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Relocation of Market in Enugu: A Case for Involvement of
Stakeholders.
Jiburum, Uloma
[email protected]
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus
Ezeadichie , Nkeiru
[email protected]
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
and
Zulike, V. U
Town Planning Head quarters Enugu
Enugu State Nigeria
Article Info
Article history:
Abstract
Received Jan 2 2011
Accepted April 12 2011
Available online
Sept. 30, 2011
Market relocation is carried out for various reasons. The underlying factor
is usually to improve market condition for both buyers and sellers. This
work, therefore, examined the relocation of the livestock section of Artisan
market Ogui Layout in Enugu to a new location Ebeano livestock market
along Enugu-Port Harcourt expressway. This is with a view to ascertaining
the reasons for the relocation, level of participation by stakeholders and
implications for the surrounding environment and land use planning.
Questionnaire and interview surveys as well as personal observations were
used to collect data for the study. A hundred and twenty (120)
questionnaires were distributed to buyers and forty (40) to sellers. It was
revealed that even though some of the problems encountered by buyers and
sellers in Artisan market were solved by the relocation, others were made
even worse. Essentially, professionals and stakeholders were not involved
in the relocation plans. Recommendations are made on ways of improving
conditions in Ebeano livestock market and for other future landuse
relocations.
Key Words:
Relocation,
market,
livestock,
stakeholders,
relocation
@ 2011 cepajournal
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
Introduction
auto repairs among others have been in
Like all other land-use activities, market
existence in urban areas in developed
places form an important institution of
countries and some parts of Nigeria
socio-economic activities which have
(timber markets in different parts of the
regional, intra-city and internal spatial
country, household market in Onitsha,
expression. Markets reflect the level of
electronic market in Lagos, etc). Many
economic activity and prosperity of urban
grew organically and are regarded as
and rural settlements. Many authors gave
growth
various definitions of market (Hodder
development wherever they are located.
and
Specialized
Ukwu,
1969;
Gaedeke,
1983;
poles
that
brought
markets
are
about
sometimes
Onyebuagu, 1995). In a simplified form,
referred to as regional markets. The
markets can be defined as an authorized
advantage of industrial specialization also
concourse of buyers and sellers of
applies to market specialization. Urban
commodities meeting at a place more or
planners have encouraged sub-urban
less strictly limited or defined at an
relocation of markets.
appointed time. This is why before any
Convent Garden market was moved from
market is established, proper planning
central London to Nine Elms and Les
considerations should be made in order to
Halles produce market to Rungis in sub-
achieve a level of functionality in its
urban Paris (Herbert, 1992). Relocation
operations.
The design for markets
may be carried out for various reasons.
should reflect the kind of products to be
The underlying factor is usually to
offered for sale and services that would
improve market condition for both buyers
be rendered. Improved personal mobility
and sellers.
has allowed the locational specialization
For example,
The Enugu State Government in
of retail conformations to take place.
the
recent
past
Specialization has occurred by products.
decentrization
Specialized markets such as livestock,
existing markets in the state capital. The
building materials, electronic, car and
government decided to develop auto
and
acquired
land
for
decongestion
of
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
mechanic workshop, building materials,
theory by Von Thunen. This theory was
car and electronics in different locations
further developed by Walter Christall and
in the suburb of Enugu urban. It is only
August Losch (Ratcliff, 1982). Various
the relocation of the livestock market that
authors have shown how the presence of
has been carried out of all the relocation
market
proposals. The relocation was done early
development (Adalemo, 1978; Ratcliff,
in 2005
1982; Kotler, 1980).
This study examines the relocation
centres
results
in
regional
Adalemo (1978)
observed that existence of a system of a
of livestock section of Artisan market in
market-facilitates
Ogui to Ebeano livestock market along
increasing mutual demand for production
Enugu Port Harcourt expressway with a
of one part of a country by another. It
view to ascertaining the reasons for the
thereby functions as a distributive system
relocation, how the relocation was done,
within the economy.
