2nd Draft
not to be circulated outside the Pontifical Academy of Science
26 October 2014
EVOLVING CONCEPTS OF NATURE
PAS, PLENARY SESSION, 25 – 28 OCTOBER 2014
EVOLUTION IN THE STUDY OF
THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS
AND THE
BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF NATURE
Antonino Zichichi
INFN and University of Bologna, Italy
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Enrico Fermi Centre, Rome, Italy
Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican City
World Federation of Scientists, Beijing, Geneva, Moscow, New York
The Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Casina Pio IV, Vatican City
24-28 October 2014
A. Zichichi – 2nd Draft – PAS, 26 October 2014
EVOLUTION IN THE STUDY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS
AND THE BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF NATURE
Antonino Zichichi
INFN and University of Bologna, Italy
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
Enrico Fermi Centre, Rome, Italy
Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican City
World Federation of Scientists, Beijing, Geneva, Moscow, New York
CONTENTS
Abstract
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3
Introduction: The Three Types of Matter
The Greatest Achievements of our Intellect in the
Immanent
Nature does not follow Simplicity. Virtual History &
Virtual Physics
Experimental Evidences for the Existence of
Complexity
Unpredicted Discoveries in Science (Physics)
Details about Evolution and Complexity
Evolution generates Complexity
Conclusion and the Project for Mankind
The New Manhattan Project
Appendix 1: The Fundamental Forces and the Basic Constituents
4
6
14
23
25
30
32
34
39
42
Appendix 2: The Space-Time dimensions of our World and of the
Superworld with 43 Space-Time dimensions
Appendix 3: UEEC events and Nuclear Physics
Appendix 4: From
the Planck Universe to Einstein,
Schwarzschild and the Universe now
Appendix 5: The Third Big Bang
44
45
References
54
46
47
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EVOLUTION IN THE STUDY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS
AND THE BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF NATURE
ABSTRACT
Scientific research deals with three types of matter. There are therefore
three classes of Science. I: The Science which studies matter without life. II:
The Science which studies matter endowed with life. III: The Science which
studies matter endowed with life and reason. We are the only example of the
third type of matter.
The great novelty is that in the study of the Fundamental Laws and of the
basic constituents of Nature, all scientific discoveries came without anyone
being able to predict their existence. Three examples: the Atomic, the Nuclear
and the Subnuclear Universes. The laws and regularities of these three Universes
no one had ever been able to predict. Why? Answer. Because the Author of the
Logic of Nature is smarter than all of us: philosophers, artists, poets,
mathematicians and scientists.
It should be pointed out that Science and Technology are different. Science
implies discoveries. No one can invent the existence of a Fundamental Force or
of a basic constituent of Nature. It can only be discovered. Technology implies
inventions. The invention exploits either a Fundamental Force of Nature or a
basic constituent of Nature, or both. The invention can be for mankind (peaceful
technology) but also against mankind (war technology). This is why
technological evolution must be under the control of ethics. Scientific discovery
no, since all that we scientists can do is to decipher what is written in the Book
of Nature, which is in front of us with the three types of matter. The Author of
the Book is the Fellow who created the world.
The future of our world depends on the progress of our cultural evolution
which cannot mix Science and Technology. This is why our recommendations to
the Church and to the Political world need to remember Saint John Paul II
statements:
• «Science and Faith are both gifts of God»
• «Man could perish from the effects of technology that he himself
develops, not from the truth that he discovers by means of scientific
research»
• «As at the time of spears and swords, so today, in the missile age, what
kills, more than weapons, is man’s heart».
In fact H.H. Pope Francis, following the year of Faith, has focused the
attention of Modern Culture on man’s heart for a future where a great alliance
between Faith, Science and Technology will become effective. This great
alliance needs a project to be implemented in the near future: “The Project for
Mankind”, better known in the scientific community as “The New Manhattan
Project”.
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EVOLUTION IN THE STUDY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL LAWS
AND THE BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF NATURE
1
INTRODUCTION(*): THE THREE TYPES OF MATTER
The Universe where we leave is made with three types of matter
1–Inert Matter.
2–Inert Matter with Life.
3–Inert Matter with Life and with Reason.
In all these three types of Matter Evolution and Complexity are
present. Scientific research deals with three types of matter. There
are therefore three classes of Science.
