Integrated Development of
Agricultural and Rural Institutions
in Central and East European
Countries
Landscape management
Piotr Matczak
Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment
Polish Academy of Sciences
Institute of Sociology, Adam Mickiewicz University
Poznan, Poland
Kyiv, 7-11.09.09
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Content
• Landscape management – Tisza
perspective
• Options to adapt to climate change
• Model of sustaining high quality local good
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Tisza river basin
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Conceptual modeling of the landscape
processes
Floodplain Social-Ecological System
Community
Well-Being
Water Stage
in River
Landscape
Precipitation
Soil
Quality
Landscape
Productivity
Land
Ownership
Structure
Profitability
Investors
Well-Being
Water in Landscape
River Landscape
Flow
Water Infrastructure
(Dikes, Channels, Sluices,
Drainage Tiles etc.)
Pollution
Biodiversity
Cultural Identity,
Local Knowledge
Water
Management
Goals
Economic and Political
Conditions (Legislation,
Regulations, Markets,
Prices, Subsidies etc.)
Land Use
Information about
the System State
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Agricultural
Technology and Use
of External Inputs
Pressures of
Different Interest
Groups
Strategy
(Employed
by Governing
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Bodies)
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GIS supported territorial, participatory planning
• conflict map – analysing
the needs
• solution for common
interest / property level
• developing scenarios
• community agreement on
proposed landuse
Stakeholder involvment
• focus group meetings for
describing sectoral needs
• needs for framework
changes (regional national
level)
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Flachner, 2005, based on FAO
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Constraints and opportunities for landscape
management in the Tisza River Basin
Opportunities
Constraints
Biophysical
Floods are infrequent and alternate with
droughts, shifting policy attention
Using floodplains for water retention
restores ecosystem services. Extreme
events trigger awareness
Technical
Old infrastructure
Water retention
Financial
Severe budget constraints. High
dependency on European funds. Low
priority for sectoral ministries.
European and international funds support
regional coalition. Micro-grant scheme.
Re-evaluation of resource allocation
Institutional
Harmonization with other policies poor.
Fragmented responsibilities. Property
rights rigid and ill-defined
Regional coalition negotiating regional
solutions and policy change. Adaptation
can be integrated in ongoing discourse on
water policy.
Social
Allocation of retention areas problematic.
Dominant land use not conducive to
water retention
Promotion of more climate proof local
products. Learning from traditional land
use and water management
Cognitive and
Informational
Adaptation options are contested. Limited
access to socio-economic and climate
data
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Recognition of the limits of prevailing
flood levee dominated water management.
Regional coalition debating climate
impacts and adaptation options
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Challenges for landscape and
climate change policy in the Tisza
River Basin
• Combining adaptation policy and
development (welfare?) policy
• Combining top-down approach (dealing
with externalities, free-rider problem) and
bottom-up approach (coping with blocking
power of local interests)
• Micro-level – unclear property rights
• Distrust towards authorities
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Small steps in a large scheme
- Local product development (bottom up)
- Maket outreach with cooperation at Tisza
basin level for diverse land utilization
- work towards lowering risk in the basin
- feedback on the assessment of the VTT 1st
polder (Bodrogköz, 90 million m3)
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www.Elotisza.hu
Local markets: Hungary
• Direct marketing - not new
• Attempt to push Hungarian products to
supermarkets
• Hygenic regulations – burden for small farmers
• Political problem
• Local food festivals
–
–
–
–
Alternative to mainstream
New inequalities
Intellectuals are the driving force
Farmers are skeptical, marginalized, have low income
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Adaptation options for the
Tisza River Basin
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Workshop in Budapest
• Floods experts
• Adaptation catalogue - options
• Assessment of options
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Most promising options
• Land use planning and management
(zoning etc.)
• Awareness raising and education
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Model of sustaining high
quality local good
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Rules of the
game
Players
Game
Results of the
game
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Rationale of the study
• Governance structure
• District councils in Polish cities
• Marginal character – similar cities in other
countries
• Are these structures obsolete?
• What could be a justification of their role?
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The problem
• A role of district councils in sustaining the
quality of life of a urban community – the
case of a local green area and littering
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The strategy:
• A model based on simplifications with
further possibility to extend
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Insights from the literature
• Generally:
– Communities and natural resources
– Welfare delivery and governance
– Participation and decentralisation
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Literature on littering
• Littering: many individuals; decreases quality of
environment; transfer of costs to a community
• Reasons for and acceptance of littering:
– Characteristics of a space (Zimbardo 1969; Wilson
and Kelling 1982; Keizer et al. 2008)
– Type of a litter
– Socio-demographic variables (Togler et al. 2008)
– Social awareness
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Problem with motivation variables
• Togler et al (2007): one’s believe in
willingness of others not to litter is related
with propensity not to litter (data from the
European Value Survey)
• Oliver (1984), “If you don’t do it, nobody
else will”
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Model of sustaining of high quality local
environment (endangered by littering)
• Empirical basis: anecdotic evidence from
the previous studies
• Theoretical basis:
– NIE (E.Ostrom)
– J.Coleman (norms)
• Assumptions:
– A relatively small, isolated community with
one good (e.g. a park)
– spillovers; externalities disregarded
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Local environment:
common pool resource
Quality of
environment
0
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Number of „polluters”
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Preference for the quality
of local environment
Number of
individuals
0
Quality of environment
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Norms of refraining from littering
• Informal
• Costs of monitoring
• As the quality of environment decreases –
costs of monitoring gets higher than
benefits from
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Willingness
to monitor the norm
0
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Quality of
environment
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Hysteresis of the norm monitoring
Willingness
to monitor
the norm
Quality of environment
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The role of district councils
Willingness
to monitor
the norm
Quality of environment
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The role of district councils
• Support for a move to the high quality
environment equilibrium
• Guarantee for community members’
investments with delayed benefits
• Trust
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Conclusions
• Model proposes explanation of difficulties
in restoring damaged public goods
• Empirical testing?
– Preferences
• More goods?
• External effects?
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[email protected]
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