Chapter 5
Database Processing
“We Don’t Have a Way to Track the Data About
the Videos.”
• Falcon Security stores sequentially numbered digital video
files in separated directories for each client.
• Tracking down exact footage of when equipment stolen
means searching hundreds of video files.
• Need database to track video files.
• MongoDB for tracking video files?
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What Is the Purpose of a Database?
• Organize and keep track of things.
• Keep track of multiple themes.
• General rule:
– Single theme - store in a spreadsheet.
– Multiple themes - use a database.
• What's a theme?
– Ex: student grades, student emails, student office visits.
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A List of Student Grades Presented in a
Spreadsheet – Single Theme
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Student Data Form for a Database Application
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Database
Database:
A collection of information that is organized and accessed
according to the logical structure of the information
Columns are also called fields
Rows are also called records
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What Is a Database?
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Hierarchy of Data Elements
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Components of a Database
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Database Terms
Relational databases
• Relationships among tables are created by using foreign
keys.
Relation
• Formal name for a table or the connection between tables
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Example of
Relationships
Among Rows
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Primary Keys
Primary Key
– A column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a
table.
– Student Number is the key of the Student table. Given a value
of Student Number, you can determine one and only one row
in Student. Only one student has the number 1325.
– Every table must have a key.
– Email_Num is the key of Email Table.
– VisitID is the key of Office_Visit Table.
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Foreign Keys
Foreign keys
- These are keys of a different (foreign) table than the table
in which they reside.
- They are primary keys in another table
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Sample of Access Metadata
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Ethics Guide: Querying Inequality?
• MaryAnn has a data mart.
• Business professional majored in HR, now "expert" in SQL.
• Uses SQL to do job faster and better.
• Examined data, saw possible discriminatory pattern.
• What would you do from categorical imperative and utilitarian
perspectives?
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Ethics Guide: Querying Inequality? (cont’d)
• Queries could reveal all sorts of patterns and trends.
– Be sure what answers you want before starting query.
• How strongly do you feel about social and personal
responsibility, considering your needs and those of your family?
• How important is social responsibility posture of an employer to
you?
–Is that something to add to your criteria for a job search?
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So What? Not What the Data Says . . .
• Subjective:
– Small, nonrandom sample.
– Called four different sales reps who can’t get any prospects
to bite.
• Objective:
– Same month historical data, seasonal data comparisons.
• How to recognize and minimize bias?
– Use non-routine cognitive skills.
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What Is a Database Management System
(DBMS)?
• Program to create, process, administer a database.
• Licensed from vendors
–IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, and others.
 DB2, Access, SQL Server, Oracle Database.
• Open source
– MySQL: License-free for most applications.
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Processing the Database
DBMS Process Operations
1. Read
2. Insert
3. Modify
4. Delete data
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Processing the Database
• Structured Query Language - SQL (see-quell)
– International standard
– Used by nearly all DBMS
SQL Example
INSERT INTO Student
([Student Number], [Student Name], HW1, HW2, MidTerm)
VALUES (1000, ‘Franklin, Benjamin’, 90, 95, 100);
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Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access 2013)
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Administering the Database
• Set up security system, user accounts, passwords, permissions,
limits for processing.
• Limit user permissions.
• Back up database, improve performance of database
applications, remove unwanted data.
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Summary of Database Administration Tasks
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Summary of Database Administration Tasks
(cont'd)
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How Do Database Applications Make Databases
More Useful?
Forms
Queries
View data; insert new, update existing, delete
existing data.
Search using values provided by user.
Reports
Structured presentation of data using sorting,
grouping, filtering, other operations.
Application programs
Provide security, data consistency, special
purpose processing, e.g., handle
out-of-stock situations.
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How Do Database Applications Make Databases
More Useful? (cont'd)
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Example of a Student Report
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Query Example
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Browser Forms, Reports, Queries, and
Applications
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Account Creation Browser Form
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Browser
Report
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Graphical Query: User Clicks on Video Icon to Find
All Videos from that Location
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Enterprise DBMS vs. Personal DBMS
• Enterprise DBMS process large organizational and
workgroup databases for 100s/1000s of users
• Personal DBMS designed for smaller databases
used by 1 to 100 users.