guidelines for selection of a new site,
transactions bring together the different
level of participation by stakeholders,
parts of the economy,
preparations made at the new site for
economic
smooth take-off of the market and the
therefore promoted. This is the case with
implications to the environment and land-
Ebeano livestock market as buyers come
use planning. This will form the basis for
from other parts of Enugu state, Ebonyi
making
will
and Abia states to purchase livestock
also guide
while many of the sellers are from the
recommendations
improve the
Enugu
State
market and
that
Government
social
of
Since these
the overall
integration
is
the
northern part of the country. According
and
to Johnson (1970), it is not just the
relocation of other markets and other
presence of any marketing system that
land-use activities.
matters, but the structure and functioning
The assessment of market demand and
of the system.
the decision regarding retail location have
government, be it military or democratic,
their roots firmly planted in central place
requires some economic mechanism for
establishment,
development
in
and
satisfaction
He further noted that
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
its operation. Market centres are today
importance
one of the most important magnets for
prompted specialized markets to migrate
development especially in the developing
to peripheral urban locations which offer
countries
play
convenient road access. Therefore, ease
The
of access, parking along with financial
multifunctional roles of market centre
advantage of low site cost has influenced
apart from economic include political and
market location (Herbert and Thomas,
social aspects.
1993).
Dewar and Watson (1990) identified five
sites adjacent to major intersections
main categories of differentiation that
central to newly developing residential
exist in relation to urban market. They
areas at the edge of cities or at the fringe
are nature of supply, function, degree of
of industrial estates have been favoured
formality, form and time of operation.
as good sites for market development.
Dewar and Watson (1990) also identified
(Dawson, 1983).
where
multifunctional
four
these
centres
roles.
comprehensive
factors
to
of
road
haulage
have
Consequently, large accessible
be
Accessibility within the market is
considered for a successful market design
another key issue in the functioning of a
and growth. They are location, use mix,
market
physical layout and market infrastructure.
accessibility to the pattern of arrangement
Dangory (1990) noted that the population
of stalls within a market. Degge (1982)
production potential and accessibility in
observed that most markets in Nigeria
terms of distance and network of
have the tendency to grow progressively,
communication time are all important
spilling over into adjoining public roads,
considerations in market development in
parking spaces etc. as a result, most
urban areas. It has been found out that
markets are extremely congested with
time rather than distance is the major
little or no space for expansion.
determining factor in location of a
Method
market. Changes in transport technology
The research relied mostly on primary
particularly associated with the increased
data
Dangora
as
(1990)
information
attributed
from
Local
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
Government
Areas
and
the
Ministries
was
very
State
scanty.
Local Government and Town Planning
Authority.
Observations, interview schedules and
questionnaires were used for the research.
Ebeano Livestock Market is located
Questionnaires were administered to
in Enugu Central Development Centre
sellers and buyers in the market. Two sets
which
of questionnaires were prepared. One set
Government Area. It is along Enugu Port
of questionnaires for sellers in the
Harcourt
marker. The second set was administered
Independence Layout fly over see fig 1.
to buyers of livestock from within and
The idea of relocating the market came
outside Enugu.
about
In Ebeano Livestock
is
in
Enugu
North
Expressway
because
of
Local
close
some
of
to
the
Market, questionnaires were distributed
shortcomings of the existing market
on
This
(Artisan market) where livestock were
corresponds to the days traders come
sold in Enugu. The Artisan market was
from outside Enugu to buy livestock. The
planned and developed as a small
market has 80 operational stalls for
neighbourhood
livestock sale. Others stalls in the market
workers living in their artisan quarters.
were under construction and were not in
With time, the livestock section of the
use at the time of the study in August
market grew naturally until the livestock
2008. Half of the stalls (50%) were
section of the market was servicing the
randomly
entire Enugu urban and neighbouring
Monday
and
selected
Thursday.
for
questionnaire
market
for
railway
administration. In the selected stall, three
states.
questionnaires
Artisan market include traffic congestion,
were
administered
to
Some of the problems of the
buyers. Every other buyer was given a
inadequate
questionnaire to fill.
environmental
In all, 120
space
for
expansion,
pollution,
inadequate
questionnaires were distributed to buyers
space for parking, loading and off-
and 40 to sellers.
