Key Action KA2:
Task 2.2:
Sector 2.2.2:
Task 2.2.2/2:
Sustainable Mobility and Intermodality
Infrastructures and their interfaces with transport means and systems
Environment, Sub-Infrastructures and their interfaces
with transport means and systems
Monitoring emissions from transport, including particulates
” Particulates „
Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate
Emissions from Road Vehicles
Background
 Inhaled particulate matter has been associated with
adverse health effects.
 Air quality standards are amended accordingly to set
maximum ambient levels of particulates in different
size modes.
 Information on the size and characteristics of vehicle
particulate emissions is limited.
 Potential complications may be encountered if size
resolved standards need also to be established for
vehicle emissions.
 Information on particulate characteristics is required
to explain the association of particulates with health
effects.
Key-targets of Investigation
Scientific: To develop the necessary scientific understanding
to underpin the technical targets.
Analytical: To identify relevant methods capable of accurate
measurement of whatever is identified as causal,
with robust means of calibration and quality
control; to prepare standard test methods of
operation both with respect to sampling and
measurement.
Technical: To improve air quality by the development of
soundly based air quality standards to address
identifiable and attributable health effects;
control measures to reduce emissions should
provide cost-effective benefits.
Objectives Outline
 Collect and analyse information on the
characterisation of motor vehicle emitted particulates.
 Include parameters introduced by the air quality
standards (size, number concentration, etc.).
 Include further particulate characterisation
dimensions (surface area, chemical composition, etc.).
 Provide coherent, consistent and transparent
information on representative emission factors of
current and future vehicle technologies.
Scientific Objectives
 To review the instrumentation and sampling
techniques used so far for particulate
characterisation.
 To develop a harmonised sampling protocol for the
definition of exhaust aerosol sampling conditions.
 To use this protocol in a detailed measurement
campaign which will cover most of the existing and
near future fuels and vehicle technologies.
 To produce an adequate database with appropriate
emission factors for particulates and other
unregulated pollutants associated with them.
Major Project Innovations
 The development of a common harmonised sampling
methodology to be used as input to development at
other levels.
 The development of a clear baseline in terms of
emission factors or emission profiles for the physical
and chemical characterisation of particulates.
 The investigation of the effects of future technologies
on the emissions of particulates and other associated
non regulated pollutants.
 The added value regarding the fate of particulates
after dilution in the atmosphere.
Contribution to EU Policies
 Particulate matter regulations under the auspices
of the Ambient Air Quality Assessment and
Management Directive (97/62/EEC).
 Initiative Clean Air For Europe (CAFE) is targeting
particulates as a key atmospheric pollutant.
 Ex-ante clustered proposals.
 Task 2.2.2/3: In service test procedures for road
vehicle emissions.
 Task 2.2.2/1: Thematic network on transport and
the environment.
Contribution to Community Social
Objectives: Environment
 Vehicle exhaust particulates are considered the
primary source of urban aerosol. Information
produced in the framework of thid project will be
used for inventorying purposes, air quality
modelling and accurate apportionment of urban
aerosol to the road transport sector to allow a
more efficient policy making.
 Investigation of the technically feasible
measures to decrease the environmental
pressure by road transport produced particulates
Contribution to Community Social
Objectives: Life quality, health & safety
 Control of high urban particulate concentration will
be beneficial to citizens’ health because of
interception to:
– Acute health effects (toxic effects, headaches, etc.)
– Chronic health effects (asthma, cancers?, etc.)
 Visibility improvements
 Material damage (soiling of surfaces, wear of
building materials, etc.)
Economic Development and S&T
Prospects: Community Added Value
Project output/
Result
Relevance of
current PM
emission standards
and further aspects
of particulate
properties to be
taken into account
Range of
Applications
Expected
Impact
Support
Critical
towards the
position
identification of
against
directions to be
current
taken by policy
emission
makers
measurement
procedures.
