European Journal of Business and Management
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.6, No.12, 2014
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The Effect of Applying Price Discrimination Strategy on the
Marketing Performance of Five Stars Hotels Located in Amman –
Jordan
Elham Fakhri Tomalieh
University of Petra, Jordan, P.O Box 961343 Amman 11196 Jordan
E.mail : [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of applying price discrimination strategy on the marketing performance
of the five stars’ hotels. The study investigates the impact of independent variables price discrimination types:
first degree, second degree, third degree and combination of price discrimination, on the dependent variable:
marketing performance. To achieve the objective of the study, (78) questioners were distributed to marketing
decision makers in all the five stars hotels located in Amman- Jordan. The findings clearly show that applying
price discrimination strategy: second degree and combination of price discrimination affected the marketing
performance of the five stars hotels subject of the study. However there is no influence by first degree and third
degree of price discrimination. The study recommends the need for marketing decision makers to adopt price
discrimination strategies to influence their marketing performance.
Keywords: Price discrimination strategy, marketing performance.
1. Introduction
Pricing traditionally represents one of the central marketing instruments ( McCathy 1960, Kirkpatrick 1982, p.
249; Kotler et al. 2008, p 633; Krohmer 2009, p. 159). Today pricing is more extensively understood as a
complex, comprehensive management task that contains several strategic and operative decisions (Holden 2002;
Hartline 2008, p 221; Siems 2009, p.5). Pricing includes a management process which contains a comprehensive
analytical phase which examines the situations of the company, customers, and competition (Siems 2009b, p.14).
Pricing can be defined as the analyses, planning, implementation, and monitoring of strategies and operative
decisions which affect the nature, extent, and conditions of that which current and potential customers must pay
for the utilization of a company’s service, and how these are perceived by them. (Siems 2009, p.5; Monroe 2003,
p.5; Kotler et al. 2008, p.639).
One of pricing strategies is price discrimination or yield management. Price discrimination is a classic part of
price competition between firms seeking a market advantage or to protect an established market position, which
occurs when a firm charges a different price to different groups of consumers for an identical good or service, for
reasons not due to costs or product differentiation. However, there is a difference between price
discrimination and product differentiation.
Yield management is the process of understanding, anticipating and influencing consumer behavior in order to
maximize or profits from a fixed, perishable resource (such as airline seats or hotel room reservations). Yield
management involves strategic control of inventory to sell it to the right customer at the right time for the right
price. This process can result in price discrimination. Yield management is a large revenue generator for several
major industries.
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1 Price discrimination.
Price discrimination exists when sales of identical goods or services are offered at different prices from the same
provider, in a theoretical market with perfect information with no transaction costs or re-selling. This kind of
pricing could be found in oligopoly such as the hotels, airlines, cellular service provider, and even in fully
competitive retail or industrial markets.
In pure price discrimination, the seller will charge each customer the maximum price that he or she is willing to
pay. In more common forms of price discrimination, the seller places customers in groups based on certain
attributes and charges each group a different price.
To apply price discrimination strategy profitably, there are three essential conditions: Firms with market power,
consumers with differences in price elasticity of demand between markets, and no arbitrage through existing
barriers to prevent consumers switching from one provider to another.
Price discrimination requires market segmentation and some means to discourage discount customers from
becoming resellers. This usually needs using one or more means of preventing any resale, keeping the different
price groups separate, making price comparisons difficult, or restricting pricing information. So price
discrimination is very common in services. (McAfee, Preston 2008)
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Vol.6, No.12, 2014
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Types of price discrimination:
- First degree price discrimination. Perfect Price Discrimination - optimal pricing ( Customer willingness
to pay)
This type of price discrimination is primarily theoretical because it requires the seller of a good or
service to know the absolute maximum price that every consumer is willing to pay, due to the fact that
consumers have different price elasticity’s. This means that the seller or sellers capture all market
surpluses, where consumers bid for tenders.
- Second degree price discrimination. (Purchased volume)
Price varies according to quantity sold. Larger quantities are available at a lower unit price.
- Third degree price discrimination. (Customer segment)
Price varies by location or by customer segment or customer classes. For Example: Student or senior
discounts, because they will have a different willingness to pay than other consumers. The supplier is
once again capable of capturing more market surplus than would be possible without price
discrimination.
- Combination: a company may vary pricing by location, and then offer bulk discounts as well.
Examples of price discrimination: Retail incentives, Travel Industry, Premium pricing, Segmentation by age
group and student status, Discounts for members of certain occupations, Employee discounts, Incentives for
industrial buyers, Gender-Based, Financial aid in education, International price discrimination, Price
discrimination by online search, Possession of a club card or frequent buyers.