I:
The Science which studies matter without life.
II: The Science which studies matter endowed with life.
III: The Science which studies matter endowed with life and reason.
We are the only example of the third type of matter. Three BigBangs are needed.
THE THREE BIG BANGS
BB1  from Vacuum to the Universe of
Inert Matter
BB2  from Inert Matter to Living
Matter
BB3  from Living Matter to Living
Matter with Reason
Figure 1
(*) The reason why Physics will be the basis for the study of Evolution and
Complexity in Science is the famous statement by Enrico Fermi: «The
Queen of all Sciences is Physics».
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Figure 2
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We will discuss this Figure later.
2
THE GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS OF OUR INTELLECT
IN THE IMMANENT
Our Existential Sphere has two components. One is in the
Immanent, the other is in the Transcendent.
The Existential Sphere in the Transcendent manifests itself in
what is called Religion. We will discuss the Immanent only.
A careful study of the Immanent Reality leads to the conclusion
that it is based on three pillars: Language, Rigorous Logic and
Science, which are the greatest achievements of our intellect.
• Language, from which collective and permanent memory are
borned, thanks to Writing.
• Rigorous Logic, which has given rise to the great
constructions of Geometry, Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis,
Topology. From now on, Logic will mean “Rigorous Logic”.
• Science (with its three levels), which allows the certainty
that the world is not ruled by chaos but rather by a
Rigorous Logic with laws that are valid from the heart of a
proton (a millionth of a billionth of a centimetre) to the
fringes of the Universe (a million billion billion kilometres).
We are the only form of living matter with the extraordinary privilege
of possessing Reason. It is thanks to this privilege that Language,
Logic and Science have been discovered.
Figure 1 synthesizes the content of Language.
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Figure 1
LANGUAGE = All intellectual activities we can, elaborate,
produce, imagine using our intellect, but impossible to be formulated
in terms of Rigorous Theoretical Logic (Mathematical formalism) or
to be translated in terms of a reproducible series of experiments.
LOGIC. Figure 2 shows the content of Logic with its sequence of
Arithmetic, Algebra, Analysis and Topology.
Figure 2
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The Science which studies the Inert Matter has three levels of
Credibility.
The three levels of scientific credibility:
First Level
Second Level
Third Level
Where there are experiments
whose results
can be reproduced in the
laboratory.
Example:
Discovery of the Fundamental
Laws
Where it is not possible to A one-off event.
intervene in order to
Example:
reproduce a result.
Cosmic evolution
Example:
Stellar evolution
All these three levels need
•
Inventions (new Technology)
•
Discovery (pure Science)
•
Measurement (Reproducibility)
In Figure 3 the three levels of Science are exemplified in terms of
the Galilean inventions, discoveries and basic measurements for the
first two; the third one refers to the XXth century invention, discovery
and measurement of what happened to the cosmic evolution 380.000
years after the Big-Bang (see also Figure 6 – upper part).
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THE THREE LEVELS OF SCIENCE NEED:
INVENTION, DISCOVERY, MEASUREMENT
1st level
Invention:
Discovery:
•
Inclined Plane.
•
Pendulum.
•
The Law of Inertia.
•
F = mg .
•
Action = Reaction.
•
The Principle of Relativity.
Measurement: •
“g”.
2nd level
Invention:
•
The Telescope.
Discovery:
•
The irregularity in celestial bodies: the Moon
(craters …); the Sun (spots).
•
The Jupiter Satellites.
•
The Saturn “ears” (rings).
•
The phases of Venus.
•
The structure of the Milky Way.
Measurement: •
The cosmic clock: the Jupiter satellites.
3rd level
Invention:
•
Microwave Detectors (Penzias & Wilson).
Discovery:
•
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
Measurement: •
The Black Body Spectrum at 2.7º K.
Figure 3
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THE EVOLUTION
FROM INERT MATTER TO MATTER WITH
LIFE AND REASON
Figure 4: The Evolution as function of Time.
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THE THREE BIG-BANGS IN
THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
Figure 5: The Evolution as function of Energy.
The positions of BB1, BB2 and BB3 are indicated.
