Wetland Park - a specific area
where activities such as wetland
protection, restoration, propagation,
education, research, monitoring, and
ecotourism, are held in order to protect
the ecosystem and utilize the resources
of the wetland properly.
A panorama of Xixi Wetland
Since Feb. 2nd, 2005, when the
first pilot project of the National
Wetland Park, Hangzhou Xixi National
Wetland Park, is licensed, China has
established 298 experimental units of
National Wetland Park and 12 of them
have been through the final acceptance.
1. Overview of Xixi Wetland
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation
of Xixi Wetland
3. Discussion
1. Overview of Xixi Wetland
1. Overview of Xixi Wetland
Area
Loss
Area Loss
60 sq Km
10 Sq Km
60 Sq Km
10 Sq Km
500,000 residents in Xixi prior to
Construction，12 villages
Xixi Restoration
《RAMSAR Convention》
》, 《China Wetland Conservation Action Plan》
》
《 Xixi Wetland Restoration Project Master Plan》
》
Ecology First
Minimum Disturbance
Six
Principles ：
Recover and Maintain Ancient Aspects
Xixi Restoration
Respect Culture
Sustainable Development
Benefit Society
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
Table 1. Ecosystem services and evaluation methods for Xixi Wetland
Service types
Ecosystem functions
Evaluation methods
Provisioning
Wetland production
Market value approach
Regulating
CO2 fixation,O2 release
Carbon tax approach
Flood control
Shadow project method
Water purification
Index method
Ecotourism
Travel cost method
Research, education, culture
Index method
Wildlife habitat
Index method
Heritage value
Cost method
Improve inhabitation environment
Estate premium method
Cultural
Supporting
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.1 Provisioning Service
VP=∑PiPri
Pi = the output of each ecosystem product;
Pri = the price of each ecosystem product.
Table 2. The main product and value of Xixi Wetland in 2003
Wetland
production
Yield
（t）
）
Unit price
（dollar · t-1）
Total
（US $ million · a-1）
Fish
2068
2120
4.385
Rice
207
457
0.095
Persimmons
42
816
0.034
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.2 Regulating Services
2.2.1 CO2 Fixation, O2 Release
E=EC+EO
EC=QC×CC=1.63×∑PiSi×CC
EO=QO×CO=1.20×∑PiSi×CO
EC = the value of CO2 fixation; EO = the value of O2
release; E = the total value of CO2 fixation and O2 release;
QC = the annual quantity of CO2 fixation; QO = the annual
quantity of O2 release; Pi = the productivity of each type of
forest land; Si = the area of each type of forest land. CC =
the cost of CO2 fixation. European carbon trading price is 4
€·t-1 in 2012. CO = the cost of O2 release. Market price of
industrial ecological oxygen is 114 US＄·t-1.
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
Table 3. The value of CO2 fixation and O2 release of Xixi Wetland in 2003
Area
（ha）
）
Productivity
（t·ha-2·a-1）
Cumulation
（t·a-1）
Carbon
Fixation
（t·a-1）
Value
（US $ million ·a-1）
Oxygen
release
（t·a-1）
Value
（US $ million ·a-1）
Woods
110.5
13.3
1469.7
2395.5
0.013
1763.6
0.201
Bamboo
forest
58.3
11.3
658.8
1073.8
0.006
790.5
0.090
Rice
26.9
6.5
174.9
285.0
0.001
209.8
0.024
Reeds
26.7
8.2
218.1
355.6
0.002
261.8
0.030
Total
222.4
2521.4
4109.9
0.021
3025.7
0.345
Vegetation
types
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
Table 4. The value of CO2 fixation and O2 release of Xixi Wetland in 2012
Area
（ha）
）
Productivity
（t·ha-2·a-1
）
Cumulation
（t·a-1）
Carbon
fixation
（t·a-1）
Value
（US $ million ·a-1）
Oxygen
release
（t·a-1）
Value
（US $ million ·a-1）
Cedar
7.3
12.4
90.1
146.9
0.001
108.2
0.012
EvergreenDeciduous
Broadleaved
forest
84.1
15.6
1311.9
2138.4
0.011
1574.3
0.180
Mixed forest
53.3
12.1
644.9
1051.2
0.005
773.9
0.088
Bamboo forest
59.2
11.3
669.2
1090.8
0.006
803.0
0.092
Shrub forest
2.1
8.2
16.9
27.5
0.000
20.3
0.002
Reeds
43.3
8.2
353.8
576.6
0.003
424.5
0.048
Total
249.3
3086.8
5031.5
0.026
3704.2
0.423
Vegetation types
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.2.2 Flood Control
Q=V×t
Q = the value of flood control; V = the quantity of flood
control of wetland; t = the cost of unit reservoir volume
the volume of surface water storage of
Xixi Wetland is 5 million m3 before 2003;
4.7 million m3 of river are dredged during
the establishment Xixi Wetland Park. In
addition to the increase in water level, the total
volume of surface water storage increases to
11.7 million m3.