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Multiuser Processing Problem
1.Andrea puts both
in shopping
baskets, but
delays checking
out.
1.Andrea reads
pedal record
showing balance
of 2 pedals.
1
2
3
2. Jeffrey reads
same record
showing balance
of 2 pedals.
1.Andrea proceeds
to checkout.
Someone will be
disappointed.
4
5
4.Jeffrey puts both
in shopping
basket and
checks out
before Andrea.
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How Are Data Models Used for Database
Development?
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What Is the Entity-Relationship Data Model?
Entities
• Something to track.
– Order, customer, salesperson,
item, volunteer, donation
Attributes
• Describe characteristics of entity.
– OrderNumber, CustomerNumber,
VolunteerName, PhoneNumber
Identifier
• Uniquely identifies one entity
instance from other instances
– Student_ID_Number
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Student Data Model Entities
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Example of Department, Adviser, and Student
Entities and Relationships (cont'd)
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Sample of Relationships―Version 1
Crow’s
Feet
1:N
One department may
have many advisers,
but an adviser may be
in only one department
N:M
An Adviser may have
many students, and
one student may have
many advisers
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Sample of Relationships─Version 2
“Crow’s
Foot”
N:M
A department has many
advisors, and an
advisor may advise for
more than one depart
1:N
A student has only
one advisor, but an
adviser may advise
many students
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Crow’s-Foot Diagram Version
Maximum cardinality─maximum number of entities in a
relationship. Vertical bar on a line means at least one entity
required.
Minimum cardinality—minimum number of entities in a
relationship. Small oval means entity is optional; relationship
need not have entity of that type.
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How Is a Data Model Transformed into a Database
Design?
• Normalization
– Converting poorly structured tables into two or more wellstructured tables.
• Goal
– Construct tables with single theme or entity.
• Purpose
– Minimize data integrity problems.
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Database Design - Normalization
Normalization is a foundation of database design.
Representation of relationships will help you
understand important design considerations.
Normal forms – Dr. E.F. Codd
• 1st Normal Form – eliminate repeating groups
• 2nd Normal Form – 1st normal form and eliminate
all partial key dependencies
• 3rd Normal Form – 2nd normal form and eliminate
all transitive dependencies
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First Normal Form
• Unnormalized
• A table that contains repeating groups (a subset of rows that depend on
the same key)
• 1NF
• Contains no repeating groups of data
• Sample table
• class and classTitle attributes repeat multiple times for some of the
students
• Repeat the rows for each repeating group of data
• Create a combined key of studentId and class
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First Normal Form (continued)
Figure 14-11 Students table in 1NF
• Atomic attributes
– As small as possible, containing an undividable piece of
data
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Second Normal Form
• Eliminate all partial key dependencies
• No column should depend on only part of the key
• Must be in 1NF
• All nonkey attributes must be dependent on the entire
primary key
• Create multiple tables
• Each nonkey attribute of each table is dependent on
the entire primary key for the specific table within
which the attribute occurs
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Second Normal Form (continued)
Figure 14-12 Students table in 2NF
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Third Normal Form
• The table must be in 2NF, and it has no transitive
dependencies
• Transitive dependency
• The value of a nonkey attribute determines, or
predicts, the value of another nonkey attribute
• Example: zip code determines city and state
• Remove the attributes that are determined by, or are
functionally dependent on, the zip attribute
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Third Normal Form (continued)
Figure 14-13 The complete Students database
Transforming Data Models
into a Database Design
Poorly
structured
Employee
table
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Data Integrity Problems
• Data integrity problems.
– Incorrect or inconsistent information.
– Users lose confidence in information.
– System gets a poor reputation.
• Can only occur if data are duplicated.
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Poorly Designed Employee Table Causes Data
Integrity Problem
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Two Normalized Tables
Single
Themes
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Summary of Normalization
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Representing 1:N Relationships
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Representing an N:M Relationship: Strategy for
Foreign Keys
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Users’ Role in the Development of Databases
• Final judges.
• Thorough review of data model.
– Entities must contain all the data users need to do their jobs.
