Proceedings
International Symposium
on Innovative Bioproduction Indonesia
Characteristic of Soybean Maturity and Its Role as Seed Yield Determinant
M. Muchlish Adie, Ayda Krisnawati and Suyamto
Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute
Jalan Raya Kendalpayak KM 8, Malang, 651010, Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Soybean production in Indonesia is carried out at various cropping systems (monoculture, intercropping and
relay planting) in a year planting pattern. Hence, the characteristic of soybean maturity become important in order
to adjust with the year planting pattern. A total of 150 soybean genotypes was evaluated for its days to maturity in
Muneng Research Station (Probolinggo) in February to May 2014 using completely randomized design with two
replicates. Duration of the vegetative phase (V), generative phase (G), V/G ratio, days to maturity, and seed yield
were different between genotypes. Duration of the vegetative phase of 150 genotypes were between 26 – 36 days
(average 31 days), range of generative phase was 39 – 56 days (average 46 days), range of V/G ratio was 0.48 0.90 (average 0.68), range of days to maturity was 72 – 83 days (average 77 days), and seed yield from 51 t/ha 4.29 t/ha with an average of 2.91 t/ha. Duration of generative phase was negatively correlated with seed yield (r =
-0.98**), but the other traits were not significantly different. This finding showed that soybean seed yield in
tropical area (Indonesia) was determined by genetic composition of variety constituent and environmental factor.
The V/G ratio was about 0.7, and it was considered ideal as a determinant of high yield in soybean, including for
early maturing genotype (<80 days.
Keywords: Glycine max, days to maturity, seed yield.
Introduction
Plant age is an essential component in
soybean production system in Indonesia. This
is due to soybean planted as monoculture,
intercropping, or relay planting with other
food crops. In lowland, soybeans are generally
planted as monoculture following a yearly
planting pattern of paddy-paddy-soybean. In
dry land, soybeans planted in two production
systems that are soybean - soybean or soybean
+ maize - soybean + maize. In particular
lowland, soybeans planted in the beginning of
rainy season, and then followed with other
plants. In the various planting pattern, soybean
become important factor in order to adjust
with the year planting pattern or in areas with
limited irrigation will require more early
maturing soybeans to avoid the occurrence of
drought, especially toward the generative
phase.
Soybean growth stage was divided into
vegetative phase which is started from plant
growing and ends after plant initiate flowering,
hereinafter referred to as generative or
reproductive phase. While, plant age is
determined from the soybean plant grows up
to 95% of the leaves have turned yellow which
indicates the plant has been mature. The
grouping of soybean maturity was different
between countries. In, Indonesia, soybean
maturity is grouping into early maturity (<80
days), medium maturity (80 – 90 days), and
late maturity (>90 days).
Soybean yield is a complex character that
resulted from expression and relationship from
various component of plant growth. Various
studies reported that days to maturity has
positive and significant correlation with seed
yield (Ariyo 1995, Iqbal et al. 2010, Bekele &
Alemahu 2014), but the flowering days was
not significantly affect to seed yield (Arsyad et
al. 2006). Bekele & Alemahu (2014) reported
that soybean oil was negatively correlated with
days to maturity. Many studies also stated that
seed filling period (SFP) was a critical phase
for soybean plant in determined the yield,
because in this phase have been occurred a
process of formation and seed filling. In fact,
in tropical regions such as Indonesia, the SFP
is also susceptible to pest pod attack.
Specifically, Egli (1994) stated that the longer
the period of seed filling will be positively
correlated with seed yield. Furthermore, the
longer of the generative phase than vegetative
phase also will positively affected to the seed
yield (Egli 1997). Similar thing was delivered
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Proceedings
International Symposium
on Innovative Bioproduction Indonesia
by Cooper (2003) that the earlier flowering in
soybean was important to increase the yield
potential, because the generative phase will be
much longer.
The study of soybean varieties in relation to
grain yield carried out by Liu et al. (2012)
which examines the development of maturity
days from soybean varieties released in China
between the years 1923 to 2005, resulting that
during that period there were reductions in
days to maturity of about 14 days but was
followed by an increase in seed yield potential.
It has been reported that the shortening of the
period between germination to seed filling
phase will produce shorter plants that are
followed by a reduction in the number of
nodes and number of pods per plant. The
soybean engineering program in Indonesia
showed increasing number both of early
maturing varieties and its yield potential. This
means that the improvement of early maturing
soybean and high yield are very possible,
which is determined by gene constituent at the
time of engineering and environmental factor.
