SPACE TIME PLAY
COMPUTER GAMES,
ARCHITECTURE
ANDURBANISM:
THE NEXT LEVEL
Edited by
Friedrich von Borries,
Steffen P. Walz,
Matthias Böttger
In collaboration with
Drew Davidson, Heather Kelley, Julian Kücklich
Birkhäuser
Basel _ Boston _ Berlin
Table of Contents
6
Table of Contents: Essays, Statements, Interviews
8
Table of Contents: Game Reviews
9
Table of Contents: Project Descriptions
10
Introduction
Friedrich von Borries.
Steffen P. Walz,
Matthias Böttger
14
THE ARCHITECTUREOF COMPUTER
AND VIDEO GAMES
A SHORT SPACE-TIME HISTORY OF
NTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT
Level 2
138
MAKEBELIEVEURBANISM
THE LUDIC CONSTRUCTION OF
THE DIGITAL METROPOLIS
Level 3
216
UBI0UIT0US GAMES
ENCHANTING PLACES, BUILDINGS,
CITIES AND LANDSCAPES
Level 4
320
SERIOUS FUN
UTILIZING GAME ELEMENTS FOR ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN AND URBAN PLANNING
Level 5
410
FAITESVOSJEUX
GAMES BETWEEN UTOPIA AND DYSTOPIA
488
Author biographies
495
Image Copyrights
Table of Contents
Level 1
16
26
44
56
61
74
88
100
110
118
132
134
Level 2 146
158
164
174
182
186
200
206
214
Essays, Statements, Interviews
P L A C E S T O PLAY
WhatGame Settings CanTell Us about Garnes
Andreas Lange
A S H O R T H I S T O R Y OF D I G I T A L
GAMESPACE
Dariusz Jacob Boron
A L L E G O R I E S OF S P A C E
The Question of Spatiality in Computer Games
Espen Aarseth
N A R R A T I V E SPACES
Henry Jenkins
GAME P H Y S I C S
The Look & Feel Challengesof SpectacularWorlds
Ronald Vuillemin
L A B Y R I N T H A N D MAZE
Video Game Navigation Challenges
Clara Fernändez-Vara
STEERINGTHROUGHTHE MICROWORLD
A Short History andTerrninology of Video Game
Controllers
Winnie Forster
VARIATION OVERTIME
TheTransforrnation of Space in Single-screen
Action Games
Jesper Juul
L I S T E N T O T H E B U L K O F T H E ICEBERG
On the Impactof Sound in Digital Games
Axel Stockburger
WALLHACKSANDAIMBOTS
How Cheating Changes the Perception of Gamespace
Julian Kücklich
FORM FOLLOWS FUN
Working as a Space Gameplay Architect
Olivier Azemar
LOAD A N D S U P P O R T
Architectural Realism in Video Games
Ulrich Götz
USEYOUR ILLUSION
Immersion in Parallel Worlds
Florian Schmidt
MAKINGPLACES
Richard A. Bartle
A C T I V I T Y FLOW A R C H I T E C T U R E
Environment Design in Active Worlds and EverQuest
Mikael Jakobsson
W H A T IS A S Y N T H E T I C W O R L D ?
Edward Castronova, James J. Curnmings,
Will Ernigh, Michael Fatten, Nathan Mishler,
Travis Ross, Will Ryan
C O M P E T I N G IN M E T A G A M E G A M E S P A C E
eSports as the First Professionalized Computer
Metagames
Michael Wagner
PLAYING W I T H FRIENDS A N D FAMILIES
Current Scene of Reality-based Games in Beijing
ZhaoChen Ding
NARRATIVE ENVIRONMENTS
From Disneyland to World of Warcraft
Celia Pearce
P L A Y I N G W I T H U R B A N LIFE
How SimCity Influences Planning Culture
Daniel G. Lobo
NEW P U B L I C S P H E R E
The Return of the Salon and the End of Mass Media
Peter Ludlow
6
Level 3 218
230
233
238
248
251
266
276
290
304
312
Level 4 328
332
335
340
351
352
354
358
372
376
380
384
NEW B A B Y L O N R E L O A D E D
Learning from the Ludic City
Lukas Feireiss
PLAY AS CREATIVE MISUSE
Barcode Battier and the Charm of the Real
Claus Pias
UBIQUITOUS GAMING
A Vision for the Future of Enchanted Spaces
Jane McGonigal
CREATING ALTERNATE REALITIES
A Quick Primer
Christy Dena
PERVASIVE GAMES
Bridging the Gaps between the Virtual and the Physical
Steve Benford, Carsten Magerkurth,
Peter Ljungstrand
T H E P O E T I C S OF A U G M E N T E D SPACE
The Art of OurTime
Lev Manovich
U R B A N ROLE-PLAY
The Next Generation of Role-Playing in Urban Space
Markus Montola
CHANGING URBAN PERSPECTIVES
llluminating Cracks and Drawing lllusionary Lines
Staffan Björk
PERVASIVE GAMESPACES
Gameplay Out in the Open
Bo Kampmann Walther
PERSUASION A N D GAMESPACE
lan Bogost
LIFE IS N O T C O M P L E T E L Y A G A M E
Urban Space and Virtual Environments
Howard Rheingold
PLAYSTATIONS
Neil Leach
T A C T I C S FOR A P L A Y F U L C I T Y
lain Borden
W H Y G A M E S FOR A R C H I T E C T U R E ?