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Figure 6: Details of the Evolution as function of the gauge couplings
(123) of the three fundamental forces (vertical scale) and of the
Energy (horizontal axis). Note the region “Before the Big Bang (1)”. The
upper part shows details of the Universe “inside” and “outside”. What
happens from BB1 to 380.000 years is the “inside”. What happens after
380.000 years is the “outside”. The Universe “inside” cannot be
“observed”; this is the Universe which can be studied only in Subnuclear
Physics Labs.
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The enormous consequences of Big Bang-3 are reported in
Figure 7. Let me call your attention on a very important detail: we
could not know anything about Big Bang-1 and Big Bang-2 if the
third Big Bang had not taken place. The position of Big Bang-1 and
Big Bang-2 in Figure 7 and all other details are the results of Big
Bang-3.
Figure 7
In the Evolution of our knowledge, the study of the Universe
plays a central role. In appendix 4 we discuss the latest frontiers of
what can we do in order to see if it is possible to understand the
present amount of matter in the Universe and its volume being
essentially (98%) empty. We propose to start from the Planck Black–
Hole which is produced immediately after BB1. The Universe evolves
following the Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein equation.
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All this can allows us to understand why the total number of
protons (p), neutrons (n) and electrons (e) in the Universe now is of
the order of N(p n e) ≃ 1080 . In addition it is also possible to
understand why the Universe has the enormous volume to empty
Space: V(U) ≃ 98% . Taking the present knowledge of the Gap which
between the Planck Energy (EPlanck) and the Energy where the three
gauge forces become identical in strength, EGUT, it is possible to
predict the existence of two types of Black–Holes: Primordial Black–
Holes where matter has only the gravitational charge and Standard
Black–Holes where matter is made with p, n, e.
3
NATURE DOES NOT FOLLOW SIMPLICITY. VIRTUAL
HISTORY & VIRTUAL PHYSICS
Platonic Simplicity: two examples
 THE PLATONIC GRAND UNIFICATION
 THE PLATONIC SUPERSYMMETRY
The Platonic Grand Unification should be along the straight line
(in blu) but Nature seems to follow the red points. In the real nonPlatonic Grand Unification the points have a sequence of 100 GeV in
energy.
The last point where the ‘ideal’ platonic straight line intercepts
the theoretical prediction is at the energy of the Grand Unification.
This corresponds to EGU = 1016.2 GeV.
Other detailed information on the inputs: the number of fermionic
families, NF , is 3; the number of Higgs particles, NH , is 2.
The input values of the gauge couplings at the Z0-mass is 3
(MZ) = 0.118  0.008; the other input is the ratio of weak and
electromagnetic couplings also measured at the Z0-mass value:
sin2W (MZ) = 0.2334  0.0008.
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Figure 1
Other details which illustrate the deviation from Platonic Grand
Unification are reported in Figure 2.
The mathematics of Figure 2 is given in Figure 3.
If the Platonic Grand Unification was at work, all “details”
reported in Figure 2 could not exist. The vertical red boxes are the
spectacular synthesis of these details. Neither Life nor the Universe
(the two red boxes on the extreme left of Figure 2) could exist.
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Figure 2
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GUT (Grand Unified Theory): the Mathematics (Figure 3).
THE UNIFICATION OF ALL
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES AND THE EGM EFFECT
In Figure 2 the three lines (𝛼1−1 , 𝛼2−1 , 𝛼3−1 ) are the result
from calculations executed with a supercomputer using the
following system of equations:
bij
dαi
bi 2
μ
=
α i + ∑ 2 αi αj
dμ
2π
8π
j
i , j (with i = 1, 2, 3; and J = 1, 2, 3 but i  j).
This is a system of three coupled non-linear differential
equations where the existence of the Superworld is included.
This system describes how the gauge couplings (1, 2, 3) vary
with “”, the basic parameter which depends on the energy of the
elementary process, from the maximum level of Energy (Planck
Scale) to the energy level of our world. During more than ten
years (from 1979 to 1991), no one had realized that the energy
threshold for the existence of the Superworld was strongly
dependent on the “running” of the masses.
This is now called: the EGM effect (from the initials of
Evolution of Gaugino Masses). This effect produces a factor 700
in the threshold for the lightest supersymmetry particle. No one
knows the value of the threshold Energy for the production of the
lightest supersymmetry particle. The EGM effect lowers this
value by a factor 700. Suppose that somebody would say that he
has a mathematical model which predict the threshold to be at 700
TeV; thanks to the EGM effect this value is going to be 1 TeV.