Examples of this can often be found in the hotel and airline industries where spare rooms and seats are sold on a
last minute standby basis. In these types of industry, the fixed costs of production are high. At the same time
the marginal or variable costs are small and predictable. If there are unsold airline tickets or hotel rooms, it is
often in the businesses best interest to offer any spare capacity at a discount prices, always providing that the
cheaper price that adds to revenue at least covers the marginal cost of each unit.
Peak and off-peak pricing and is common in the telecommunications industry, leisure retailing and in the travel
sector. Telephone and electricity companies separate markets by time: There are three rates for telephone calls: a
daytime peak rate, and an off peak evening rate and a cheaper weekend rate.
2.2 Marketing performance:
(Bernard J. 2008) Marketing performance should be measured by marketing effectiveness and marketing
efficiency.
1. Marketing effectiveness measures the ability of achieving marketing goals. Such as: Market share,
Growth through (market development, product development, penetration or diversification), new
customer acquisition, Competitive advantage, Competitive position, Customer satisfaction Awareness
level of the brand.
2. Marketing efficiency deals with the financial measures, such as: profitability, return on investment,
cash flew and liquidity and return on sales, revenue from sales, the cost of customer acquisition,
revenue generated by segments of the customer, profitability of customers by demographic segments
and segmentation of customers by profitability.
3. Literature Review
3.1 Price discrimination
(Phillips 2002) studies the scientific journals market and he demonstrated that most scientific journals charge a
higher subscription price to institutional subscribers and lower subscription price to individual subscribers. Such
practice is considered an issue of third-degree price discrimination.
(Zheng and Kaisert 2012) examined what factors affect the degree of price discrimination for an academic
journal by analyzing data on 190 of 208 economics journals indexed in the 2008 edition. They providing insights
in three aspects: price discrimination by journal governance (for profit vs. nonprofit status), by publisher, and by
how the differences in journal pricing behavior in the respective library and individual markets lead to various
degrees of price discrimination. The study finds that: the library-to-individual price ratio of a for-profit journal
is 37% higher than that of a comparable nonprofit journal. Journals with higher citations per page or impact
factor are more prices discriminatory.
(Clerides 2002, McManus 2006,) have documented the existence of both second and third degree price
discrimination in various markets. The few studies that have tried directly to relate how competition changes the
extent of price discrimination have focused on settings with second degree price discrimination.
(Busse and Rysman ,2005) examine prices for Yellow Pages advertising, and show that where there are more
competing publishers, the price of larger ads falls relatively more than the price of small ads. (Taylor ,2003)
suggests that newspapers with a lower market share have a higher fraction sold at a discount.
(Stavins’, 2001) findings were that the level of price discrimination decreases with market concentration. Price
discrimination should not be practiced in perfect competition.
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(Aydin, 2008) focused on the idea that price discrimination alone is not evidence of market power. When
second-degree price discrimination is an option, the disadvantaged firm in an asymmetric duopoly is more likely
to discriminate. The result of such price discrimination is clear in its effect on firms’ profits. Both firms realize
higher profits under price discrimination regardless of whether only one firm or both firms discriminate.
Moreover, each firm directly benefits when its rival discriminates.
(Anderson and Dana, 2009) identified conditions on consumer surplus and willingness to pay for profitable price
discrimination by a monopolist. They focus on the asymmetries between competitors that determine the
profitability of second degree price discrimination. They find, first: that rebates would more often be offered by
the disadvantaged firm. Second, the greater the disadvantage of the firm relative to its rival, the more beneficial
rebates become to the firm’s profits. Third, if consumer effort involved in obtaining rebates is not too high, the
disadvantaged firm will typically offer a rebate, but the advantaged competitor would not.
(Borenstein and Rose,1994) find that airline routes with greater competition exhibit a greater level of price
discrimination. Customers booking early with carriers will normally find lower prices if they are prepared to
commit themselves to a flight by booking early. This gives the airline the advantage of knowing how full their
flights are likely to be and a source of cash-flow in the weeks and months prior to the service being provided.
(Gerardi and Shapiro, 2007) find that price discrimination decreases with competition, and that the reduction is
greater on routes where consumers have relatively heterogeneous elasticities of demand.
(Chen et al., 2001) they addressed in their model, some consumers are loyal to one firm, and other consumers
always purchase from the firm with the lowest price. Both sets of consumers have identical received values, so
the monopolist would charge both sets of consumers the same price equal to their received value. However,
when a new competitor enters, the equilibrium outcome is that the firm should engage in third-degree
competition and charge loyal consumers a high price and switchers a low price.