Ludger Hovestadt
G A M E O F LIFE
On Architecture, Complexity
and the Concept of Nature as a Game
Georg Vrachliotis
D E S I G N P A T T E R N S ARE D E A D
Long Live Design Patterns
Jussi Holopainen, Staffan Björk
T H E U N I N H I B I T E D FREEDOM
OFPLAYFULNESS
Marc Maurer, Nicole Maurer
VIVAPINATA
Architecture of the Everyday
Tor Lindstrand
798 M U T I P L A Y E R D E S I G N G A M E
A NewTool for Parametric Design
Kas Oosterhuis,Tomasz Jaskiewicz
RULE-BASED URBAN P L A N N I N G
TheWijnhaven Project, KCAP (Rotterdam)
Kees Christiaanse
T I T FOR T A T A N D U R B A N RULES
Alexander Lehnerer
LIGHTLY AUGMENTING REALITY
Learning through Authentic Augmented Reality Games
Eric Klopfer
SCENARIO GAMES
Vital Techniques for Interactive City Planning
Raoul Bunschoten
SPACE T I M E PLAY
Table of Contents
Essays, Statements, Interviews
398 THE NEW MENTAL LANDSCAPE
401
404
407
Level 5 416
420
425
430
438
441
444
450
452
456
462
466
480
484
Why Games are mportantfor Architecture
Antonino Saggio
"CANITELEPORTAROUND?"
Jesse Schel
TOWARDSAGAMETHEORYOF
ARCHITECTURE
Bart Lootsma
ACTION I N T H E H A N D S OFTHEUSER
William J. Mitchel
W A R / G A M E S A F T E R 9/11
James Der Derian
WAR PLAY
Practicing Urban Annibilation
Stephen Graham
ENDER'SGAME
Towardsa Synthetic View otthe World
James H. Korris
FORBIDDEN GAMES
Eyal Danon, Galit Eilat
OUTDOORAUGMENTEDREALITY
Technology and the Military
Wayne Piekarski, Bruce H.Thomas
A F T E R N E T A R T , WE M A K E M O N E Y
Artists and Locative Media
Marc Tuters
" E A S T E R N E U R O P E , 2008"
Maps and Geopolitics in Video Games
Stephan Günze
T H E G A M E OF I N T E R A C T I O N
Gerhard M. Buurman
A T O P I A ( O N VICE CITY)
McKenzie Wark
PLAYINGWITH ART
Hans-Peter Schwarz
C H I N E S E GOLD F A R M E R S
mmigrant Workers in the Game Land
Ge Jin
A D V E R T I S E M E N T IN V I D E O G A M E S
"Seil MyTears," Says the Game Pubiisher
Christian Gaca
RE-PUBLIC PLAYSCAPE
A Concrete Urban Utopia
Alberto lacovoni
GAMESPACE
MarkWigley
7
Table of Contents
Level 1 20
24
32
34
36
38
40
42
48
50
52
54
64
82
84
86
94
96
98
104
106
108
114
116
122
124
126
128
Game Reviews
DANCE DANCE REVOLUTION
Gillian Andrews
WM S P O R T S
Heather Kelley
TENNIS FORTWO/PONG
Cindy Poremba
ASTEROIDS
JesperJuu
BATTLEZONE
Andreas Schiffler
DEFENDER
JesperJuul
W O L F E N S T E I N 3D
Alex de Jong
COUNTER-STRIKE
Alex de Jong
MYST
Drew Davidson
SUPER MARIO BROS.