Adie & Krisnawati (2014) reported that
opportunity to obtain soybean varieties for
high yield and early maturing day in the
tropics Indonesia is in the days to maturity’s
limit around 74 days. The research objective
was to evaluate the performance of the
soybean maturity and its possibility in
affecting yield.
Materials and Methods
The research materials consist of 150
soybean genotypes. The experiment was
conducted in Muneng Research Station
(Probolinggo) from February to May 2014
using completely block design with two
replicates. Each genotype planted in 1.2 m x
4.5 m plot size with 40 cm x 15 cm planting
distance, two plants/hill.
Pests and diseases were controlled
optimally. Drainage was applied to maintain
optimum soil moisture. Fertilization with 250
kg Phonska/ha + 100 kg SP 36 and 1 t/ha
organic fertilizer at planting time.
The data was collected on duration of
vegetative phase (started from planting to 50%
flowering), duration of generative phase
(started from 50% flowering to 95% leaf
turning yellowed), days to maturity (95% leaf
turned yellow in a population), and seed yield
(conversion from 5.4 m2 plot size.
Result and Discussion
Analysis of variance of 150 soybean
genotypes were significantly different for
maturity characteristic (vegetative phase,
generative phase, V/G ratio, and days to
maturity) and seed yield (Table 1). It showed
that between genotypes having different
maturity characteristic. Coefficient of variation
(CV) value varied from 1.03 to 13.31%. The
duration of vegetative phase from 150 soybean
genotypes ranged from 26 – 36 days (average
of 31 days), range of generative phase was 39
– 56 days (average of 46 days), V/G ratio from
0.48 to 0.90 (average of 0.68), range of days to
maturity was 72 – 83 days (average of 77
days), and the seed yield ranged from 1.51 t/ha
to 4.29 t/ha with an average of 2.91 t/ha (Table
2).
Table 1. Analysis of variance for days to maturity and seed yield from 150 soybean genotypes. 2014.
Parameter
Vegetative phase (V) (days)
Generative phase (G) (days)
V/G ratio
Days to maturity (days)
Seed yield (t/ha)
Mean Square
Replication
3.2033 ns
0.0833 ns
0.0072 ns
2.2533 ns
0.7066 *
Genotype
16.4552 **
23.4798 **
0.1148 **
11.2662 **
0.2644 **
CV
(%)
3.08
2.73
5.74
1.03
13.31
Note: * = significant at 5% probability level (p<0.05); ** = significant at 1% probability level (p<0.01), ns = not
significant, CV = coefficient of variation
Analysis of correlation was performed to
find out the relationship between soybean
maturity days and seed yield (Table 3). Four
maturity characteristics (V, G, V/G ratio, and
days to maturity), only duration of generative
phase have significant negative correlation
with seed yield (r = -0.98**), whereas other
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Proceedings
International Symposium
on Innovative Bioproduction Indonesia
maturity characteristics do not determine the
seed yield on soybean.
This research has become interesting,
because in general, a positive correlation was
obtained between the duration of the
generative phase and seed yield, or between
days to maturity with seed yield. The role of
days to maturity or duration of generative
phase in determining seed yield was affected
by soybean gene constituent and environment
factor also participate in shaping the final
product in the form of seed yield. The genetic
role seem does not to be included in the review
of the relationship between days to maturity
with seed yield in soybean. The characteristic
of tropical environment was different with
sub-tropical in term of determine the seed
yield. The tropics are characterized by
relatively abundant sunlight that become
positive contributing factor in determining
seed yield in soybean.
In USA, soybean varieties are classified
according to maturity group. Maturity
grouping is greatly influenced by latitude.
Consequently, maturity Group-00 varieties are
best suited to Canada and extreme northern
regions of the United States, while maturity
Group-0, Group-I, and Group-II varieties are
suited to South Dakota. Group-II through
Group-IV varieties are suited to Nebraska, and
so on with Group VIII being suited to southern
Texas (Robert & Elmore 2004). Destro et al.
(2001) investigated the relationship of soybean
maturity with seed yield at various latitude and
at the 10º59' latitude, flowering soybeans
ranged from 29-37 days and the days to
maturity between 86-103 days with an average
seed yield reached 1.83 t/ha. These results are
higher than those obtained at higher latitude.