(Dogan et al., 2010) use a model where consumers have different sensitivities to product differentiation to show
that rebating (second-degree price discrimination) can become profitable with increased competition.
(Chintagunta, 2002) examines the effect of retail competition on optimal pricing in the analgesics (pain reliever)
category and finds that competition leads to lower prices. This also implies that competition is reducing the
amount of price discrimination in that category.
3.2 Marketing Performance
(Asplund, Eriksson and Strand, 2008) demonstrated that recent theoretical work has shown that the incentive to
target rival firm’s customers with low prices can increase price discrimination, and that the strength of incentive
depends on a firm’s market position. By using data on Swedish newspaper subscription, they find strong support
for these predictions. Newspapers with a local competitor sell a higher part of their circulation at a discount than
monopoly newspapers. In competitive markets the use of discounts is inversely related to the newspaper’s
market share. They find no evidence that price discrimination based on observable and exogenous characteristics
is influenced by the market structure. Price discrimination exists in many oligopolistic markets, where firms have
the ability to condition prices on customers past purchasing decisions; competition might increase the extent of
price discrimination beyond levels optimal for a monopoly. The ability to target new customers, which are often
some other firm’s customers with special offers, can create a situation with widespread use of discounting. This
mechanism can help explain the abundance of promotions by credit card companies, retail banks, mobile phone
operators, long distance telephone providers, magazines and newspapers.
(Aydin and Morefield, 2010) point-to-point and hub-and-spoke airlines have used price discrimination since the
early 1980s; its use is less extensive among point-to-point airlines. At the same time, the low rate of return on
capital experienced by major network airlines is an established fact. The networks earn normal, or slightly below
normal, profits. The findings of this study support the notion that firms can effectively use price discrimination
in situations where they have no control over entry, but can effectively groping consumers into market segments.
Price discrimination can then be used to cover the carriers' common and separate costs.
Price discrimination is clearly in the interests of businesses who achieve higher profits. A company
will maximize its revenues if it can extract from each customer the maximum amount that person is willing to
pay. While Price discrimination allows a company to earn higher profits than standard pricing because it allows
firms to capture every last dollar of revenue available from each of its customers.
An increase in total output resulting from selling extra units at a lower price might help a monopoly supplier to
benefit economies of scale thereby reducing long run average costs. There is nearly always some supplementary
profit to be made from this strategy. And, it can also be an effective way of securing additional market
share within an oligopoly as the main suppliers’ battle for market dominance.
The purpose of price discrimination is generally to capture the market's consumer surplus. This surplus arises
because, in a market with a single clearing price, some customers (the very low price elasticity segment) would
have been prepared to pay more than the single market price. Price discrimination transfers some of this surplus
from the consumer to the producer or provider. This indicates that the producer will always obtain higher
revenues under price discrimination than under a single price strategy.
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4. Methodology:
4.1 Hypotheses:
H1: Applying first degree price discrimination affecting the provider’s marketing performance.
H2: Applying second degree price discrimination affecting the provider’s marketing performance.
H3: Applying third degree price discrimination affecting the provider’s marketing performance.
H4: Applying combination price discrimination affecting the provider’s marketing performance.
4.2 Instruments
This research aims to examine the effect of applying price discrimination strategy on the marketing performance
of the five stars hotels located in Amman-Jordan. To achieve this goal a questionnaire was developed to collect
data from the targeted sample.
The questionnaire consisted of two sections; the first section is about which type of price discrimination the hotel
applies, the second section is about the attitude of the participant about each statement regarding different types
of price discrimination and marketing performance.
The instrument rely on a five –point Likert Scale, representing a range of attitudes from 1- strongly disagree to
5- strongly agree, in order to measure the effect of applying price discrimination types on the marketing
performance of the five stars hotels located in Amman-Jordan.
3.3 Variable Measurement
3.3.1 Independent Variables:
Price Discrimination:
Stole (2003), “Price discrimination exists when prices vary across customer segments in a way that can’t be
entirely by variations in marginal cost”. There are four types of price discrimination:
- First degree price discrimination.
This type of price discrimination requires the seller of a good or a service to know the absolute
maximum price that every consumer is willing to pay, due to the fact that consumers have different
price elasticity’s.
This type of price discrimination was measured in this study by six items, namely: Our customer is
willing to pay the price that we determined, the customer doesn’t know the real cost of the service, our
service is considered as one of guest’s life style components, prices vary according the service package
offered to the guest, we have a fixed price per room regardless the provided service package, service
prices vary according to the service type offered to guest. These items were measured by a five-point
Likert Scale with five levels, started with strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1).
