Agricultural Exploitation
DEDICATION
This piece of work is dedicated to my mother Mbanwei Helen Ateng.
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ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I thank the Almighty God who gave me the strength to accomplish this project. I also
wish to express my appreciation to a number of individuals who assisted me in the course of
carrying out this study;
-
Firstly, my most profound appreciation goes to the administrative and teaching staff of
the School of Science and Veterinary Medicine in the University of Ngaoundéré for
initiating me into this study.
-
I am sincerely thankful to my Mum Mbanwei Helen, Mr and Mrs Mbanwei Eric and
especially to Dr and Mrs Fon for the financial and moral support.
-
I extend special thanks to the director Reverent Brother NJAM of Nazareth AgroPastoral Training and Production Center-Menteh Nkwen Bamenda, the Manager
Reverent Father NGEMTEU Romeo and his entire staff for enlightening me on the
history as well as most of the information needed for this study.
-
A word of appreciation goes to the Regional Delegate for the North West for giving
me some technical information on livestock and Agriculture.
-
Finally, I can’t end without thanking everybody that has contributed to the realisation
of this report in one way or the other.
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Feed composition for starters, growth, and finishers: feed composition for starters,
finishers. ................................................................................................................................... 11
Table 2: Feed composition for starters, finishers, and layers ................................................... 12
Table 3: Constituent of 5% concentrates .................................................................................. 13
Table 4: Prophylaxis program for layers .................................................................................. 15
Table 5: treatment of some poultry diseases ............................................................................ 16
Table 6: composition of the rabbit feed of 100 kg ................................................................... 17
Table 7: Daily feed consumption of rabbits ............................................................................. 18
Table 8: Diseases and Treatment ............................................................................................. 19
Table 9: feed for cane rats ........................................................................................................ 23
Table 10: Types of forages and concentrate given to cane rats................................................ 23
Table 11: Diseases and Treatment ........................................................................................... 26
LIST of FIGURES
Figure 1 : showing the sketch map of NAPFPC ........................................................................ 3
Figure 2: Administrative organisation chart ............................................................................... 5
Figure 3 : organisation chart of the farm .................................................................................... 6
Figure 4 : Some boording equipments ...................................................................................... 9
Figure 5 : Diagrammatic representation of rabbitory ............................................................... 19
Figure 6 : Diagram of super-imposed enclosure ...................................................................... 22
Figure 7 :Diagram of the internal representation of the piggery .............................................. 25
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
E.S.M.V: School of Veterinary Medecine and Sciences
ALIVT:
DOC: Day-Old Chicks
NCD: Newcastle Disease
N.A.P.T.P.C: Nazareth Agro-Pastoral Training and Production Center
Rev: Reverent
IRAD: Institute of Agricultural Research for Development
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
CICPRE:
CERUI:
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TABLES OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEGEMENT ............................................................................................................ ii
LIST of FIGURES .................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... iv
TABLES OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... v
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
PART-I: PRESENTATION OF THE INSTITUTION ............................................................. 2
I-1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTION .................................................................... 2
I-2
LOCATION ................................................................................................................ 2
I-3- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYTOGEOGRAPHE OF THE CENTRE. ............ 4
I-3-1-Climate....................................................................................................................... 4
I-3-2-Vegetation .................................................................................................................. 4
I-3-3-Topography ................................................................................................................ 4
I-3-4-Soil ............................................................................................................................. 4
I-4- ORGANISATION CHART OF THE CENTRE ............................................................. 5
I-4-1 Administrative organization....................................................................................... 5
I-4-2 Organization chart of the farm ................................................................................... 6
I-5- THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF NAZARETH AGRO-PASTORAL TRAINING
AND PPRODUCTION CENTER (NAPTPC) ....................................................................... 6
PART -II: TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE ACTIVITIES IN THE CENTER. .................... 8
Chapter I: THE POULTRY UNIT ......................................................................................... 8
I- 1 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................. 8
I-2 BREEDS OF BIRDS FOUND IN THE CENTER ....................................................... 8
I-3 ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF THE POULTRY UNIT IN NAPTPC ..................... 8
I-4 EQUIPMENTS FOUND IN THE POULTRY UNIT OF NAPTPC ............................ 8
I-5 HOUSING ..................................................................................................................... 9
I-5-1 Broodings house (DOC) ......................................................................................... 9
I-5-2 Housing of Layers ................................................................................................ 10
I-6 FEEDING OF THE BIRDS ........................................................................................ 11
I-6-1 Feeding of DOC (Broilers) ................................................................................... 11
I-6-2: Feeding of layers ................................................................................................. 12
I-6-3 Collection and conservation of eggs .................................................................... 13
I-7-POULTRY HEALTH AND HYGIENE ........................................................................ 13
I-7-1 Hygiene ................................................................................................................ 13
I-7-1-2 Measure taken after the chicks have been installed .......................................... 14
I-7 -2 Poultry Prophylaxis Vaccines and Treatment Program ...................................... 14
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I-7-3 Treatment of poultry diseases in NAPTPC Menteh ............................................. 16
Chapter II: THE RABBITRY SECTION ............................................................................. 17
II-1 OBJECTIVES OF THE RABBIT UNIT ................................................................... 17
II-2 BREEDS OF RABBITS IN THE CENTRE .............................................................. 17
II-3: FEEDING OF RABBITS ......................................................................................... 17
II-4 ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF THIS UNIT INCLUDES ..................................... 18
II-5 HOUSING.................................................................................................................. 18
II-6: SOME COMMON RABBIT DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT IN
NAZARETH AGRO-PASTORAL TRAINING AND PRODUCTION CENTER
MENTEH-NKWEN .......................................................................................................... 19