Martin Nerurkar
TETRIS
Katie Sälen
ICO
Drew Davidson
ZORK
Nick Montfort
LEMMINGS
Martin Nerurkar
WORMS
Clara Fernändez-Vara
MAX P A Y N E
Paolo Rufflno
PAC-MAN
Chaim Gingolö
DIABLO
Stephen Jacobs
SILENTHILL2
Frank Degler
S P L I N T E R CELL
The Chinh Ngo
SAM & MAX H I T T H E ROAD
Julian Kücklich
KIRBY: C A N V A S CURSE
ThieryAdam
KATAMARI DAMACY
Julian Kücklich
E Y E T O Y PLAY
Heather Kelley
ELITE
Ed Byrne
PRINCEOFPERSIA
Drew Davidson
S U P E R M A R I O 64
Troy Whitlock
REZ
Julian Kücklich
DESCENT
James Everett
S U P E R M O N K E Y BALL
Troels Degn Johansson
TONY HAWK'S AMERICAN WASTELAND
Dörte Küttler
LEGACY OF K A I N : S O U L REAVER
Phil Fish
RESCUE O N F R A C T A L U S
Noah Falstein
130
Level 2 140
144
152
154
156
172
180
192
212
Level 3 242
316
QUAKE
Patrick Curry
TRON
Rolf F. Nohr
NEUROMANCER
Espen Aarseth
SNOW CRASH
Neil Alphonso
THE SIMS
Mary Flanagan
THERE
Florian Schmidt
ENTROPIA UNIVERSE
Florian Schmidt
SECONDLIFE
Florian Schmidt
LINEAGE
Sungah Kim
KINGDOM HEARTS
Troy Whitlock
W O R L D OF W A R C R A F T
Diane Carr
SID MEIERS CIVILIZATION
Jochen Hamma
ANIMAL CROSSING
Heather Kelley
DARKCHRONICLE
Dean Chan
T H E GETAWAY
Gregory More
GRANDTHEFTAUTO: SAN ANDREAS
Gregory More
GRIMFANDANGO
Julian Kücklich
PSYCHONAUTS
Drew Davidson
SIMCITY
David Thomas
MAJESTIC
Kurt Squire
I LOVE BEES
Sean Stewart
PERPLEX C I T Y
Steve Peters
eXistenZ
Adriana de Souza e Silva
Level 4 368
P A S S P O R T T O ...
Ragna Körby, Tobias Kurtz
Level 5 414
WARGAMES
Rolf F. Nohr
KUMA\WAR
Stefan Werning
AMERICA'SARMY
Stefan Werning
S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: S H A D O W OF C H E R N O B Y L
ErnestW. Adams
SHADOW OFTHE COLOSSUS
David Thomas
THETRUMANSHOW
Rolf F. Nohr
MONOPOLY
Marie Huber, Achim Nelke
458
460
472
SPACE T I M E PLAY
Table ot Contents
22
72
Project Descriptions
BREAKOUTFORTWO
Florian "Floyd" Müller
CHARBITAT
Michael Nitsche
344
346
348
Level 3 222
224
226
228
246
256
258
260
262
264
270
272
274
280
282
284
286
288
294
296
298
300
302
308
310
318
Level 4 322
324
GEOCACHING
JackW. Peters
MOGI
Benjamin Joffe
BOTFIGHTERS
Mirjam Struppek, Katharine S.Willis
THEBEAST
Dave Szulborsk
THE ART OFTHE HEIST
Dave Szulborski
PIRATES!
Staffan Björk, Peter Ljungstrand
C A N Y O U SEE ME N O W
Steve Benford
M.A.D. C O U N T D O W N
Steffen R Walz
PACMANHATTAN
Frank Lantz
TYCOON
Gregor Brol
PROSOPOPEIA1
Staffan Jonsson
RELIVINGTHE REVOLUTION
Karen Schrier
EPIDEMICMENACE
Irma Lindt
U R B A N FREE FLOW
Lukas Feireiss
ARQUAKE
Bruce H.Thomas, Wayne Piekarsk
CONQWEST
Frank Lantz
WHAVSM?
Martin Budzinski, Henrik Isermann
DEMOR
Claus Pias
INSECTOPIA
Johan Peitz, Staffan Björk
EREBEDRAGONS
Stephen Boyd Davis, Rachel Jacobs,
Magnus Moar, Matt Watkins
FAUST-ACOUSTICADVENTURE
KP Ludwig John
CATCHBOB!
Nicolas Nova, Fabien Girardin
GEOGAMES
Christoph Schlieder, Sebastian
Matyas, Peter Kiefer
.WALK
a watchful passer-by
MANHATTAN STORY MASHUP
Jürgen Scheible, VilleTuulos
FIRST PERSON SHOOTER
Aram Barthol
A R C H I T E C T U R E _ E N G I N E 1.0
Jochen Hoog
NOZZLE ENGINE
Wolfgang Fiel, Margarete Jahrmann
GAMESCAPE
Beat Suter, Rene Bauer
350
362
364
366
370
388
390
392
394
396
412
474
476
478
SAUERBRATEN
Andreas Dieckmann, Peter Rüssel
TINMITH
Wayne Piekarski, Bruce H.Thomas
IMPLANT
Wayne Ashley
GAMEGAME
Aki Järvinen
SPACEFIGHTER
Winy Maas
KAISERSROT
Alexander Lehnerer
REXPLORER
Rafael Ballagas, Steffen R Walz
PLASTICITY
Mathias Fuchs
T H E H A R B O U R GAME
Tobias Lossing, Rune Nielsen
Andreas Lykke-Olesen,Thomas Fabian Deiman
BIG U R B A N G A M E
Frank Lantz
SUBCITY
Elizabeth Sikiaridi, Frans Vogelaar
SUPERCITY
Troels Degn Johansson
BLINKENLIGHTS
Rahel Willhardt
OPSROOM
Sabine Himmelsbach
CHANGINGTHEGUARD
Stephan Trüby, Stephan Henrich, lassen Markov
THE SCALABLE CITY
Sheldon Brown
THEMINISTRYOFRESHELVING
Jane McGonigal