- Second degree price discrimination. (Purchased volume)
Price varies according to quantity sold. Larger quantities are available at a lower unit price. This means
that bulk buyers enjoy higher discounts.
This type of price discrimination was measured in this study by four items, namely: offering special
price for families, offering special price for individuals, offering special price for tourist groups and
having long contract price. These items were measured by a five-point Likert Scale with five levels,
started with strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1).
- Third degree price discrimination.
Price varies by location or by customer segment or customer classes.
This type of price discrimination was measured in this study by three items, namely: having special
prices offers for young people, having special prices offers for business sector and having special prices
offers for college students. These items were measured by a five-point Likert Scale with five levels,
started with strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1).
- Combination:
Through this type of price discrimination the company used to mix two or more of price discrimination
types together.
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This type of price discrimination was measured in this study by twelve items four of them regarding
way of booking , four regarding season or time and four Geographical area, namely: Offering different
prices for different geographic area, having one price for all customers in all regions of the country,
purchasing capabilities for the customers vary according to their place of residence, offering different
prices for the customers according to their place of residence, offer special price for online booking,
having different price for last minute booking, having different price for on counter booking, offer
special price for early booking. having one day stay price, having long stay price, having off peak time
price and offering a special occasion’s price. These items were measured by a five-point Likert Scale
with five levels, started with strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1).
3.3.2 Dependent Variable
Marketing performance was measured through: Applying price discrimination increases guest’s benefits
achieved by the provider, Applying price discrimination helps the provider in taking advantage of guest’s
willingness to pay Applying price discrimination helps the provider in reaching new guest’s segments, Applying
price discrimination helps the provider in being able to charge higher prices and Applying price discrimination
helps the provider in achieving cost advantage. These items were measured by a five-point Likert Scale with five
levels, started with strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1).
3.4 Population and Sampling
To collect data to test hypotheses, a survey was conducted to collect data from sample. In total 78 Questionnaires
were distributed randomly to guests of hotels located in Amman- Jordan. Response rate was 71.79.Percent.
3.5 Reliability and Validity Assessment
Cronbach coefficient alpha (internal consistency) for the overall model was estimated at 0.794. For the first
degree price discrimination 0.70, second degree price discrimination 0.785, 0.694 for third degree price
discrimination, 0.749 for combination price discrimination and 0.795 for the provider's marketing performance.
( Sekran,2003 ).
3.6 Descriptive Statistics Analysis
Table (1) Descriptive Statistics Analysis
Mean
Std.
Statement
Deviation
Guest’s willingness to pay:
1
Our guest is willing to pay the price that we determined. 3.1923
.67830
2
The guest doesn’t know the real cost of the service. 3.5231
.70948
3
Hotel service is considered as one of guest’s life style components. 3.3277
.70982
Quality of service:
4
Service prices vary according to the service package offered to the guest. 4.1846
.63473
5
We have a fixed price per room regardless the provided service package. 3.4000
1.35554
6
Service prices vary according to the service type offered to guest. 4.2308
.63169
Way of booking:
7
We offer special price for online booking. 3.5385
1.14669
8
We have different price for last minute booking. 2.8000
1.09259
9
We have different price for on counter booking. 3.1231
1.15255
10
We offer special price for early booking. 2.9538
1.32795
Geographical area:
11
Offering different prices for different geographic area. 2.3692
1.31778
12
We have one price for our guests in all regions of the country. 3.8923
1.28845
13
Purchasing capabilities for our guests vary according to their place of 3.1231
.80054
residence.
14
Offering different prices for our guests according to their place of residence. 2.9538
1.09588
Guest’s Group:
15
We have special prices offers for young people. 2.8615
1.05885
16
We have special prices offers for business sector. 3.7462
.68536
17
We have special prices offers for college students. 3.1846
1.15775
Sales Volume:
18
We offer special price for families. 3.8615
1.11631
19
We offer special price for individuals. 3.7846
1.19232
20
We offer special price for groups. 4.6769
.47129
21
We have long contract price. 4.0000
.78661
Season - Time:
22
We have one day stay price. 3.7692
1.02727
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Indep1
Indep2
Indep3
Indep4
Dep.
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We have long stay price.
We have off peak time price.
We offer a special occasion’s price.
Marketing performance:
Applying price discrimination increases guest’s benefits achieved by the
provider.
Applying price discrimination helps the provider in taking advantage of
guest’s willingness to pay.
Applying price discrimination helps the provider in reaching new guest’s
segments.
Applying price discrimination helps the provider in being able to charge
higher prices.
Applying price discrimination helps the provider in achieving cost advantage.
First degree.
Second degree.
Third degree.
Combination.
Marketing performance.