Figure 3
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And now let us see (Figure 4) the deviations from Platonic
Supersymmetry needed in order to have the Superworld built as we
think that Nature does.
The key point being that we have not discovered the
Superworld. We have constructed a mathematical model for its
existence following what we are sure that the Superworld has to
obey to.
What we are sure of is that the two asymptotic limits of
Complexity are History and Science.
Let us have a look at the two asymptotic limits History and
Science. They have in common the fact that all events originate in a
totally unpredicted way. They have in common another feature:
Evolution.
This is why History is also known as
(EWRL) = Evolution of the World in its Real Life
and Science as
(EBUS)
= Evolution of our Basic Understanding of the
laws governing the world in its Structure.
If we compare Virtual History and Virtual Physics, the conclusion
is that Virtual History could obey the same Logic as Virtual Physics
does, only if destiny was there. What is Virtual History?
I will limit myself to one example, out of the many others
reported in Table 1 (EWRL) where Evolution in History is given. The
red circle indicates what would History be if the first nuclear weapons
was not built by USA, but either by Japan or by Hitler or by Stalin.
History now would not be the one we know. The same conclusion is
reached if any of the other events would have not be as present
History tell us. This is the Virtual History. For Virtual Physics there is
the control of the topic of Nature.
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Figure 4
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EWRL
EVOLUTION IN HISTORY
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
What if Julius Caesar had been assassinated many years
before?
What if Charles VII had not been able to win the 100 years
war?
What if America had been discovered a few centuries later?
What if Napoleon had not been born?
What if Louis XVI had been able to win against the ‘Storming
of the Bastille’?
What if the 1908 Tunguska Comet had fallen somewhere in
Europe instead of Tunguska in Siberia?
What if the killer of the Austrian Archduke Francisco
Ferdinand had been arrested the day before the Sarajevo
event?
What if Lenin had been killed during his travelling through
Germany?
What if Hitler had not been appointed Chancellor by the
President of the Republic of Weimar Paul von Hindenburg?
What if the first nuclear weapon had been built either by
Japan before Pearl Harbour (1941) or by Hitler in 1942 or by
Stalin in 1943?
What if Nazi Germany had defeated the Soviet Union?
What if Karol Wojtyla had not been elected Pope, thus
becoming John Paul II?
What if Gorbachev had not been defeated by Yeltsin?
What if the USSR had not collapsed?
Table 1
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Virtual Physics has to obey to the Logic of Nature in its
Fundamental Structures and Forces. The Logic of Nature has as
correspondent in History only what people call Destiny.
EBUS
EVOLUTION IN SCIENCE
I
II
What if Galileo Galilei had not discovered that F = mg ?
III
What if Maxwell had not discovered the unification of electricity,
magnetism and optical phenomena, which allowed him to
conclude that light is a vibration of the EM field?
What if Becquerell had not discovered radioactivity?
What if Planck had not discovered that h  0 ?
What if Lorentz had not discovered that space and time cannot
both be real?
What if Einstein had not discovered the existence of time-like and
space-like real worlds? Only in the time-like world, simultaneity
does not change, with changing observer.
What if Rutherford had not discovered the nucleus?
What if Hess had not discovered cosmic rays?
What if Dirac had not discovered his equation, which opens
new horizons, including the existence of the antiworld?
What if Fermi had not discovered the weak forces?
What if Fermi and Dirac had not discovered the Fermi–Dirac
statistics?
What if Yukawa had not proposed the existence of a “meson”
in order to have the nuclear glue?
What if the ‘strange particles’ had not been discovered in the
Blackett Lab?
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
What if Newton had not discovered that F = G
m1 × m 2
?
2
R 12
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The most spectacular example of Simplicity in Virtual Physics.
During fifteen years (1932-1947) no one was able to imagine the
existence of the Virtual Effect knows as “Lamb-shift” despite the
discovery of the so called Vacuum Polarization (1932) which is a
more complex virtual process.
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4
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCES FOR THE EXISTENCE
OF COMPLEXITY
The experimental evidences for the existence of Complexity are
two:
1) The Anderson-Feynman-Beethoven-type phenomena (AFB)
i.e. phenomena whose laws and regularities ignore the
existence of the Fundamental Laws of Nature from which
they originate.