Interviews were used
loading of goods, inadequate facilities
to collect information at the Enugu North
and incompatible land use as it was
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
located
within
a
residential
neighbourhood. The market did not have
The present location was identified by
an abattoir. Animals were slaughtered on
one Alhaji Ibrahim. The then governor
improvised cement slabs and wooden
revoked all rights on the land and
tables in the open which was covered
commissioned an engineer to prepare the
with filth and flies. Besides, water supply
site and layout plan for the market. On
was inadequate and the market lacked
Thursday 24th of March 2005, the Hausa
necessary market
The
moved to the new location. The next day
from
Friday 25th, the Igbo moved and market
market
was
infrastructure.
easily
accessible
different parts of the town and had
activities started.
constant electricity supply. In addition,
Result
sellers lived close by in the artisan
quarters.
The traders in the market
A visit to Ebeano livestock market
shows an unorganized market with poor
comprised two ethnic groups, Igbo and
internal
Hausa.
in
planning with two improvised abattoirs
ideologies and inadequate trading space,
(which discharge waste water into Owor
conflict cropped up between the two
river tributary that flows across it),
groups.
unhealthy
Owing
to
differences
This persisted till early 2005
accessibility,
environment
poor
for
land-use
livestock
when there was a major clash and three
offered for sale and a market lacking in
lives
infrastructure and security for both the
were
lost.
The
then
State
government summoned the groups and
sellers, buyers and the livestock.
after consultation asked the Hausa to find
market is located under a 330 KV
an alternative location suitable for them
Regional supply high tension power-line
to relocate. The factors that they were
which poses threat to human and animal
told to consider in the choice of a new
lives in the market. Little or no input was
site
were:
expansion;
accessibility;
future
The
room
for
made by the Local Government (Enugu
development;
and
North Local Government) on choice of
nearness to water body.
site. The Town Planning Authority did
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
not have any input in the choice of site
residence by the Hausa traders, their
nor in the preparation of the market
families and helpers. This has made the
design.
All the traders and buyers
use of water from the river for domestic
indicated that they were not involved in
chores unavoidable. The same river
the process of selecting the new site. Due
receives waste-water from the slaughter
to
Local
slabs. Market activities have gradually
Government Council was not able to
developed and patronage is very high.
develop roads within the market or any
On Mondays and Thursdays, various
market infrastructure/services.
kinds of livestock are brought from the
limited
resources,
the
northern parts of the country for sale in
The allocation of plots in the
the market. Buyers come on these days
market is the responsibility of Enugu
from Aba, Umuahia (Abia State), Owerri
Central
(Imo State) etc.
Town
Planning
Authority.
Livestock sold in the
Development is on Build, Operate and
market are goat, sheep and cattle. The
Transfer (BOT) basis.
The developers
market also has a grocery section,
were not told how long they will own the
although this has not been developed. So
stall. Ownership is until full recovery of
far two thousand and sixty four (2064)
money invested on the land and stall.
stalls have been allocated to developers.
Provision was made on the plan for the
Eight hundred and sixty four (864) stalls
development of two abattoirs. As at
are at various stages of completion. As at
present,
for
present, 80 stalls are fully completed,
slaughtering of animals in the open, one
unfortunately most of them are used as
for the Hausa, the other for the Igbo.
residential homes for the Hausa selling
These slabs were built by the butchers.
livestock, their families and helpers.
The slabs are located very close to Owor
Forty one of these are owned by the Igbo
River tributary. The waste-water from the
while thirty nine are owned by the Hausa.
slab is made to flow directly into the
Some more stalls may soon be completed
river. All the developed stalls are used as
by the owners. Livestock are left in the
two
slabs
are
used
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
open all day until they are sold.
On the
daily.
To examine the success of the
average, about 100 cows, 450 goats and
relocation, users were asked to assess the
200 sheep are sold daily in the market.
extent to which the new market has
Also about 150 animals (cattle, sheep and
solved the problems that were identified
goats)
at the Artesian market.
are slaughtered in the market
Table 1.00: The Extent the Ebeano
new Livestock Market has solved
Problems
Previous Problems
Congestion within market
Pollution
Adequate space for expansion
Water scarcity
Road network
Regular electricity
Security
Abattoir
Nearness to place of residence
Nearness to customers
Physical environment
Accessibility/ease of movement
inadequate parking space
Tribal clashes
Space for loading and offloading
Source: Field Survey 2008
Extent to which problem is
respondents)
Completely Fairly
Not
solved
solved
solved
0
78
22
0
64
36
100
0
0
0
10
80
0
75
25
0
0
20
0
0
10
0
0
60
0
15
75
0
50
50
0
40
60
0
35
65
0
80
20
90
10
0
100
0
0
reduced
Discussion
Some
problems identified at the old Artisan
Market
of
the
or
solved (% of
Worsened after
relocation
0
0
0
10
0
80
90
40
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
completely
solved
by
problems
relocation to Ebeano Livestock Market.
