimise the impact of local, regional and national infrastructure
transport developments, including maintenance, on the biodiversity and
landscape quality and tranquillity of the area, particularly the AONB.
1.16.5 Management Policies
TaT1
Promote the use of sustainable transport modes and seek to integrate
walking and cycling provision with the public transport network.
TaT2
Reduce negative impact of visitor and tourist transport.
TaT3
Ensure transport policies relating to the AONB and Stour Valley recognise
the importance of their special qualities.
TaT4
Minimise and mitigate the impact of Heavy Goods Vehicles and other
traffic in and through the area, particularly on its sunken lanes, protected
lanes and historic villages.
TaT5
Ensure that the transport implications of any development in or near the
area, in particular the AONB, take account of its special qualities.
TaT6
Ensure Network Rail, community rail partnerships and rail operators
promote the area appropriately.
TaT7
Minimise and mitigate the impact of any developments to major transport
infrastructure including the A12, rail network and overflying aircraft and
local airstrips.
Actions to implement the policies are listed in the delivery plan.
53
54
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
1.17 Monitoring
The Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Management Plan, including its strategy,
themes and delivery plan will be reviewed every five years, with the next review
due for the period 2015-2020. The delivery plan will be reviewed on an annual
basis to reflect trends and opportunities. The annual review of the delivery plan
will be subject to approval by the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Joint
Advisory Committee and Partnership. The themes, and their associated objectives
and policies will remain the same for the lifespan of the plan.
Monitoring of the condition of the area is limited due to the availability of data and
information currently available and the resources required to collect appropriate data.
A further limitation is the availability to find data cut to the AONB and Stour Valley
boundary. There are, however, some data sources currently available to the Partnership
to record the condition of the AONB and Stour Valley, these include:
•
% of land in Environmental Stewardship, including Entry Level Stewardship, Higher
Level Stewardship and Organic Entry Level Stewardship
•
•
•
•
Number of local food outlets in the AONB and Stour Valley
•
•
•
Number of visitors to Flatford
•
Awareness of AONB through Dedham Vale
AONB and Stour Valley visitor surveys
% of woodland cover in the AONB and Stour Valley
% of Sites of Special Scientific Interest meeting Public Service Agreement targets
Review of the National (formerly Joint) Character Areas assessment if further
national assessments are undertaken
Number of ‘Dedham Vale and Stour Valley News’ distributed
Number of visits to the Dedham Vale AONB and
Stour Valley visitor information website pages
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley – Management Plan 2010-2015
Initial data for this is recorded in appendix F of the plan or held by the Dedham Vale
AONB and Stour Valley Project
The assessment from the data outlined above, and any new sources that become available,
will provide input into the review of the management plan process for 2015-2020. There
are some actions in the current plan that seeks to improve the monitoring information,
such as A9.3 ‘Develop AONB and Stour Valley environmental monitoring systems’.
Improved information will enable the Partnership to make decisions on a sounder basis
on how to enhance the natural beauty of the area and manage change.
The Objectives and Policies within the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Management
Plan 2010-2015 implicitly recognise the importance of landscape, biodiversity and
people enjoying the area and it is not expected that there will be any significant
negative effects from implementing it. Positive changes to the area will not always
relate to specific objectives, policies or actions but should indicate that the plan is
having a positive effect on the area. Conversely negative changes to the area should
highlight where further development of objectives, policies and actions is required in
subsequent plans.
Monitoring of the delivery plan will be done through the Partnership. This will be
achieved by reporting on delivery to the Joint Advisory Committee and Partnership
meetings, in the case of the Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Project through its
business plan.
Further reporting of delivery will be through the annual report and ‘Dedham Vale and
Stour Valley News’
55
Improved
information will
enable the
Partnership to
make decisions
on a sounder
basis on how to
enhance the
natural beauty
of the area and
manage change
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley Management Plan 2010-2015 – Strategy
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley
Management Plan 2010-2015
Dedham Vale AONB and Stour Valley
Management Plan 2010-2015
Strategy
Strategy
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