– Must accurately reflect their view of the business.
• Take it seriously.
• Devote time.
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Data Aggregators
 Acxiom obtain data from public and private sources and store and process it in
sophisticated ways.
 Use your grocery store club card, that data is sold to a data aggregator. Credit card data,
credit data, public tax records, insurance records, product warrantee card data, voter
registration data, and hundreds of other types of data are sold to aggregators.
 Using a combination of phone number, address, email address, name, and other partially
identifying data, such companies can integrate that disparate data into an integrated,
coherent whole to form detailed descriptions about companies, communities, zip codes,
households, and individuals.
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Data Aggregators
Laws that limit the data that federal and other governmental agencies can
acquire and store.
Some legal safeguards on data maintained by credit bureaus and medical
facilities.
No such laws that limit data storage by most companies (nor are there
laws that prohibit governmental agencies from buying results from
companies like Acxiom).
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How Can Falcon Security Benefit from a Database
System?
• Find videos by querying their characteristics.
– “Which videos do we have of the Beresford Building in
October 2014, shot from 3,000 feet or less?”
• Choices
1. Store videos on a file server and keep metadata about each
video in a relational database to query with SQL.
2. Use NoSQL MongoDB.
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Falcon Security Chooses Option 1
• Use Access to store
metadata.
• Less risky: uses
known technology.
• Creates E-R diagram.
• Decide to keep design
simple at first.
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2026?
• Volume of database continues to grow.
• Cheap, unlimited storage, greater processing speeds do in
relational databases.
• Security becomes more important.
• Many NoSQL, NewSQL, and in-memory databases exist in
commerce.
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ACID Transactions
• Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable transactions.
• Critical to traditional commercial applications.
• New Internet applications (Twitter) don’t need ACID.
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New Categories of DBMS
1. NoSQL DBMS (NotRelational DBMS)
• Supports very high transaction rates, processing relatively
simple data structures,
• Replicated on many servers in the cloud, without ACID
transaction support.
• MongoDB, Cassandra, Bigtable, and Dynamo.
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New Categories of DBMS (cont’d)
2. NewSQL DBMS
• Process very high levels of transactions, like NoSQL DBMS, but
provide ACID support.
• May or may not support relational model.
• Current hotbed of development.
3. In-memory DBMS using SQL extension
• SAP HANA, Tableau.
• High volume ACID transaction support with complex relational query
processing.
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2026? (cont'd)
• Keep abreast of developments.
• Watch from investor’s perspective.
• New opportunities and career paths will develop around these
new DBMS products.
• Separate yourself from the competition when it comes to job
interviews.
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Security Guide: Theft by SQL Injection
• Common way of stealing data from corporations.
• Done by people outside of host nation to avoid prosecution.
• Highly organized and well-funded.
– Criminal syndicates, nation states, or political hacktivists.
– Mandiant report “APT1: Exposing One of China’s Cyber
Espionage Units”
• Attempting SQL injection could result in your arrest.
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Security Guide:
Theft by SQL
Injection (cont'd)
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Security Guide: Theft by SQL Injection (cont'd)
1. Retailers suffer two times as many SQL injection attacks as
other industries.
2. Most Web applications receive four or more Web attack
campaigns per month, and others are constantly under attack
(176 out of 180 days).
3. One Web site received 94,057 SQL injection attack requests in
one day.
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Guide: Immanuel Kant, Data Modeler
• Perception of reality based on our perceptive apparatus.
• Brain processes perceptions into something meaningful.
• Human’s model what appears to be.
• Users determine if a data model fits their perception of reality.
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Active Review
Q1: What is the purpose of a database?
Q2: What is a database?
Q3: What is a database management system (DBMS)?
Q4: How do database applications make databases more useful?
Q5: How are data models used for database development?
Q6: How is a data model transformed into a database design?
Q7: How can Falcon Security benefit from a database system?
Q8: 2026?
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Case Study 5: Dean's Piano Database
• Certified piano tuner and
technician repairing and restoring
pianos for many years.
• Clown entertainer at children’s
parties.
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Pianos in Storage
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Columns in
the Piano
Table
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Query Design and Result
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Piano Sound
Quality by Building
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