II-7 MARKETING ............................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER III: CANE RATS ............................................................................................... 20
III-1 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 20
III-2 ROUTINE ACTIVITIES OF THIS SECTION ........................................................ 21
III-3-REPRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 21
III-4 HOUSING OF THESE ANIMALS.......................................................................... 21
III-5 FEEDING ................................................................................................................. 22
III-6 MARKETING .......................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER IV: THE PIGGERY SECTION ......................................................................... 24
IV-1 OBJECTIVES OF PIGS ........................................................................................... 24
IV-2 BREEDS OF PIGS ................................................................................................... 24
IV-3 SYSTEM OF PIG REARING .................................................................................. 24
IV-4-ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF THIS SECTION ................................................ 24
IV-5- HOUSING OF PIGS ............................................................................................... 24
IV-6-FEEDING OF PIGS ................................................................................................. 26
IV-7- SOME COMMON PIG DISEASES CONDITION AND THEIR TREATMENT
IN NAZARETH AGRO-PASTORAL TRAINING AND PRODUCTION CENTER ARE
AS SHOWN ON THE TABLE BELOW ......................................................................... 26
IV-7-1 Marketing of pigs .............................................................................................. 26
CHAPTER VI: GARDEN SECTION .................................................................................. 28
VI-1 OBJECTIVE OF THE SECTION ............................................................................ 28
Part III: THE SOCIO-ECOOMIC ASPECT OF THE ACTIVITIES IN THE NAZARETH
AGRO-PASTORAL TRAINING AND PRODUCTION CENTER MENTEH- NKWEN .... 29
I- ECONOMIC ROLE OF THE EXPLIOTATION ............................................................. 29
I-1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPLOITATION IN NAPTPC-MENTEH
NKWEN ............................................................................................................................ 29
I-2 SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE EXPLOITATION .................................... 29
I-3 PRODUCTION FACTORS ........................................................................................ 30
I-4 GENERAL MARKETING ......................................................................................... 30
II-SOCIAL ROLE OF THE EXPLOITATION ................................................................... 31
PART IV-OBSERVATIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES .............................. 33
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I- OBSERVATIONS ............................................................................................................ 33
II- SUGGESTIONS .............................................................................................................. 34
III-PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 34
GENERAL CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 35
REFFERENCE ......................................................................................................................... 36
ANNEX .................................................................................................................................... 37
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INTRODUCTION
This report title THE AGRICULTURAL EXPLOITATION is a subject given to the
veterinary students of the third year in the school of Veterinary Medicine and sciences
(ESMV) of the University of Ngaoundere. This report was carried out from the 1st to the 30th
of September 2011 in the Nazareth Agro-pastoral Training and production Center (NAPTPC)
located in Menteh village, Bamenda III Sub- division in Mezam division of the North West
Region of Cameroon.
The purpose of this report is for us to familiarise with the agro –pastoral activities of
breeding and also to permit the future veterinary Doctor to have a wide vision on the
functions of veterinarians in an agricultural exploitation as well as being able to understand
the functioning of an agricultural activity and its general difficulties and to propose some
measures to overcome these difficulties.
The information in this report is based on active participation in the field,
observations, interviews and secondary information obtained from some documents.
The information in this report will serve as a source of information to future
researchers in the field and to students from the School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences.
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PART-I: PRESENTATION OF THE INSTITUTION
I-1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTION
The Nazareth Agro-Pastoral Training and Production Center Menteh-Nkwen is one of
the achievements of the Piarist Fathers in Cameroon. The Piarist Father belongs to a religious
body found in 1617 by St. Joseph Calasanz. He founded the first public primary school in
Europe for the religious circular education of the poor children in 1579.His followers were
called Calasanzians because of the order bared his name. Three priest of the Calasanzian order
arrived Bamenda on Sunday 27th December 1987 to begin the first community of their order
in Cameroon.
While in Bamenda, the idea to the creation of the NAPTPC was conceived in 1990 by
the community .The idea came about as a result of the presence of children who could not
further their education after primary school and some secondary school drop-outs in the
village. These children were condemned to be poor unless something was done to rescue them
and make them self-reliant .This being one of the objectives of the Piarist Fathers, led to the
creation of the center in Menteh. The fact that Cameroon is an agricultural country ensures
that education in the agricultural field is a form of security for self-employment
These they suggested to create opportunity to train and employ farmers who will boost
food production where surpluses will be sold to the needy and will in turn encourage selfemployment. This will help solve some of their problems since agriculture is seen as the
backbone of the economy of Cameroon. This then led to the construction of the first building
at the Centers site as from the year 2005 when it fully started functioning.
I-2
LOCATION
Nazareth Agro-pastoral Training and Production Center is located at Menteh found in
Nkwen-Bamenda III Sub-Division in Mezam Division of the North West Region of
Cameroon. Menteh is one of the villages that make up Nkwen-Bamenda III sub division.
NPTPC-Menteh is a center situated some 2.5Km from Mile 4 (.see figure 1). It is found
between the futru quarter in the Nord, Alahlie quarter in the South and Mankon village in the
West. (See annex). The center covers a surface area of about 11 Hectare bought by the Piarist
Father.
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Figure 1 : Plan to locate NAPTPC-Menteh
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I-3- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYTOGEOGRAPHE OF THE CENTRE.
I-3-1-Climate
The Nazareth Agro-Pastoral Training and Production Center Menteh-Nkwen observe
the same climatic conditions as the entire North West Region. It is influenced by the North
East trade Winds and South west mosoon winds with two marked seasons; the rainy and dry
season. The dry season starts from mid-October to March with January as the hottest Month
and the rainy season stars from mid-March to Mid-September with August as the month with
the highest amount of rainfall.
I-3-2-Vegetation
The vegetation of Nkwen in general and NAPTPC Menteh in particular is
characterized by patches of forest, grass of different species such as elephant grass (Napier
grass), Guatemala used in feeding pigs, blackjack, Africa iodine, dog-ear, silver leaf
desmondium, and silver rose desmodium which are the most predominant grasses used in
feeding animals like rabbits. The elephant grass is also used in feeding layers which is said to
be another cheaper source of vitamins. There also exist trees of different species such as
eucalyptus, cypress and fig trees.
I-3-3-Topography
The topography is an undulating one made up of steep, gentle and plain surfaces which
covers a total land surface area of about 11 hectares. Houses are constructed on level land and
the rest of the activities are done on either gentle or steep slopes.