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.2.3 Water Purification
Table 5. The water quality data of Xixi Wetland
Year
DO
CODMn
BOD5
NH3-N
TP
Quality
（mg/l） （mg/l） （mg/l） （mg/l） （mg/l） standards
2005
4.09
8.26
6.44
4.31
0.36
V
2006
5.47
5.38
3.51
1.53
0.17
V
2007
5.99
5.46
3.91
1.68
0.15
V
2008
5.31
5.22
3.75
1.32
0.14
IV
2009
5.11
5.14
3.56
1.21
0.11
IV
2010
5.49
2.91
1.59
0.36
0.07
III
2011
4.76
2.69
2.63
0.52
0.08
IV
2012
5.26
2.61
2.10
0.36
0.08
III
Quality standards cite environmental quality standards for surface water
of China (GB 3838-2002)
Water quality automatic monitoring station
Meteorological monitoring station
Air quality automatic monitoring station
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.3 Cultural Services
2.3.1 Ecotourism
Tc＝Te＋Cs＋Tv，Tv＝t×s
Tc = the cost of travel; Te = the travel expenses; Cs = the
consumer surplus; Tv = the value on the time of travel; t = the
total time of travel; s = the opportunity cost of wage per unit time.
30
Number of people
25
Income
4
Expenditure
20
3
15
2
10
1
5
0
Income and expenditure
(million)
Number of people ( million )
5
0
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
Fig 1. The number of people, income and expenditure of Xixi Wetland (2005-2012)
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.3.2 Research, Education and Culture
Xixi Wetland is the
National Science Education Base
National Ecological Civilization Education Base
National Environmental Protection Education Base
etc.
the Chinese Wetland Museum
which is an important place for education of popular
science, is also located in Xixi Wetland.
Peter Bridgewater
-Former Secretary-General of Ramsar
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.4 Supporting Services
2.4.1 Wildlife Habitat
Table 6. The species of Xixi Wetland
Species
2003
2007
2012
Vascular plants
253
475
712
Insects
-
477
800
Fish
-
45
55
Amphibians
5
10
10
Reptiles
10
15
14
Birds
89
126
160
Animals
10
14
15
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.4.2 Heritage Value
People’s WTP (Will to Pay) for the utilization of a
certain ecosystem service in the future or their will to
accept compensation represents the heritage value. The
government of Hangzhou has invested 1794.1 US＄
million in the protection of Xixi Wetland for 10 years
(2003-2012) i.e. about 179.41 US＄million annually.
After Xixi Wetland Park opened, the funding for
protection and maintenance increases every year. The
funding in 2012 is 28.45 US＄million, so the WTP for
the protection of Xixi Wetland can be deduced which is
207.86 US＄million·a-1.
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.4.3 Improvement of Inhabitation Environment
Vr = M×p×c×k
Vr = the value of inhabitation environment; M = the area
of available land for construction; p = the floor area ratio
(p = 2.5 according to China’s residential standard); c = the
price premium of living environment; k = the rate of
return on investment (in general, use the rate of return on
Treasury bond of a 10-year period to calculate).
2. Ecosystem services and evaluation of Xixi Wetland
2.4.3 Improvement of Inhabitation Environment
Research data show that environment will be
improved in the area within 2 kilometers (radius) to Xixi
Wetland Park in average, i.e. about 1,500 ha. By
subtracting 1,150 ha of wetland area, the available land
area is 350 ha. In 2012, the rate of return on Treasury
bond of a 10-year period is about 3.5% and the housing
price in Hangzhou is 1989 US ＄ ·m2. According to
researches and polls, the premium rate is 26.37%, so the
premium is 524 US ＄ ·m2. Therefore, the value of
improvement in inhabitation environment is 199.80 US＄
3. Discussion
3.1 Analysis of the Ecosystem Service of Xixi Wetland
Table 7. The value of different ecosystem services in Xixi wetland
2003
Ecosystem services
2012
Value
(US $ million)
Value
(%)
Value
(US $ million)
Value
(%)
Wetland production
4.51
2.44%
0.00
0.00%
CO2 fixation,O2 release
0.37
0.20%
0.45
0.09%
Flood control
0.55
0.30%
1.28
0.26%
Water purification
0.00
0.00%
4.81
0.99%
Ecotourism
0.00
0.00%
70.64
14.53%
Research, education,
culture
0.00
0.00%
0.99
0.20%
Wildlife habitat
0.12
0.06%
0.35
0.07%
Heritage value
179.41
97.00%
207.86
42.75%
0.00
0.00%
199.80
41.10%
184.95
100.00%
486.18
100.00%
Improve inhabitation
environment
Total value
3. Discussion
3.2 Changes in the Ecosystem Service of Xixi Wetland
from 2003 to 2012, the value of water purification,
ecotourism, research, education, culture and
improvement of inhabitation environment has been
restored and improved, from no value or even negative
value, to 4.81 US＄million·a-1, 70.64 US＄million·a-1,
0.99 US＄million·a-1 and 199.80 US＄million·a-1
respectively. The value of CO2 fixation and O2 release,
flood control, wildlife habitat and heritage value has also
increased significantly.
3. Discussion
3.2 Changes in the Ecosystem Service of Xixi Wetland
After the establishment of Xixi Wetland
Park, the total value of ecosystem service
increases from 184.95 US＄million to 486.18
US＄million. The change illustrates not only
that the huge achievement has been made
through the protection of Xixi Wetland, but
also that building wetland parks is an effective
method to protect urban wetland.
3. Discussion
3.3 Application Notes on Evaluation Methods
Through the evaluation process of wetland
ecosystem service, the first thing is to classify
scientifically, to avoid double counting.
The index method shows the evaluation
value of a healthy wetland ecosystem. When
this method is used to evaluate, its adaptability
should be fully considered.
3. Discussion
3.3 Application Notes on Evaluation Methods
Credibility can be increased by fully using the
actual recorded data.
The approach of dynamic assessment provides
reference to protection and administration of urban
wetland and evidence when there is a loss of value
of the ecosystem service and the ecological
compensation is needed.
Thank you for your kind attention!