2) The Sarajevo-type effects, i.e. Unpredicted Events of quasi
irrelevant magnitude which produce Enormous Consequences
(UEEC).
The only certainty about Complexity is the existence of these two
experimentally observable effects.
Nature tells us that AFB and UEEC exist at all scales, and
therefore Complexity exists at all scales, as illustrated in Figure 1.
Detailed examples of complex phenomena are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1
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Figure 2
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5
UNPREDICTED DISCOVERIES IN SCIENCE(*)
In
the
study
basic constituents
of
of
the
Nature,
Fundamental
all
Laws
discoveries
and
came
of
the
without
anyone being able to predict their existence. Three examples: the
Atomic, the Nuclear and the Subnuclear Universes. The laws and
regularities of these three Universes no one had ever been able to
predict.
Why? Answer. Because the Author of the Logic of Nature is
smarter than all of us: philosophers, artists, poets, mathematician sand
scientists.
Details from Galilei to the Standard Model & Beyond (SM&B)
including my contributions.
Figure 1 shows the period from Galilei to Blackett–Fermi–Dirac:
the last example (XIV) is my first contribution when I was 57
younger.
Figure 2 reports the period from Fermi–Dirac to the Standard
Model. Figures 3, 4 and 5 refers to the basis for imagining the
existence of SM&B. Figure 6 my contribution.
(*) The Queen of all Sciences is Physics, Enrico Fermi.
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Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Figure 3: Details from Figure 2, concerning SU(2)L and U(1)Y.
Figure 4: Details from Figure 2, concerning SU(3)c.
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Figure 5
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Figure 6
6
DETAILS ABOUT EVOLUTION AND COMPLEXITY
I have selected seven definitions of Complexity.
DEFINITION NUMBER 1
Complexity is a property of systems that are somewhere in
between a completely random and a completely regular state, often
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described by a highly non linear set of equations but sometimes not
describable by equations at all.
DEFINITION NUMBER 2 (Gerardus 't Hooft)
Bad ones:
1)
Chaos.
2)
The need for lengthy calculations.
3)
The need for many distinct variables.
Better ones:
4)
Unexpected difficulty when attempting to describe
something in a precisely formulated theory.
5)
What is left over after all systematic approaches failed.
But it could also be that: Complexity is an excuse for sloppy
thinking.
DEFINITION NUMBER 3 (Richard Kenway)
The Complexity of a theory (problem) is the minimum amount of
computer time and storage required to simulate (solve) it to a specified
level of precision.
DEFINITION NUMBER 4 (Constantino Tsallis)
If we admit that biological or linguistic evolution, or financial
dynamics are complex phenomena, then their typical dynamics is
somehow between strong chaos (i.e. positive Lyapunov exponents)
and simple orbits (i.e. negative Lyapunov exponents). In other words,
Complexity (or at least some form of it) is deeply related to the edge
of chaos (i.e. vanishing maximal Lyapunov exponent). Since the edge
of chaos appears to be related paradigmatically to an entropy index ‘q’
different from unity, there must be some deep connection between
Complexity and generalized entropies such as ‘Sq’.
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DEFINITION NUMBER 5 (Leonard Susskind)
From the mathematical point of view:
• A problem can be polynomial, which means that it is not
to hard to predict surprises.
• A problem can be NP or NP-complete, which represent
different degrees of difficulty in predicting surprises.
•• Surprises means: UEEC event (see later).
•• That degree of difficulty can be associated with the level
of Complexity.
DEFINITION NUMBER 6
A system is ‘complex’ when it is no longer useful to describe it in
terms of its fundamental constituents.
DEFINITION NUMBER 7
The simplest definition of Complexity: ‘Complexity is the
opposite of Simplicity’.
This definition comes from people who look at the world through
the lens of a standard analysis in terms of either Simplicity or
Complexity.
This is why we have studied the Platonic Simplicity for the
Grand Unification and for Supersymmetry.
7
EVOLUTION GENERATES COMPLEXITY
People speak of ‘Complexity’ as a source of new insights in
physics, biology, geology, cosmology, social sciences, traffic flux,
internet, and in all intellectual activities. The Evolution from Science
to History is shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1: C indicates the first example of Living Cell.