I-3-4-Soil
The climatic factors and natural factors such as the P.H of the soil have permitted the
cultivation of improved variety of pasture, which grows rapidly. With the unset of rain in
March fields become green and luxuriant and by mid-April, these pasture mature and are used
as feed supplement for animals .The soil is clay type in the upper region and dark fertile soil
in the lower region of the center.
This influences plant growth. In swampy areas, the soils are dark, heavy and sticky
indicating clay soil good for crop cultivation like vegetables, colocasia, maize (especially
yellow maize), pump, sweet-potatoes etc. The steep slopes are poor in soil nutrients and
disfavours agriculture.
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I-4- ORGANISATION CHART OF THE CENTRE
I-4-1 Administrative organization
The NAPTPC –Menteh is constituted of 17 employers under their leadership of a board
of administrator who is the supreme of the piarist fathers in Cameroon. The order trent is as
elaborated below.
BROAD OF
ADMINISTRATORS
DIRECTOR DJAM
Assistant Director and
Manager NGHMTEU
ROMEO
COODINATOR
NAZARETH
CENTRE YOUTH
INSERTION
OFFICE DAVID
Procurement
Officer
Accountant
VICTORINE
Security
Farm Technicians
and Assistants
HILARY
BENEDETTE
IMMACULATE
MARIANA
HELEN
MATILDA
CERAPHINE
HENRY
Pedagogic, Cooperation
Research and Projects
Coordination DJAM/Mm
FOKAM
Monitors
AGARIH
EVARISTU
S HEIDI
BRIGITTE
Ressource
Persons
Spiritual and
Pastoral
Coordination
KISITO/LEONARD
Secretary
Trainees, Youths on insertion and Farmer
Figure 2: Administrative organisation chart
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I-4-2 Organization chart of the farm
The farm in NAPTPC has an integrated system of operation as there is a link among
the keeping of animals and the growing of crops as seen below:
Feed and water
Dumping area compost
Disposal tanks
(sewages)
Manure to farm and
market
Chanel to farm as
liquid manure
Have tying of crops
and forage fed to
animals
Figure 3 : organisation chart of the farm
I-5- THE
GENERAL
STRUCTURE
OF NAZARETH
AGRO-PASTORAL
TRAINING AND PPRODUCTION CENTER (NAPTPC)
NAPTPC Menteh-Nkwen Bamenda occupies a land surface of 11 hectares .Currently
it has the following structure:
-
Academic building two classrooms, staff room and a store)
-
Administrative block (administrators office an attached secretariat, room for cold store
,office, two garages for agricultural equipments, and vehicles,3 baths and toilets for
boys and 3 baths and 3 toilets for girls,2 baths and 2 toilets for the staffs).
-
Animal feed store with a capacity of 5 tons of feed and grains.
-
Rabbit building (animal room with a capacity, of 500 rabbits, a store and office).
-
Piggery (animal room with a capacity of 200pigs, quarantine room, feed store and
office).
-
Layers building with a capacity of 500 layers on litters or 1000 Layers in a battery.
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-
Four broiler building with a capacity of 1000 birds each.
-
One cane rat room with a capacity of 200 cane rats
-
Dormitory block of 28 beds.
-
Administrative house with three sleeping rooms, one parlor, one internal kitchen
-
staff house of three rooms
-
Nine hectares of Arable land.
-
A water tank of 130cubic meters which provides water in the entire centre.
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PART -II: TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE ACTIVITIES IN THE
CENTER.
Chapter I: THE POULTRY UNIT
The poultry is the most intensive and equipped unit in NAPTPC Menteh with two
sections. The brooding and layer sections NAPTPC import their birds from the ALIVET
Company in Bafoussam.
I- 1 OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this unit included:
-
The training of farmers on sustainable poultry management.
-
The training of students for internship from related training institution.
-
Experiment research result of farmer’s farms.
I-2 BREEDS OF BIRDS FOUND IN THE CENTER
In Nazareth Agro-Pastoral Training and Production Center Menteh–Nkwen, two
breeds of birds exist namely; AGBORE ARCRESS and ISA 915 VEDETTE for broilers
and DEKALB BROWN for Layer.
I-3 ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF THE POULTRY UNIT IN NAPTPC
The poultry is the most intensive unit with the carrying capacity of 15,000 birds.
-
Cleaning and removal of the foot bath with a disinfectant before going into the poultry
-
Observation of birds for ill health and if present are taken to quarantine room for
observation and treatment
-
Collection of the eggs from the laying nest
-
Cleaning of the feeders and drinkers
-
Feeding of the bird and the provision of drinking water
I-4 EQUIPMENTS FOUND IN THE POULTRY UNIT OF NAPTPC
The equipments found in this poultry houses included plastic and wooden feeders , drinkers
laying nests in the breeding house, brooder guard for brooding of day-old chicks, weight
scale, buckets to collect eggs, wheel barrow, brooms and spades as shown on the diagram
below;
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Figure 4 : Some brooding equipments
I-5 HOUSING
The poultry is the most equipped unit in NAPTPC Menteh. There are four buildings in this
section; one brooding house. Two breeding houses and one building for growers (Finishers)
Each of the buildings are isolated from each other with the brooding room being
perpendicular to the two breeding houses, and the growers building which are themselves
parallel to each other.
I-5-1 Broodings house (DOC)
It is a rectangular building built with cement block, plastered with roughly cemented
floors with windows protectors and sealed with bags in order to prevent heat. The house is
roofed with iron sheep zinc. The dimensions of the house are about 9.07m of length and of
width. The floor is covered with litter of rice husk. There is also a brooder guard (see figure)
in the room for the brooding of day-old chicks (DOC)
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.
Cartoon feeder are used for the first two weeks and plank feeders are introduced in the
third week .Electric bulbs and charcoal pots are used for heating the room. A thermometer is
placed on the wall for the regulation of heat. A footbath of dimension 58cm of length and
40cm of width is at the entrance of the brooding for disinfection. Plastic drinkers are also used
in the brooding house. Number of chicks in the room are 500.
Figure 5 Diagram of a brooder guard
I-5-2 Housing of Layers
The Layer building is rectangular in shape built with cement blocks, plastered and a
roughly cemented floor with window protectors. The house is roofed with iron sheet zinc.
