Win-Win
Transportation
Solutions
Todd Litman
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
Presented
Lipinski Symposium on
Transportation Policy
Chicago, Illinois
15 October 2007
What is “The” Transportation Problem?
•
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Traffic congestion?
Road construction costs?
Parking congestion or costs?
Excessive costs to consumers?
Government costs?
Traffic crashes?
Lack of mobility for non-drivers?
Poor freight services?
Environmental impacts?
Inadequate physical activity?
Others?
2
Reductionist Decision-Making
Current transportation
planning tends to be
reductionist, problems are
considered individually. This
often results in solutions to
one problem that exacerbate
other problems facing society,
and tends to undervalue
strategies that provide multiple
but modest benefits.
3
Win-Win Strategies
Put another way, more
comprehensive
planning helps identify
“Win-Win” strategies:
solutions to one
problem that also help
solve other problems
facing society.
Ask:
“Which congestion-reduction
strategy also reduces
pollution emissions and
saves consumers
money…and which emission
reduction strategy also
reduces traffic and parking
congestion”
4
Comparing Benefits
Planning
Objectives
Reduce Vehicle
Travel
Expand
Roads
Reduce congestion
9
9
Roadway cost savings
9
Parking cost savings
9
Consumer cost savings
9
Better mobility options
9
Traffic safety
9
Reduce pollution
9
9
Energy conservation
9
9
Land use objectives
9
Improved fitness & health
9
9= supports objective
Efficient or
Alt. Fuel Vehicles
5
Ro
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Re
ing
hi
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Cr
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Ve
Average Annual Cost P er V ehicle
Comparing Costs
$3,000
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
6
Congestion Costs
Annual Dollars Per Capita
$1,200
$1,000
Los Angeles
San Francisco
$800
Dallas
Miami
$600
Chicago
New York
$400
Philadelphia
Large Rail
Small Rail
Bus Only
$200
$0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
City Population (Thousands)
7
Traffic Fatalities
Large Rail
20
14
Death s Per 100,000 Po pu lation
T ra ffic F a ta litie s P e r 1 0 0 ,0 0 0
P o p u la tio n
25
Small Rail
Bus Only
15
10
5
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Large Rail
Small Rail
Bus Only
0
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Annual Per Capita Transit Passenger-Miles
8
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Traffic Deaths Per 100,000 Pop.
Traffic Risk
40
35
30
Smartest Growth
25
Most Sprawled
20
15
10
5
0
9
Consumer Cost Savings
High quality
transit
provides about
$500 annual
per capita
consumer cost
savings.
Annual Per Capita Dollars
$3,500
$3,000
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$0
Large Rail
Small Rail
Bus Only
10
U
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OECD in Figures, 2005
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Annual Tonnes of Oil Equivelent Per Capita
Per Capita Transport Energy
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
11
Market Distortions - Examples
•
Roadway costs not borne directly by motorists.
•
Free/underpriced parking.
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Fixed vehicle insurance and registration fees.
•
Uncompensated environmental damages.
•
Land use policies favoring lower-density,
automobile-oriented development.
•
Planning biases that favor mobility over
accessibility and automobile travel over alternative
modes.
•
Others...
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Win-Win Transportation Solutions
Market reforms justified on
economic principles that help
provide various economic,
social and environmental
benefits.
• Improved travel options.
• Incentives to use travel
alternatives.
• Accessible land use.
• Policy and market reforms.
13
Pay-As-You-Drive (PAYD) Pricing
Motorists pay by the
vehicle-km, so a $600
annual premium becomes
5¢/mile and a $1,200
annual premium becomes
10¢/mile. This gives
motorists a significant
financial incentive to drive
less, but is not a new fee
at all, simply a different
way to pay an existing fee.
14
PAYD Savings
A typical motorist with
a 50-mile daily
commute would save
an additional $3.00
each day they use
alternative modes
rather than drive
alone.
$10.00
Insurance
$8.00
Fuel
$6.00
$4.00
$2.00
$0.00
Current
Pricing
With PAYD
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Efficient Parking Management
• Reduced and more flexible
parking requirements.
• Shared parking
• Parking pricing
• Parking ‘cash out’
• Parking property taxes
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Parking Pricing and Cash Out
Parking is never really
free, consumers either
pay directly or indirectly.
Paying directly tends to
be more fair and efficient,
and typically reduces
parking demand about
20%.
17
Smart Financing
• Expand when and where onstreet parking is priced.
• Per-space parking taxes.
• Increased vehicle fuel taxes.
• Local improvement districts
around transit stations.
• Employer levies.
• Transportation management
association fees.
• Road tolls and congestion
pricing
18
Employee Trip Reduction Programs
Employers encourage
employees to walk,
bicycle, carpool and ride
transit rather than drive
to work. For example,
offer a tax incentive for
businesses that have
effective commute trip
reduction programs.
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Mode Shifts
How do we
convince people
who drive luxury
cars to shift mode?
10/16/2007
Attracting Discretionary Riders
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Quality service (convenient, fast,
comfortable).
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Low fares.
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Support (walkable communities, park & ride
facilities, commute trip reduction programs).
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Convenient information.
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Parking pricing or “cash out”.
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Integrated with special events.
•
Positive Image.
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Ridesharing
Market studies suggest that a third of
suburban automobile commuters would
consider vanpooling, if it had:
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Flexibility.
High Occupant Vehicle priority lanes and parking.
Financial incentives.
Integration with public transit.
Employer support.
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Walking and Cycling Improvements
• More investment in
sidewalks, crosswalks,
paths and bike lanes.
• More traffic calming.
• Bicycle parking and
changing facilities.
• Programs to encourage
safe walking and cycling.
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Freight Transport Management
• Efficiently road pricing.
• Improve rail and marine
transport services.
• Encourage more
efficient local delivery
services.
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Significant Impacts and Benefits
If implemented to the
degree justified by
economic principles,
Win-Win strategies
would reduce total
vehicle travel by a third
or more, while making
consumers better off
overall.
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For more information
www.vtpi.org
“Online TDM Encyclopedia”
“Win-Win Transportation Solutions”
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