4.4000
3.6154
3.9538
.84410
.91331
.69441
3.8615
.72623
4.0000
.72887
4.3231
.47129
4.1231
.80054
4.3231
3.3477
4.0321
3.2641
3.8512
4.0000
.53349
.62345
.72813
.77636
.65115
.72887
The second degree of price discrimination has the highest mean scores M= 4.03 with S.D = 0.728, followed by
combination type of price discrimination M= 3.85 with S.D=0.651, then first degree of price discrimination M=
3.35 with S.D = 0.623, and the lowest was the third degree of price discrimination with M= 3.26 and S.D = 0.776.
This means that there is an effect for the second degree and the combination type of price discrimination on the
marketing performance of the five stars hotels located in Amman-Jordan. The high standard deviations mean the
dispersion in a widely spread distribution.
3.7 Correlation Analysis – Relationship between the Variables
There is a significant positive relationship between second degree of price discrimination and the marketing
performance of the five stars hotels (r= 0.301**, n=65, p≤0.01). Combination type of price discrimination and
the marketing performance of the five stars hotels (r= 0.257*, n=65, p≤0.05). Which means that the second
degree was the most important type of price discrimination which affect the marketing performance of five stars
hotels, followed with the combination type of price discrimination.
3.8. Multiple Regression Analysis
Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effect of price discrimination types on the marketing
performance of five stars hotels located in Amman- Jordan.
The coefficient of determination, R ² 0.258 representing that 25.8 percent of hotels' marketing performance
explained by the four types of price discrimination.
But the major effect was for the second degree of price discrimination and then for the combination type of price
discrimination, while the first and third degree were excluded from the model, that shown in table (3) which
represent the results of stepwise regression analysis.
Table (2) Regression results between price discrimination types
and marketing performance:
Model
Beta t
Sig
First degree
0.041 0.353 0.726
Second degree 0.451 3.593 0.001
Third degree
0.135 1.096 0.272
combination
0.412 3.252 0.002
R ² = 0.258, Adjusted R2 = 0.208, F value= 5.210 , F Sig= 0.000 , p≤0.05
The proposed model is adequate at the F-Statistics p-value= 0.000 is significant at level p≤0.01. This indicates
that the overall model is significant and there is an effect of price discrimination types on the marketing
performance of the five stars hotels located in Amman-Jordan.
Table (3) Stepwise Regression results between price discrimination
types and marketing performance:
R²
Model
f
Sig
t
Sig
Second degree
0.091 6.269 0.015 14.63 0.010
Second+combination 0.242 9.902 0.000 10.93 0.000
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5. Conclusion
The findings of this study demonstrated that 25.8 percent of hotels' marketing performance explained by the four
types of price discrimination. The findings indicated also that the second degree was the most important type of
price discrimination which affects the marketing performance of five stars hotels located in Amman, followed
with the combination type of price discrimination.
This indicates that the hotels benefit from price discrimination than a single price strategy by achieving an
observable marketing performance. Whereas resources are perishable, like hotel’s room reservations.
By applying price discrimination, hotels - subject of the study - increase guest’s benefits achieved, taking
advantage of guest’s willingness to pay, reaching new guest’s segments, being able to charge higher prices and
achieving cost advantage.
These results are consistent with the results of (Asplund , Erikssonz and Strand, 2008, Baumol, 1982, Dogan et
al.2008 ).
6. Managerial Implication
Though pricing discrimination strategy the service provider charges customers different prices for the same
services. While the purpose of price discrimination is generally to capture the market’s customer surplus, it is
important for the provider to segment customers into two segments regarding their price elasticity. This
segmentation helps the provider to charge the low price elasticity segment higher prices for an identical service,
because they would have been prepared to pay more than the other segment with high price elasticity. This
means that the provider will obtain higher marketing performance under price discrimination strategy than under
a single price strategy.
Depending on the findings of this study, the marketing decision makers in five stars hotels should rely on
applying generally price discrimination strategy. Basically on second degree price discrimination by differing
prices according to quantity sold, offering special price for families, for tourist groups and for long contract price,
also to apply combination type of price discrimination. Varying pricing by location, offer bulk discounts as well,
way of booking, season or time, geographical area.
7. Limitation and Future Research:
From the statistical side the relationship between applying price discrimination strategy and the marketing
performance are reliable and valid for current study. The study was applied on the five stars hotels located in
Amman – Jordan. This means that there is another level of hotels which excluded from such investigation. The
results of this study could be generalized on the five stares hotel located in Jordan. Jordan is a Middle East
country that has specific characteristics which are differing from other countries located in other regions in the
world.
These limitations could be considered as a valuable field of study for future researches.
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