The layers were kept in a house whose internal dimension was measuring 7m by
14.90m.This building had 6 battery cages in which the layers were kept. A cage was 2m by
2m which was then divided in two smaller rooms of 40cm by 40cm in which 4hens were kept
per room the breed of layer kept by the center was DeKalb brown. The Layers were 7 months
of age and were 479 at the beginning of the study.
The figure below shows the battery cage system at NAPTPC.
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Figure 6 : Battery cage system at NAPTPC (a block of iron cage made up of 20 box
cages)
I-6 FEEDING OF THE BIRDS
In NAPTPC Menteh, the birds are fed with enough feed ones daily and water is provided
twice. The centre buys feed components from enterprise such as BOLGOCAM and the feed is
compounded in the Centre.
I-6-1 Feeding of DOC (Broilers)
For the first three weeks, chicks are provided with a pre-starter mash which is of good
mixture that contains all the essential elements. The feeds are given in trays, after two weeks
feeders are changed and designed used to prevent the birds from entering and soiling feed
with faces. Chicks are provided with feed and clean fresh water every morning and evening.
Below is a table for pre-starter mash given to broilers (day-old and finishers?)
Table 1: Feed composition for starters, growth, and finishers.
Ingredients
Starters (DOC)/kg
Finishers( kg)
Corn
60
62
Rice bran
5
5
Cotton cake
5
2
Fish meal
4
18
Salt (NaCl)
0.5
0.5
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Soya beans cake
20
10
Bone meal
1.5
1
Sea shell
2.3
2.3
Palm kernel cake
1.5
/
Aroma
0.1
0.1
Lysine
0.1
0.1
Total
100
100
Source: Personal observation and participation
I-6-2: Feeding of layers
Layers in NAPTPC are fed with highly nutritive feed containing concentrate so as to
have laying percentage. Layers are fed with 50Kg of feed depending either on a drop or an
increase in laying capacity. Below is an example of compound and concentrate feed given to
layers.
Table 2: Feed composition for layers
Ingredients
Corn
Rice bran
Cotton cake
Salt (NaCl)
Soya beans cake
Bone meal
Sea shell
Palm kernel cake
Aroma
Lysine
Concentrate
Total
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Quantity in kg
52
8
8
0.5
10
0.4
8
5
0.1
0.1
5%
100
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Table 3 : Constituent of 5% concentrates
Concentrate
5%
Fish meal
40
Bone meal
13
Sea shell
12
NaCl
2.5
Premix
10
Palm oil
2.5
Groundnut cake
20
Soya beans cake
40
Source: Personal observation and participation
I-6-3 Collection and conservation of eggs
Eggs collected in NAPTPC ranges from 10-12 trays per day. A reduction in laying
capacity is due to stress which arises as debeaking while an increase is due to the giving of
highly nutritive feed and drugs such as Amin’total which is rich in amino acid, vitamins and
stress element complex. The drug is given to higher productivity for 5-10days.Eggs are
collected 3 times per day and stored in trays.
I-7-POULTRY HEALTH AND HYGIENE
Appropriate measures aimed at preventing disease occurrences in a poultry farm
should be the watchwords of any poultry farmer. Treatment should only come in as the last
option as success in any poultry farm depends largely on good management practices such as
a goods feeding, regular vaccination and hygiene.
I-7-1 Hygiene
This is a precautional measure taken by the technician of the NAPTPC-Menteh to
prevent the birds from coming into contact with diseases causal organisms. This process is in
three phases
I-7-1-1-Measures taken before installing the chicks in the brooding house
Before day-old chicks are introduced in the brooding house in NAPTPC-Menteh, the
following precautional measures are taken.
-
All the old and movable equipment are removed from the brooding house;
-
The floor is washed and disinfected (propyl or bleach) and allow to fallow for 3 days
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-
The house is heated for 24 hours prior to the arrival of day old chicken up to 30 °c.
-
A foot bath is installed.
-
I-7-1-2 Measure taken after the chicks have been installed.
Heat is regulated by observing the behavior of the chicks while at the same time care
is taken not to suffocate the chicks
-
Anti-stress vitamin is given to the chicks in clean water for 3 days to minimize any
form of stress,
-
The chicks are observed morning and evening for any signs of ill health i.e. diarrhea
shivering isolation difficult breathing coughing, rough feathers.
-
The feeders and drinkers are washed before putting in drinking water and feed for the
chicks
-
Wet litter is replaced and dead chicks removed promptly and burnt
-
Sick birds are isolated treated and kept in the isolation pen and the rest of the birds
treated.
-
I-7-1-3- General control measures taken in the poultry section
Sanitation and adequate ventilation is maintained in the poultry house
-
Birds are kept according to their ages, breeds and are prevented from coming into
contact with wild birds and rodents
-
Visitors to poultry farms are restricted and a foot bath containing a disinfectant put at
the entrance to the house and individual pens.
-
The feed is stored in a dry place to prevent it becoming moldy.
-
The vaccination schedule is respected and the litter turned frequently and changed
promptly.
I-7 -2 Poultry Prophylaxis Vaccines and Treatment Program
This is a process whereby birds are actively immunized against specific diseases with
the use of vaccines. Below is a vaccination schedule that has proven effective against poultry
diseases in NAPTPC-Menteh.