L indicates all form of Living Matter.
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In the Evolution
from
Science (Physics)
to
History
something drastically distinguishing the two Asymptotic limits comes
in:
•
the Interaction with the Environment
•
which starts at the level of Proteins.
It is the Interaction with the Environment the basic point for
those who claim that Reductionism should be abandoned in favour
of Holism.
8
CONCLUSION AND THE PROJECT FOR MANKIND
Conclusion. We have proved that AFB and UEEC – which are at
the origin of Evolution and Complexity, with consequences
permeating all our existence, from molecular biology to life in all its
innumerable forms up to our own, including History – do exist at the
fundamental level [1–4] and [5].
It turns out that Evolution and Complexity in the real world
exists, no matter the mass-energy and space-time scales considered.
We have discovered this, thanks to Reductionism. Therefore we must
go on with Reductionism.
What can our Evolution predict for the Future?
*** *** *** ***
•
Totally Unexpected Effects should show up.
•
Effects, which are impossible to be predicted on the
basis of our present knowledge.
*** *** *** ***
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NOTE
CONCERNING
THE
CONFUSION
ABOUT
PREDICTIONS AND UEEC
The mathematical descriptions, and therefore the predictions – for
new phenomena to be discovered in the field opened by the given
UEEC event – come after the UEEC event, never before.
*** *** *** ***
Reductionism is the only way we have to investigate
the Logic of Nature.
*** *** *** ***
An important detail should be pointed out: Science and
Technology are different. Science implies discoveries.
No one can invent the existence of a Fundamental Force or of a
Basic Constituent of Nature.
Technology implies inventions.
The invention exploits either a Fundamental Force of Nature or a
Basic Constituent of Nature, or both.
The invention can be for mankind (peaceful technology) but also
against mankind (war technology).
This is why technological evolution must be under the control of
ethics.
Scientific discovery no, since all that we scientists can do is to
decipher what is written in the Book of Nature, which is in front of us
with the three types of matter.
The Author of the Book is the Fellow who created the world.
Figures 1 and 2 are a synthesis of the Evolution of our Knowledge
from Language to Science versus Time (Figure 1) and versus two
Basic Pillars: EPlanck and Complexity (Figure 2).
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Figure 1
From Archimedes to Galilei 1800 years have been lost. We would
know now what our future generations will know in the year 3814.
The reason why the great discoveries of Archimedes have been
neglected during 1800 years is the Culture which was not able to
understand the achievements of Archimedes.
A Culture was needed which gave to the Stones the same cultural
value of the Stars: i.e. to be depositary of the imprint of the Fellow
who created the world. Stones and Stars have the same Author.
This did our Culture with Galileo Galilei. Here are the words of
Galilei (1564-1642), the father of Modern Science: «Archimedes was
the first fellow who was able to read through the lens of the
Mathematics the Book of Nature».
The two pillars in Figure 2 brings us to present day. Few decades
ago we discovered that the Energy of our Subnuclear Physics
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machines were too low. We had completely forgotten the Planck
Universe (Table 1). The next pillar is Complexity.
g
FROM REDUCTIONISM TO 
Figure 2
Table 1
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The future of our world depends on the progress of our cultural
evolution which cannot mix Science and Technology.
This is why our recommendations to the Church and to the
Political world need to remember Saint John Paul II statements:
• «Science and Faith are both gifts of God»
• «Man could perish from the effects of technology that he
himself develops, not from the truth that he discovers by
means of scientific research»
• «As at the time of spears and swords, so today, in the
missile age, what kills, more than weapons, is man’s heart».
In fact H.H. Pope Francis, following the year of Faith, has
focused the attention of Modern Culture on man’s heart for a future
where a great alliance between Faith, Science and Technology will
become effective.
This great Alliance needs a Project: the Project for Mankind.