Timing
Partner(s)
responsible
for exploitation
Report
available
in 35
months
LAT:
co-ordination,
All:
dissemination
Economic Development and S&T
Prospects: Social / Environmental Impact
Project output/
Result
Range of
Applications
Expected
Impact
Timing
Partner(s)
responsible
for exploitation
Development of
PM emission
calculation
methodology and
relevant factors for
current fleet
(gasoline LDV,
diesel LDV, HDV)
Detailed
characterisation of
exhaust
particulates
Emission
inventorying
and detailed
input to airquality
modelling
Accurate
Report
estimation of
available
particulate
in 34
emissions from
months
road transport to
enhance efficient
policy making
LAT:
co-ordination,
All:
dissemination
Input to
medical
studies and to
ambient
aerosol
physics /
chemistry
modelling
Assistance to
Report
medical research available
by covering a
in 35
field were little is months
known.
Acceleration of
relevant studies.
LAT:
co-ordination,
All:
dissemination
Overview of the Consortium - 1
Org.
Name
Country No of
Empl.
LAT/AUTh
GR
4000
Concawe
B
S3
Volvo
S
52000
AVL
AUT
S6
EMPA
CH
730
MTC
S
40
TUT
FIN
S6
TUG
AUT
S3
VKA
D
135
IFP
F
1800
Business Activity
University, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering
Oil Industries Organisation for
Environment, Health and Safety
Automotive Manufacturer
Development of Power-trains,
Instrumentation and Test
Systems
Laboratory for Materials Testing
and Research - Department
Combustion Engines/Furnaces
Research Institute for Vehicle
Emissions
University, Institute of Physics
University, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering
University, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering
Research Centre in Engines,
Fuels and Emissions
RTD Role in project
Project management and co-ordination, emission
measurements, data analysis
Emission measurements on light duty vehicles,
provision of fuels, data analysis
Emission measurements on heavy duty engines,
data analysis
Emission measurements on heavy duty engines
Primary responsible for the development of the
common sampling protocol, emission tests at
subzero temperatures
Emission tests at subzero temperatures, testing
of alternative fuels
Definition of particulate properties to be
measured, relevant instrumentation techniques,
contribution to the sampling protocol, support to
the emission tests
Emission measurements on heavy duty vehicles,
alternative fuels, roadside measurements
Influence of sulphur content on ultrafine particles
depending on dilution ratio and temperature
Contribution to the development of measurement
methodology, testing of aftertreatment devices
Overview of the Consortium - 2
Org. Name
Country
No of
Empl.
AEAT
UK
S7
Research Institute in Vehicle
Emissions
DG-JRC
NL
S6
Institute for Advanced Materials
REGIENOV
F
S7
Automotive Manufacturer
INRETS
F
410
DEKATI
FIN
S3
Research organisation, Lab for
Transport & Environment, Emission
Assessment
Aerosol Technology Company
Stockholm
University
S
S7
University, Department of Analytical
Chemistry
DHEUAMS
GR
S7
F
200
TRL
UK
400
University, Medical School,
Department of Epidemiology
Environmental and Health Effects
Institute
Transport Research Laboratory
LWA
UK
S2
Environmental Consultancy
INERIS
Business Activity
RTD Role in project
Contribution to the development of measurement
methodology, testing of aftertreatment devices, effect
of oil consumption, tests at subzero temperatures
Activation analysis of the particulate matter,
investigation of PM sources
Provision of in house experience to the development
of the protocol, selection of vehicles and techniques,
data analysis
Development/provision of real world cycles, emission
measurements on current light duty vehicles
Development of a prototype sampling system, support
to the round robin tests
Development of sampling and analytical techniques for
determination of PAH in diesel particle size
distributions
Health effects of particulates
Health effects of particulates
Non exhaust particulates measurements
Support to the dissemination of results and
presentation of results for decision makers
Work Programme Outline
 Definition of the exhaust aerosol properties which
will be examined and evaluation of the available
measurement instruments and techniques.
 Development and introduction of a harmonised
protocol for the definition of exhaust aerosol
sampling conditions.
 Examination of the particulate emissions of current
light duty vehicles and heavy duty engines.
 Investigation of the influence of engine technology,
fuel quality and after-treatment on particulate
emissions.