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Table 4: Prophylaxis program for layers
Days
1st days
Disease
-Gumboro
-Infectious bronchitis
-NCD(Newcastle Disease)
10th day
; Newcastle disease
10th -12th day
-Gumboro
-Infectious bronchitis
Vaccine
Route of administration
-Alisery/Hiper-creseryl Drinking water (oral)
-Avi IBD1500d
-Avi ND HB1 +IB
1000d
Aliseryl or hipraseryl Drinking water
(Oral)
Hipragumboro
Drinking water
CH 80
(Oral)
Hipragumboro
I Drinking water
CH 80
(Oral)
Hipragumboro, Bp.l2 Injection
Bronipra ND/BD
12th -16th day
Coccidiosis
Amprolium200
21st day
23rd day
Gomboro
Worms
hipragumboroCH80
Piperasine
25th -26th day
Chronic
disease
Coccidiosis
2nd day
Stress
8th day
Gumboro
32nd -37th day
45th day
I Drinking water
(Oral)
Drinking water (oral)
Oral drinking water
respiratory Flumesol or limoxin or (Oral) drinking water
Doxycycline
Quinoxipra
(oral) drinkin water
Hipratifus
PAS/NCD
Injectable
60th day
-Pullorum
-Avian cholera
-Fowl typhoid
-NCD
Fowl pox
Hiprapox
Wing web stab
70th day
Infectious coryza
Coripravac
Injectable
12th week
Pullorum
Avian cholera
Fowl typhoid
-NCD
Worms
Hipratifus
PAS/ND
Injectable
14th week
Levamisole 10%+ super (oral) drinking water
multi forte
15th week
Chronic
disease
16th week
Bronchitis encephalamy
Broniprax myelovac
(oral) drinking water
17th week
-Debeaking
-NCD
-Infectious bronchitis
Worms
Adenipravac
(oral) drinking water
Lemisole 10%
(oral) drinking water
18th week
respiratory Mypravac avis
Injectable
Source: NAPTPC Menteh, 2011
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The above vaccines are given following the manufactures directives. They are not given to
sick birds and are given in fresh clean water.
I-7-3 Treatment of poultry diseases in NAPTPC Menteh
It is often said that prevention is better than cure. This statement is true in poultry
management is NAPTPC Menteh. During my one month field experience in this station no
poultry disease was observed but from past records some diseases that occurred were treated
as shown in the table below.
Table 5: treatment of some poultry diseases
Diseases
Causes
Symptom
Treatement
Coccidiosis
Eimeria
-Blood dropping,
Amprolium 20%
species
-Dropping wings
Anticox
-Diarrhea
Chlorotetracycline
-Blurh comb
Fowl typhoid Salmonella
Ruffled feathres
gallinarum Loss of appetite
Antibiotics
like
flumequine colistine
Greenish diarrhea
Pale comb and wattle
Pullorum
Salmonella
pullorum
Chicks huddle
Together
Furazolidone
and
sulphonamides
White diarrhaea
Rent pasting
Ruffled feathers
Fowl cholera Paeteurella
multocida
Suden death
Sulfa drugs antibiotics
Greenish yellow diarrhaea
Futachler
Hot sollewn comb and
Tetraranycine
Oxytetracycline
Source: NAPTPC Menteh, 2011
Conclusion: success in the poultry unit of NAPTPC Menteh can be attributed to its improved
management practices such as balanced feeding strict respect of vaccinations calendar and its
high efficient preventive disease control measures.
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Chapter II: THE RABBITRY SECTION
The rabbitory unit has one technician and one livestock attendant.
-
II-1 OBJECTIVES OF THE RABBIT UNIT
Training of farmers
-
Training of students on field work
-
For the production of meat
-
To carry out research
-
To produce each month at least 30 adults rabbits (2 kg)
II-2 BREEDS OF RABBITS IN THE CENTRE
Three breeds of rabbits supplied from Spain are bred in NAPTPC Menteh; the New
Zeeland which is generally white or black and are good meat producers. They are also fast
growing and can be ready for the market in 56days from birth.
There is also the, California specie which is generally white with black ears, nose, tail and
pads. They are kindled almost without color on the skin. They are also good meat producers.
The above breeds of rabbits fall under the average breed of rabbit production
II-3: FEEDING OF RABBITS
Two types of feed are given to rabbits depending on the hour of the day: the breeder
mash in the morning and forage are given to the adult rabbits later in the day. The type of
forage commonly used in NAPTPC Menteh is Guatemala grass. This grass is houesed
allowed to wilt for three days before it is given to the rabbits.
Table 6: composition of the rabbit feed of 100 kg
Ingredients
Quantity (kg)
Rice bran
21
Palm kernel cake
25
Soya beans cake
7
Salt (NaCl)
0.5
Osyler sea shell
1.5
Cotton seed cake
5
Corn
40
Source: NAPTPC Menteh, 2011
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Table 7 Daily feed consumption of rabbits
life weight
dry
matter
per
day
for
maintenances
4 kg
Adult
140-150 g of dry matter per
day for maintenances
1.5 kg (about 8 weeks old)
90of dry matter per day
600 grams (about 4 weeks
35-40g of dry matter per day.
olds)
Source: Personal Initiative
-
II-4 ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF THIS UNIT INCLUDES
Cleaning of the sponger of the foot-bath at the entrance and once cleaned, water and
disinfectant is added
-
Opening of all doors to improve ventilation
-
Scrapping and cleaning of the stuck faces and falls for from the floor underneath the
cages with a broom a spade and wheel barrow.
-
Looking for death animals, if present to the floor near the shelves and a Veterinarian is
called. Recording of the deads in the control sheet with as much information as
possible, carrying of death animal into the pit;
-
Feeding of animals with compounded feed and provision of water
-
Supply of witted forage to the rabbits
-
Placing of rest after haven cleaning with brush, water and disinfectant
-
Carrying the daily operation of crossing weaning separation of sexes; checking nest
kindlings, feeding. Recording everything in the control sheet.
II-5 HOUSING
It is a rectangular hall with cement blocks, plastered and cemented together with the floors.
The dimension of the hall is about 14.91m of length and 6.9m of width. The footbath is about
48cm of length, 40cm of width and4.5cm deep. The cage system used here in an intensive
cage system without bedding of dimension 68cm of length and width 50cm.Numbers of cages
in that hall are 80.The material used in construction of the cages in the NAPTPC MentehNkwen is welded wire since rabbits are lie rodents that gnaw and it is very difficult for them
to eat up their cages with this type of material.
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There are also found in the cages nesting boxes for gestation does awaiting Kindling.
The nesting boxes act as a secondary womb for the bunnies. The fur of rabbits is taken into
the doe’s cage 4-5 days before kindling. The nesting boxes are constructed with plastic
materials.
Feeders are also made from metals attached to the cages as seen on the diagram below.
The system of water supply is that of an automatic one where by taps are found in each cage
as seen in the diagram below.
