COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Information-Processing
Perspectives
Information-processing theory of
cognition or cognitive development:
framework for understanding
cognition that is built on a set of
assumptions about how humans
acquire and use information.
Hardware
Software
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Information-Processing
Perspectives
Limited capacity – assumption that
there are constraints on:
1. How much information we
can think about at any
one time,
2. How long we can hold
information in mind
before it is lost, and
3. How quickly we can
process information.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Information-Processing
Perspectives
Information Flow & the Store Model
Sensory Register : first informationprocessing store. Stimuli briefly
noticed.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Information-Processing
Perspectives
Information Flow & the Store Model
Working or Short-term Memory:
second information-processing
store. Stimuli are retained for
several seconds and operated
upon.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Information-Processing
Perspectives
Information Flow & the Store Model
Sensory Register: first informationprocessing store. Stimuli briefly
noticed.
Working or Short-term Memory:
second information-processing
store. Stimuli are retained for
several seconds and operated
upon.
Long-term Memory: third
information-processing store, goes
to permanent store for later use.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Information-Processing
Perspectives
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Information-Processing
Perspectives
Central Executive Control:
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Information-Processing
Perspectives
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Development of Attention:
1. Changes
2. Planful attentional strategies
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Development of Attention:
1. Changes
2. Planful attentional strategies
3. Selective attention
4. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity
Disorder
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Development of Attention:
4. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity
Disorder
a. Inattention
b. Impulsivity/Behav.
Disinhibition
c. Hyperactivity
d. Deficient Rule-Governed
Behavior
e. High Variability in Task
Performance
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Development of Attention:
4. Helping ADHD kids thrive
Rules and instructions need to
be:
• Presented prior to situation
• Clear
• Brief
• Visually backed up
• Presented one-on-one with
eye contact
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART
2
Brain scan images produced by
positron emision tomography (PET)
show differences between an adult
with ADHD (right) and an adult without
the disease (left).
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Basic definitions of Memory:
Event memory
Autobiographical memory
Strategic memory
Mnemonics
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2
• Memory in Infants
1. Recognizing caregivers
2. Reinforcement with a Mobile
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2
• Memory in Children
1. Working Memory
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2
• Memory in Children
1. Working Memory
2. Long Term Memory (General)
3. Children’s Long Term
Autobiographical Memory
• Toddler’s memory skills
• Infantile amnesia
• Children’s Eyewitness
Testimony
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Children as Eyewitnesses
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Development of Memory Strategies
1. Rehearsal
2. Organization
3. Elaboration
4. Retrieval
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,
PART 2
Processing Strategies:
1. Production & Utilization
Deficiencies
2. Multiple & Variable-Strategy Use
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2
Why Does Memory Improve with Age?
• Working memory capacity
• Memory strategies
• Metamemory
• Knowledge base