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9
THE NEW MANHATTAN PROJECT
A PROJECT FOR MANKIND
SCIENCE FOR PEACE THE WORLD OVER:
THE NEW MANHATTAN PROJECT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I
IV
V
THE MOTIVATIONS AND THE STRUCTURES ON WHICH THE
PROJECT IS FOUNDED
LET’S NOT FORGET THE RISKS WE WERE EXPOSED TO AND WHICH
WE OUGHT TO AVOID
IF THERE’S A POLITICAL WILL THE PLANETARY EMERGENCIES
CAN BE CONFRONTED AND OVERCOME
WHAT WE LEARNED FROM MANHATTAN PROJECT
THE ROLE OF ITALY
V-1
V-2
TOPICS NEVER MENTIONED BY THE SO-CALLED MODERN CULTURE
THE LAA, ELN AND EEE PROJECTS
VI
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PILOT PROJECTS AND THE WFS
(WORLD FEDERATION OF SCIENTISTS)
II
III
VI-1 WFS ORGANIZATION & STATUS
VI-2 PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION – A SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND
ACHIEVEMENTS
VI-3 THE 15 CLASSES OF THE 72 EMERGENCIES
VI-4 THE PUBLICATIONS ON IMPLEMENTED PILOT PROJECTS
VI-5 THE PERMANENT MONITORING PANELS (PMP)
VII NOTE ON THE CULTURAL ROOTS OF THE PROJECT
VII-1 THE THREE REFERENCES
VIII SCIENTISTS AND INSTITUTIONS WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE
VARIOUS ACTIVITIES OF “A PROJECT FOR MANKIND”
ADDENDUM 1: THE PLATONIC GRAND UNIFICATION
ADDENDUM 2: THE PLATONIC SUPERSYMMETRY
ADDENDUM 3: A NOTE ON THE THREE LEVELS OF SCIENCE
REFERENCES
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FIGURE 1 A – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT
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FIGURE 1 B – DETAILS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT
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Appendix 1
The Fundamental Forces and the Basic Constituents
The Fundamental Forces.
Figure 1
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The Basic Constituents. The three Columns.
Figure 2
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Appendix 2
The Space-Time dimensions of our World and of the
Superworld with 43 Space-Time dimensions
Figure 1
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Appendix 3
UEEC events and Nuclear Physics
It is considered standard wisdom the fact that nuclear physics is
based on perfectly sound theoretical predictions.
People forget the impressive series of UEEC events discovered
in what I have decided to call the ‘Yukawa goldmine’ on the
occasion of the centennial celebration of the birth of Hideki Yukawa in
Japan.
The opening Ceremony had the great honour of the presence of
the Emperor and the Empress.
Let me quote just three of them:
1
The first experimental evidence for a cosmic ray particle
believed to be the Yukawa meson was a lepton: the muon.
2
The decay-chain:
e
was found to break the symmetry laws of Parity and Charge
Conjugation.
3
The intrinsic structure of the Yukawa particle was found to be
governed by a new Fundamental Force of Nature, Quantum
ChromoDynamics: QCD.
None of these three UEEC events was predicted.
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Appendix 4
From the Planck Universe to Einstein,
Schwarzschild and the Universe now
Table 1
Conclusion: we can understand why: N(p n e) ≃ 1080 and
V(U) ≃ 98% ; and predict the existence of two types of Black–Holes:
Primordial Black–Holes where matter has only the gravitational
charge and Standard Black–Holes where matter is made with p, n, e.
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Appendix 5
The Third Big Bang
Out of the enormous number of different forms of living matter there
is one, and only one, endowed with a special property, called Reason.
We are the only form of living matter having this incredible property,
which generates Language, Logic and Science.
Figure 1
Figure 2
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Figure 3
Figure 4
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Big Bang-3 is the Big Bang needed to describe the transition
from the innumerable number of examples of living matter to the
unique one which is us.
The are three Big Bangs and three evolutions, each one
following each Big Bang, as illustrated in Figure 5.
THE THREE BIG BANGS
BB1  from Vacuum to the Universe of
Inert Matter
BB2  from Inert Matter to Living
Matter
BB3  from Living Matter to Living
Matter with Reason
Figure 5
The evolution after Big Bang-1 refers to the evolution of inert
matter and therefore the evolution of our Universe: cosmic evolution.
This theory of cosmic evolution is founded on the three levels
of Galilean Science.
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THE THREE BIG-BANGS IN
THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
Figure 6
The evolution of the “Universe” illustrated in Figure 6 consists of
many important details. The Universe were we are comes after the
decoupling of protons electrons and photons, when atoms started their
formation, 380 thousands years after Big Bang-1.