Project Workplan: Tasks 100-200
Duration / Critical path
Workpackage description
1st year
2
4
6
2nd year
8 10 12 2
4
6
: Milestone
3rd year
8 10 12 2
4
6
8 10 12
100 Project management and co-ordination
110 General project management
120 Specific project management
130 Communication establishment w ith research bodies
140 Exploitation and dissemination of project output
200 Selection of particulate properties and
instrumentation
210 Selection of relevant particulate properties
220 Measurement techniques
230 Sampling Methods
240 Selection of intruments for round-robin tests
250 Identification of users of emissions data requirements
6m
12 m
Mid-term
24 m
Reporting Periods
30 m
Final
Project Workplan: Tasks 300-400
Duration / Critical path
Workpackage description
1st y ear
2
4
6
8
: See m ilestone list
2nd y ear
10 12
2
4
6
8
3rd y ear
10 12
2
4
6
8
10 12
300 Investigations for the definition of
sampling conditions
310 Demands from sampling conditions
320 Key Parameters
330 Measuring programme
340 Provisional protocol
350 Round-robin tests
360 Harmonised protocol
370 Dilution system
400 Selection of vehicles, fuels, emission
controls and testing conditions
410 Vehicle selection
420 Fuel selection
430 Emission reduction techniques
440 Overall test conditions
450 Roadside measurements
460 Non-exhaust particulate measurements definition
6m
12 m
Mid-term
24 m
Reporting Periods
30 m
Final
Project Workplan: Tasks 500-600
Duration / Critical path
Workpackage description
1st y ear
2
4
6
8
: Milestone
2nd y ear
10 12
2
4
6
8
3rd y ear
10 12
2
4
6
8
10 12
500 Testing of vehicles
510 Tests on LDVs
520 Tests on HDVs
530 Alternative fuels
540 Advanced engines & aftertreatment
550 Sub-zero
560 Oil consumption
570 Roadside measurements
580 Non exhaust particulate measurents
600 Evaluation of results / Final report
610 Database and analysis
620 Emission factors
630 Final summary report
6m
12 m
Mid-term
24 m
Reporting Periods
30 m
Final
Project Products Outline
 A detailed framework for a future vehicle particulate
sampling and measurement methodology.
 Input to emissions modelling tools, in relation to
existing knowledge, in terms of usable emission
factors for current vehicles.
 Assessment of the effectiveness of the technical
measures for reducing particulate emissions
 Useful input to medical studies.
Overview of the Deliverables - 1
Deliverable
No
D1
Delivery
date
3
Output
from
W.P. Nr.
100
D2
6
200
D3
12
300
D4
12
300
D5
12
400
D6
20
500
D7
28
500
D8
28
500
Nature of Deliverable and brief description
REPORT: Inception report
REPORT: Vehicle exhaust particulates
characterisation-properties, instrumentation and
sampling requirements
REPORT: Sampling conditions and relevant protocol
for particulate characterisation
PROTOTYPE: Dilution sampling system
REPORT: Detailed test matrix and overall test
conditions, incl. definition of roadside and nonexhaust particulate measurements
REPORT: Intermediate report on the emission
measurements (focus on current vehicles)
REPORT: Roadside measurements results
REPORT: Non-exhaust particulate measurements
results
Overview of the Deliverables - 2
Deliverable
No
D9
Delivery
date
28
Output
from
W.P. Nr.
600
D10
34
600
D11
35
600
D12
35
600
D13
35
720
D14
35
600
D15
35
600
D16
36
600
Nature of Deliverable and brief description
REPORT: Preliminary proposal for a PM emission
methodology and relevant emission factors
REPORT, METHODOLOGY and DATA FILE:
Development of PM emission calculation methodology
and relevant factors for current fleet (gasoline LDV,
diesel LDV, HDV)
REPORT: Particulate characterisation from current
vehicles
REPORT: Particulate and PM characterisation in nonlegislative conditions (cold start effects, high power
effects, etc.)
REPORT: Effects on particulate emissions and relevant
emission factors of anticipated future engine and exhaust
aftertreatment technologies complying with future emission
standards
REPORT: Effects on particulate emissions and relevant
emission factors of fuel quality
REPORT: Relevance of current PM emission standards
and further aspects of particulate properties to be taken
into account
REPORT: Final summary report of the project
Impacts
“The whole project should be seen in the frame of an
integrated effort towards the understanding of
particulate generation, particulate evolution in the
atmosphere (ageing) and finally particulate impact
on human heath. This effort may lead to the
efficient decision-making concerning air quality
improvement and citizens welfare. It is also self
evident that it will contribute to the competitiveness
of the European industry and the European
technological progress.”