Figure 1 to 4, indicating that seed yield of
150 soybean genotypes concentrated in the
range of 2.60 to 3.30 t/ha. In this research,
there was no relationship between maturity
characteristics with seed yield, except the
duration of generative phase. This indicates a
great opportunities to obtain high yield
soybean genotypes by overlook the role of
maturity characteristics, or there is an
opportunity to obtain both of high yielding and
early maturing soybean. Machikowa &
Laosuwan (2009) studied about early maturing
soybean, and reported that the correlation
between the yields with days to maturity was
not important but with days to flowering it was
significant. This experiment showed that the
extension of days to flowering resulted in an
increase of the yielding potential of early
maturing soybean.
Table 4 presented 10 high yielding soybean
genotypes. These the best ten genotypes have
seed yield range from 3.37 – 4.29 t/ha with an
average of 3.52 t/ha (Table 4), or there was an
increase the average yield of 17.30%
compared with the average yield of 150
soybean genotypes.
Table 2. Descriptive statistic of days to maturity and seed yield from 150 soybean genotypes. 2014.
Parameter
Vegetative phase (V) (days)
Generative phase (G) (days)
V/G ratio
Days to maturity (days)
Seed yield (t/ha)
Minimal
Maximal
Average
26
39
0.48
72
1.51
36
56
0.90
83
4.29
31
46
0.68
77
2.91
Standard
deviation
2.89
3.40
0.10
2.37
0.36
Table 3. Correlation between maturity characteristics with seed yield of 150 soybean genotypes. 2014
Parameter
Vegetative phase (V) (days)
Generative phase (G) (days)
V/G ratio
Days to maturity (days)
Seed yield
0.30 ns
-0.98 **
0.46 ns
0.12 ns
Note: ** = significant at 1% probability level (p<0.01), ns = not significant
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International Symposium
on Innovative Bioproduction Indonesia
Fig. 3. Seed yield vs. V/G ratio.
Fig. 1. Seed yield vs. vegetative phase.
Fig. 4. Seed yield vs. days to maturity.
Fig. 2. Seed yield vs. generative phase.
Table 4. The best ten of high yielding genotypes. 2014.
No
Genotype
1
Arg//Ljtg/Sbg-17
2
G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-4
3
G 511 H/Anjasmoro//Anjasmoro-2-10
4
G 511 H/Kaba//Kaba-3-3
5
Grobogan x Wilis-42
6
G 511 H/Arg//Arg///Arg///Arg-5-3
7
G 511 H/Anjasmoro-1-5
8
G 511 H/Kaba//Kaba///Kaba-4-3
9
G 511 H/Arg//Arg///Arg///Arg-19-7
10
Rajabasa//L.jtg/Sbg-1
Average (10 genotypes)
Average (150 genotypes)
Phase (days)
V
G
V/G
35
32
32
31
28
28
28
28
33
36
31
31
0.86
0.70
0.75
0.60
0.58
0.62
0.56
0.58
0.80
0.86
0.69
0.68
40
46
43
52
49
46
50
49
42
42
46
46
Days to
maturity
(days)
75
78
75
83
77
74
77
77
75
78
77
77
Yield
(t/ha)
3.37
3.37
3.37
3.45
3.46
3.46
3.46
3.46
3.55
4.29
3.52
2.91
V = vegetative phase, G = generative phase
The best ten high yielding genotypes have
average vegetative phase of 31 days, average
generative phase of 46 days, and average days
to maturity of 77 days. Days to maturity of ten
genotypes ranged from 74 up to 83 days, and
be able to obtain average seed yield of 3.52
t/ha. This results reaffirms again that the seed
yield is not always linearly determined by days
to maturity, but the role of the composition of
the constituent genes of genotype with an
optimal environment for generative period will
contribute to the achievement of soybean seed
yield.
Conclusions
Soybean seed yield was more determined by
genetic composition of variety constituent and
environmental factor. The V/G ratio was about 0.7,
and it was considered ideal as a determinant of high
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International Symposium
on Innovative Bioproduction Indonesia
yield in soybean. Early maturing soybean (<80
days) in tropics (Indonesia) have opportunity to
have high yield if it has V/G ratio of about 0.7.
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