Figure 7 : Representation of Internal part of the rabbitory
II-6: SOME COMMON RABBIT DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT IN
NAZARETH AGRO-PASTORAL TRAINING AND PRODUCTION CENTER
MENTEH-NKWEN
Table: 8 Diseases and Treatment
Diseases
Symptoms
Treatment
Route
of
Administration
Conjunction
Ciccidiosis
Discharges of the -Penicillin
Topically eye drop
eyes
-Chloramphenicil
Diarrhoea
Anti-Coccidian
Water
(Baycox 5%)
spoon in 5L of water)
soluble(1tea
-Anticoc supper
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Bitter laeves
Worm infestation
-Loss of appetide
Ivomec
Injectable
Ivomec
Injectable S/C
-swollen stomach
Mange
-iches
-Rough body coat
Wounds
Broken skin
Wound spray
Topically
Diarrhoea
Water faces
-Sulfacipo.2(small
Injectable
rabbit)
Flumecol-T 0.5 (big
rabbits)
Source: Manager.
II-7 MARKETING
Marketing of rabbits is done in the station by individual buyers from Bamenda Town
who always come in to the station for buying .Given a large population of Bamenda Town,
there is a ready market and high demand for the rabbits and the manure .Some buy for
breeding purposes and others for food .The market channel can best illustrate as on
figured….. At the end of production unit
CHAPTER III: CANE RATS
Cane rat (cutting grass) is a recent research animal in NAPTPC-Menteh, other centers in
the country includes IRAD Bambui, IRAD Yaoundé, IRAD Makon, CERUI Limbe and
CIPCRE Bafoussam. The last two are NGO interested in the rearing of cane rat .The system
of rearing cane rats in NAPTPC Menteh is the intensive one were all the animals are reared
in one building. The cane rats are reared in cages.
III-1 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of rearing cane rat in NAPTPC Menteh are in many folders:
-
To fight against poverty by offering more job opportunity
-
To conserve biodiversity by fighting against poaching
-
To carry out more research on cane rats
-
To meet the above objectives of NAPTPC Menteh which is to ensure the training and
grouping of farmers as well as supplying the trained Farmers with breeding stocks of
cane rats.
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-
III-2 ROUTINE ACTIVITIES OF THIS SECTION
Observation of the rooms and enclosure for escaped cane rats and for health
-
Susceping and cleaning of the enclosure
-
Feeding of animals with feed (concentrate), corn and forage.
-
Provision of drinking water and bones to animals
-
Catching of animals with a catcher for treatment sexing for pregnancy testing.
III-3-REPRODUCTION
Young females mature at 5-6months and young males 6-7 months. Gestation period last
for 5months, Lactation 40 days and litter size varies from 2-11 young ones. The matured
female is brought to the male enclosure for copulation and after 46 days it is tested for
pregnancy.
III-4 HOUSING OF THESE ANIMALS
The building housing the cane rats is similar to that of the rabbitery. Inside the house
enclosures is a modified form of the simple enclosure constructed like a cupboard attached to
the wall of the house. It is adapted to minimize space. The front aspect of the enclosure is made
of 6 mm iron rods. A small door is provided at the base of for cleaning and feeding. The
building is of length 10m and width 5m there is also a foot path at the entrance of the building
i.e. a plastic container measuring 42 cm by 38 cm by 6 cm deep for disinfection. It is of length
42cm, width 38cm, and 6cm deep. The system of rearing is the intensive one were all the
animals are reared in one building. The cane rats are reared in cages.
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Figure 8 : Diagram of super-imposed enclosure of the cane rat unit.
III-5 FEEDING
Cane rats are fed with forage and concentrate. Some forages and concentrates used in
feeding these animals are as shown on the table below.
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Table 9 : feed for cane rats
Ingredients
Quantity (kg)
Sorghum guina corn
40
Maize
40
Rice bran
10
Meat powder
3
Yeast
1
Bone meal
2
Groundnut cake
3
Minerals
1
Total
100
Table 10 : Types of forages and concentrate given to cane rats
Forages
Concentrates
Elephant grass
Maize grain
Guatemala
Compress wheat bran
Corn stems
Sweet potatoes tubers
Cassava stems
All bought from the market
Sweet potatoes,
stylosanthes spp,
Kikuyu grass
Raffia palm leaves
Source: Manager
III-6 MARKETING
Can rat have a very good market in NAPTPC Menteh-Nkwen Students in and around
the Nkwen village buy it most especially to carry out their scientific research. Other
customers in Bamenda Town come and purchase cane rats to sell in restaurants. The market
channel illustrates (figure) the coners from which customers leave to come and buy in
NAPTPC Menteh-Nkwen.
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CHAPTER IV: THE PIGGERY SECTION
The piggery unit of NAPTPC Menteh has a carrying capacity of about 200 pigs. But now
they are 49 piglets, 46sows (females), 08 boars (males) and 10 gilts. This is largely based on
the fact that there is a large market for pigs in this center.
-
IV-1 OBJECTIVES OF PIGS
For production purposes.
-
To carry out research
-
To raise income
IV-2 BREEDS OF PIGS
Only one breed of pigs exit called cross breed. No pure breed exists. These cross breeds are
obtained from the following breeds: Duroc, Large white and Land race.
IV-3 SYSTEM OF PIG REARING
The system of pig rearing in NAPTPC is an intensive one where pigs are reared indoor and
grass together with compound feed are given to them.
-
IV-4-ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF THIS SECTION
Sweeping and carrying away refuge
-
Washing of the pen the whole floor with water.
-
Treating of sick animals.
-
Giving of compound feed to pigs.
-
Feeding of pigs every day once with grass and compounded feed.
-
Some surgical interventions like castration.
IV-5- HOUSING OF PIGS
The piggery house is rectangular in shape, constructed with cement blocks and roofed
with corrugated iron sheet. The house also has window protectors made with metals and doors
made with wood. The house is constructed in such a way that there are passages on both sides
and a corridor in the middle to easy cleaning. The house is of length 20m and of with 8m also
has a footbath at the entrance of the house for germ elimination. The foot bath is 60cm in
length, 43cm wide and 4cm deep. There is a place behind the house where piggery manure is
stored and trained behind the building.