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This part of Figure 6 is shown in Figure 7 where the period when
Life started (Big Bang-2) is indicated. Here starts the evolution from
inert matter to Life which finally generated Big Bang-3, as shown in
Big Bang-2
Figure 8.
GeV
Figure 7
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THE EVOLUTION
FROM INERT MATTER TO MATTER WITH
LIFE AND REASON
Figure 8
The enormous consequences of Big Bang-3 are reported in Figure 9.
Let me call your attention on a very important detail: we could not
know anything about Big Bang-1 and Big Bang-2 if the third Big
Bang had not taken place. The position of Big Bang-1 and Big Bang-2
in Figure 9 and all other details are the results of Big Bang-3.
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Figure 9
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REFERENCES
The References [1–4] refer to the various occasions where I have presented papers on
highly specialized topics and discussed the connection of these topics with
Complexity. Each title on the upper part refers to the connection with Complexity
while the specialized topic is reported in the detailed references.
[1]
Complexity at the Fundamental Level
A. Zichichi
presented at:
• International Conference on ‘Quantum [un]speakables’ in Commemoration
of John S. Bell, International Erwin Schrödinger Institut (ESI), Universität
Wien (Austria), November 2000, ‘John Bell and the Ten Challenges of
Subnuclear Physics’.
• 40th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice
(Italy), September 2002, ‘Language Logic and Science’.
• 31st, 32nd and 33th Course of the International School of Solid State
Physics, Erice (Italy), July 2004, ‘Complexity at the Elementary Level’.
• 42nd International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice (Italy), August September 2004, ‘Complexity at the Elementary Level’.
• Trinity College, Dublin (Ireland), February 2005, ‘Complexity at the
Elementary Level’.
• Department of Physics, University of Padova (Italy), March 2005,
‘Complexity at the Elementary Level’.
• 43th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice
(Italy), September 2005, ‘Complexity at the Elementary Level’.
• Italian Physics Society (SIF) XCI Annual National Congress, University of
Catania (Italy), September 2005, ‘Complexity at the Elementary Level’.
• Desy, Hamburg, November 2005, ‘Complexity at the Fundamental Level’.
• 44th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics, Erice
(Italy), September 2006, ‘Complexity at the Fundamental Level’.
[2] The Logic of Nature and Complexity
A. Zichichi
presented at:
• Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, The Vatican, Rome (Italy), November
2002, ‘Scientific Culture and the Ten Statements of John Paul II’;
‘Elements of Rigour in the Theory of Evolution’.
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• The joint Session of:
6th Course of the International School of Biological Magnetic Resonance;
Erice (Italy), July 2003, ‘Language Logic and Science’.
• 2nd Workshop on Science and Religion of the Advanced School of History
of Physics; Erice (Italy), July 2003, ‘Language Logic and Science’.
• 10th Workshop of the International School of Liquid Crystals; Erice (Italy),
July 2003, ‘Language Logic and Science’.
• International School on Complexity, 1st Workshop on Minimal Life, Erice
(Italy), December 2004, ‘Evolution and Complexity at the Elementary
Level’.
[3]
Complexity and New Physics
A. Zichichi
presented at:
• INFN-Alice Meeting, University of Catania (Italy), January 2005,
‘Complexity at the Elementary Level’.
• INFN Eloisatron Project ‘The 1st Physics ALICE Week’, Erice (Italy),
December 2005, ‘Complexity and New Physics with ALICE’.
• 50th Anniversary of INFN Bologna - ALICE Week, Bologna (Italy), June
2006, ‘Complexity at the Fundamental Level’.
[4]
Complexity and Planetary Emergencies
A. Zichichi
presented at:
• 27th Sessions of the International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies,
Erice (Italy), August 2002, ‘Language, Logic and Science’.
• 28th Sessions of the International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies,
Erice (Italy), August 2003, ‘Language Logic and Science, Evolution and
Planetary Emergencies’.
• 36th Sessions of the International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies,
Erice (Italy), August 2006, ‘Complexity and Planetary Emergencies’.
[5]
Complexity exists at the Fundamental Level
A. Zichichi in Proceedings of the 2004–Erice Subnuclear Physics School ‘How
and Where to Go Beyond the Standard Model’, World Scientific (2007) pages
251-333.
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