encountered by both the buyers and
The problems that persist are very
sellers in Artisan market have been
crucial ones. The physical layout of the
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
market
was
Necessary
not
properly
infrastructure
planned.
other
the Artisan market was carried out by the
support services required in a modern
government without involvement of
market were not taken into consideration
other stakeholders. The preparation of
in its design and layout. The design did
the market plan should have been
not take into consideration the types of
designed by a registered town planner.
goods and services the market is
The town planning authority should have
supposed to render. This could have
been fully involved in the selection of
been solved if town planners and other
site. The site chosen for the market is
allied professionals were involved in the
good in terms of size but due to poor
design of the market. Inadequate water
planning, the environment is gradually
supply
and
becoming polluted especially the nearby
in
water body. The problem with the
unhygienic environment. This may lead
location is that part of the market is
to outbreak of diseases. Related to this
located under high tension wires. This
is the very unreliable power supply in
may result in accidents in future. Market
the market. Left-over livestock products
facilities and other infrastructure such as
cannot be stored in the proper manner.
conveniences have not been developed.
This may lead to contamination of the
Dewar and Watson identified 5 factors
products which is not good for human
for successful design and growth of
consumption. Although the traders see
markets. Out of these five, only two
the problem of unavailability of abattoirs
aspects were taken care of in the
as partly solved, the problem is still a
relocation
very serious one. The slaughtering of
Livestock Market. The two aspects are
livestock for consumption in the open is
access and location (adequate space).
not and cannot be acceptable by any
Use mix, physical layout and market
standards.
infrastructure were not properly taken
means
livestock
that
products
are
and
The relocation of the livestock section of
livestock
prepared
care of.
and
design
of
Ebeano
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U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
through all the planning processes till the
Recommendations
For
the
government
to
implementation and monitoring stage.
successfully achieve the objectives of
This will enable the development of
market establishment, it must follow
functional and efficient markets in the
laid-down rules for site selection and
state.
design. This should be done for any
other land-use activity. Design of market
Conclusion
and other land-use activities should be
This work has looked at the relocation
carried out by persons trained to do so.
and development of a new market in
To improve the condition of the Ebeano
Enugu urban. Relocations are meant to
market,
solve
infrastructure
and
services
existing
problems
but
the
should as a matter of urgency be
relocation of livestock market did not
provided. These should include proper
succeed in solving many of the observed
road layout and development, police
problems instead it has created new
post,
ones. Markets are meant to be centres of
conveniences,
development
of
modern abattoir, market stalls suitable
economic
for livestock sale etc. The use of stalls as
impression buyers get from the market is
places of residence for the traders should
used to assess the city.
be discouraged. Traders union with the
foregoing, it could be seen that the
help of government can achieve this.
government did not involve stakeholders
Stakeholders should always be involved
in the choice and development of the
in decisions concerning them. The
market. The non-involvement of town
government should in all new market
planners in the choice of site selection is
developments procure the services of
a major reason for the new problems
registered town planners and allied
identified in the market. This has to a
professionals and also work with the
greater extent reduced the functionality
end-users
and efficiency of the market. This paper,
of
the
market.
The
development of new markets should pass
therefore,
development
makes
a
case
and
the
From the
for
the
11
U. Jiburum and N. Ezeadichie/Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol. 2 No. 3, September (2011) 1 – 12
involvement of stakeholders (buyers,
Nigeria” Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis
sellers,
Dept. of URP ABU Zaria Nigeria.
town
planners
and
related
professionals) in market site selection,
Dewar, D. and Watson, V. (1990)
design and development. This will aid in
“Urban
the development of functional and
Informal Retailing London.
sustainable market places.
Markets”
Developing
Gaedeke, R. M. (1983) Nature of
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Fig. 1
MAP OF ENUGU METROPOLIS SHOWING
Artisan markets and Ebeano Livestock Market
Source: MINISTRY OF LANDS AND SURVEY, TOWN
PLANNING DIVISION (2007).