The equipments found in the piggery house are: brooms, spades, wheel barrows, buckets
and pipes which are connected to taps to facilitate cleaning. Below is a diagram showing the
piggery house.
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Figure 9 Diagram of the internal representation of the piggery
Key
A
Foot bath
H
Side passage
B
Main door
I
Ate leading at the passage at
the side
C
Furrowing pen
J
Drainage
D
Pen
K
Pen door
E
Drinkers
L
Windows
F
Feeders
M
Roof
Passage
N
/
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IV-6-FEEDING OF PIGS
Pigs in this center are fed with grass like elephant grass (Napier grass) and Guatemala as
well as with concentrates which provides energy for maintenance, growth and for production.
A required quantity of 4Kg was given per Sow and boars each day. Creped feed is given to
the newly weaned at a quantity of 0.5Kg per piglet.
IV-7- SOME COMMON PIG DISEASES CONDITION AND THEIR
TREATMENT IN NAZARETH AGRO-PASTORAL TRAINING AND
PRODUCTION CENTER ARE AS SHOWN ON THE TABLE BELOW
Table 11 : Diseases and Treatment
Diseases /Condition
Signs
Treatment
Mange
Wound due to itches ,alopecia Deditecki
Yellowish diarrhea
-Dehydration
Anti- coccidiosis
-Yellow diarrhea
-Anorexia
Gastro-intestinal problem in -Poor growth
piglets
OXT
-anorexia
-Soya beans were added in
-Emaciation
their feed formulation and
-Faces are hard but sometimes enough rice.
soft.
Not
active
and
always
huddling.
Absces
The area was hot and swollen. -Area incised using a blade
Presences of pus aspirated -pus squeezed out.
with syringe.
- Area washed with water and
later
on
flushed
with
antibiotic i.e. OXT.
Piglet Aneamia.
Emaciation
Fercobsang.
Weakness
Source. From past record
IV-7-1 Marketing of pigs
A good market situation exists in this farm .Buyers come to buy especially when piglets
are available. The demand for pig is so high in the center and they are unable to satisfy their
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customers. The piglets are marketed 2 months after weaning, often weighing about 1215Kg.The parent stock is usually sold after 2years of usage .Buyers come from around
Bamenda and Mbouda respectively. Markets channel at the end of this chapter can best
illustrate the market situation.
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CHAPTER VI: GARDEN SECTION
In Nazareth Agro-Pastoral Training and Production Centre Menteh, most of the corn
and soya beans that are needed for the preparation of feed are done by them only a fraction of
what is gotten from the market in time of scarcity.
Vegetable like, huckle berry, waterleaves, cabbages and green species are also
cultivated. Fruits like carrots and mangoes are also found here. Crops like Irish potatoes,
green beans, plantains and beans are also found here.
-
VI-1 OBJECTIVE OF THE SECTION
It is meant for the priest
-
.Only a little part of the crop and fruits are sold.
-
For feed composition.
To conclude it all, Nazareth Agro-Pastoral Training and Production Center Menteh-
Nkwen has a large demand for its goods in such a way that there are many buyers but the
supply is limited .Below is a market channel of all the animals, crops, fruits and vegetable in
NAPTPC-Menteh- Nkwen.
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Part III: THE SOCIO-ECOOMIC ASPECT OF THE ACTIVITIES IN
THE NAZARETH AGRO-PASTORAL TRAINING AND PRODUCTION
CENTER MENTEH- NKWEN
This aspect will be divided in to two: the economic role of the exploitation and the social
role of the exploitation.
I- ECONOMIC ROLE OF THE EXPLIOTATION
I-1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPLOITATION IN NAPTPCMENTEH NKWEN
The main objectives of NAPTPC-Nkwen Bamenda are as follows:
-
To provide educations that can assists young people carry out agriculture as a
profession.
-
To liberate young people especially those from a poor families and those who cannot
pursue the classical school system from ignorance, poverty and diseases.
-
To provide these young people with a social standing in the community.
-
Contribute to increasing agricultural production, solving the unemployment problem
and reducing rural exodus in the North West Region in particular and Cameroon as a whole
I-2 SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE EXPLOITATION
Given the broad nature of the work and the limited time had an intensive evaluation
was done on the layer section for the month of September as shown below
Expenses in the Month of September in the layer unit
Item
Unit
Feed
1800Kg
Vitamins
700G
Atibiotics
100G
Approlium
600G
Disinfection
0.5Litter
Salary
One month
Total
/
Source: NAPTPC, 2011
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Unit cost
200frs/Kg
15frs/G
17frs /G
15frs/G
/
/
/
Total cost
360,000
10,500
15,3000
9,000
4,000
35,000
434,300
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Results obtained from the layer unit in the month of September.
Items
Units
Total number of eggs 11,118egg
Unit cost
Total
50frs
555,9000frs
collected
Benefits: (555,000-434,000) frs: 121,600frs per Month in the layer unit.
I-3 PRODUCTION FACTORS
The principal production factors are: Land, Labour and capital.
I-3-1-Land
NAPTPC Menteh-Nkwen exploits 11Hectars of Land .Within which 4hectars are
occupied with Animal production and 9hectars Arable Land on which gardens and cash crops
are being exploited.
I-3-2 Labour
The work carried out in NAPTPC Menteh is generally done manually and with the
machine to a limited extend. NAPTPC employs 17 workers who work permanently majority
of which are trained technicians and others Assistances. Moreover, students on internship who
are very frequent in this Centre offer non-negligible helping hands.
I-3-4 Capital
The capital of NAPTPC Menteh which was not mentioned (confidential) was supplied by
Catholic Churches, Personals, School fees (<10%) from AFOG students, as well as
subventions from the Government.
I-4 GENERAL MARKETING
The market channel as earlier explained detail in each of the chapters can be illustrated as
shown below.
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Other
Farm
Market around
and out of
Bamenda
Other Farmers
Breeders
A sketch of the market channel.
II-SOCIAL ROLE OF THE EXPLOITATION
The creation of NAPTPC-Menteh has gone a long way to help the Menteh
community and its neighboring village by providing them with farm produce. By this it has
solved the problem of distant travel to get these products in town.
It has created room for employment for a good number of people in farm activity as
unemployment is reduced, social ills like high crime wave and prostitution is reduced in the
area.
It has also step up the supply of farm products in the North West Region of
Cameroon.
It has created a research center in which students carry out research programs.
To fulfill the objectives of NAPTPC Menteh-Nkwen, the Center recruits students for a
training period of 10 months during which theory and practical courses are carried out in the
Centre, encourages them to farm, group them into cooperatives groupings, help them to set up
their small family agro-pastoral enterprises and follow them up for 3years in order to ensure
the sustainability of the enterprise.
-
Admission of students for the training is not based on educational level but on the
ability to acquire technical knowledge and skills.
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The institution accommodates persons of various educational backgrounds with at
least a First School Leaving Certificate. Students admitted engage in full time agriculture and
animal husbandry business upon graduation.
The Center offers free training to its students. The school currently has a student
population of 37 trainees. Applicants are between 18-35years of age. Priority is given to
young people from a poor background or orphans.
For effective training, NAPTPC integrates production as a pedagogic tool in its
educational program .The students are thus trained into entrepreneurial environment serving
as an impetus for them to understand the complexity of agricultural production and marketing.
This system is a challenge to the Center which has to be managed at the same time as an
Enterprise and as an Educational Institution.
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PART IV-OBSERVATIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
I- OBSERVATIONS
After one month of active participative in routine activities of NAPTPC Menteh-Nkwen, we
came out with the following observations:
-
The staff strength of NAPTPC Menteh, even though it had an increment of staff from
5 to 17 is not enough compared to the volume of the work
-
Many machines have been allowed to rot out. Some of the machines lacks engines
likes the case of the cleaning machines and cultivating machines in the garage for
agriculture equipments.
-
Manure from animal dung produced in the center that could have been used to
cultivate more forage is sold out to farmer at given-away prices. There by increasing
the cost of production.
-
The windows of the poultry section, particular the broilers of the Center have some
opening that facilitate the entry of wild birds. These wilds birds kill some of the chicks
for food.
-
Moreover the wire mesh making up part of the walls of the poultry and rabbitory
houses are larges. This offers free access to wild birds to fly in and feed alongside
with the birds and rabbits there by not only reducing their ration but also offering a
potential source of diseases.
-
The center has enough pasture land which is not properly utilized by the management
of the Centre. Part of the land has been shared out to farm workers for crop production
who themselves cannot maintain the portions.
-
Poor marketing of farm output such as the case of cabbages that are allow to rotten in
the farm and buckets of soya beans that have been infected by insects and is deposed in the
garage for agricultural equipments all lead to a waste in labour and capital.
-
Lack of laboratory where some sick cases could be diagnosed.
-
The brooding space was not increased with time
-
Lack of machine to mixed broiler feed which takes about 3 hours due to its
ingredients. This leads to wastage in time and energy which could be used to cultivate
half a hectare of land.
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II- SUGGESTIONS
After being in NAZARETH center for a month, after our personnel observations, the
recommendations were made in order to improve the exploitation activities which can help to
increase its production.
-
There is need for a laboratory and technician to be able to diagnose some of those
diseases that causes a drop in the entire farm on birds and animals.
-
There is a need to increase on the labour force so as to step production of crops and
animals in the center.
-
More forage plots should be open up in the Centre.
-
Manure produced in the Center from animal dungs should be recycled in the Centre
for the production of more forage to supplement animal compounded feed. This will in
no doubt help to reduce the cost of production.
-
The board of administrators should make available more funds for the repairs of some
of the machines.
-
Adjustment of the wire mesh at the windows of the poultry houses to keep out wild
birds.
-
The board of administrators should make available a machine for the mixing of
broilers feed, so as to ensure energy and time which can be implicated in other
domains and thus increasing production.
III-PERSPECTIVES
The Nazareth Agro-Pastoral training and Production Center Menteh- NKwen envisages certain
projects for the future.
- Given that the demands for chicks are more than supplies, the Center plans increasing the size
of the Poultry litter so as to meet up with the demand.
- Moreover, there is a plan to increase the number of does (female rabbits) by 32 as well as the
number of kindling time to 52.
-The Center also aims at increasing the number of farrowing periods as well as to ensure the
fattening of piglets after weaning.
-Also, the center envisages creating an analytic Laboratory in the long run, in which rapid
diagnoses of diseases will be carried out.
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GENERAL CONCLUSION
NAPTPC Menteh located in Nkwen Bamenda, is a Centre highly gifted in soil fertility
and good climate but still backward scientifically due to lack of diagnostic laboratories and
poor information situation on agriculture
The study of the Agro-Pastoral exploitation of NAPTPC Menteh has actually enabled
us to put into practice some of the skills learned in school especially durring the dirrect
contact had with the genetic resources. This experience was done by active participation,
through the inspection of animals as well as through communication with the staff.
Thus the establishement of an agro-pastoral exploitation needs certain parameters such as: the
choice of the site, the conception of the building, a methodic follow up of the subject that is a
scrupulous follow up of the prophylaxis program, the hygiene of the building as well as the
staff (because prevention is better than cure) and finally a drinker and feeder of surfficient
quality and quantity.
By importing diversed new reproductive breeds (New zealand (rabbits), Abore Acres
(poultry…) the NAPTPC makes an effort on the amelioration of reproduction and thus
improving its quality and quantity. Thus giving the center a benefit in the pastoral sector.
A good understanding of animal husbandry as well as agriculture by the veterinarian,
actor of the sector is indispensable for the modernisation of animal husbandry by many
families, in addition the notion of the effective fight against porverty as well as ensuring autosufficiency of animal proteins.
This internship has thus been a large opening and brings many opening in the
framework of our training.
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REFFERENCE
1- Bamnjo (2007) Lecture Notes on Livestock Infrasstructure
2- Naviti Chysanthus (2008) Lecture Notes on Special pathology.
Billa John Tita Sama (2007) Lecture Notes on Rabbit production
Mondi Mathew (2008) Lecture Notes on Poultry Production and Lecture Notes on Pig
Husbandry.
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ANNEX
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