Lesson Outline
 Understand the concept of plagiarism and how to avoid it.
 Understand the purpose of using a referencing system.
 Understand what reference information to identify and how to correctly
implement it into a text.
 Understand how to write a list of references.
How can I find information online and in print?
 Learn how to do keyword searches.
Keywords are the terms that the computer searches for in a database or on
the web.
Use synonyms and keywords you can think of.
e.g. alternative dispute resolution
mediation
arbitration
employee grievances
Skim several of the first sources you find; if they use additional or different
terms, search for these new terms.
Subject Matter Directories
 AccountingNet = www.accountingnet.com
 Education index = www.educationindex.com
 Human resource management resources on the internet =
www.hr-guide.com
 Management and entrepreneurship =
www.lib.lsu.edu/bus/management.html
 The WWW Virtual Library: Marketing = www.knowthis.com
News Sites
 BusinessWeek Online = www.businessweek.com
 CNN/CNNFN = www.cnn.com (news),




http://money.cnn.com/ (financial news)
National Public Radio = www.npr.org
NewsLink (links to U.S., Canadian, and international
newspapers, magazines, and resources online) =
http://newslink.org/
The New York Times = www.nytimes.com
The Wall Street Journal = http://online.wsj.com/
Reference Collections
 Hoover’s Online (information on more than
13,000 public and private companies
worldwide) = www.hoovers.com
 Liszt (mailing lists) = www.liszt.com
 My Virtual Reference Desk = www.refdesk.com
Avoiding Plagiarism
Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s words, ideas, research and/or work as your own.
• Can be intentional, as when a student copies another student’s work or copies context from
another source.
• Can sometimes be unintentional, as when students use a writer’s words or ideas without proper
acknowledgement or simply copy something that has been published without adding anything
of their own.
• Is regarded as a form of cheating; therefore, it is treated very seriously by teachers and
examiners.
• In order to avoid plagiarism, you must distinguish between your own words and words that
you are summarizing or quoting from a source.
What is the purpose of referencing?
For the author of the original source
 It is a courtesy to those whose work
you have used or drawn upon to give
them proper acknowledgement.
The advantages to you
 It strengthens your argument if it is well
researched and draws on the authority of
reputable sources.
For the reader
 It provides transparency about where
your ideas and evidence were drawn
from.
 You will be better able to recall where
your ideas come from, either if you wish
to use those sources in the future, or if
the integrity of your work were to be
questioned.
 It enables your reader to find the
source quickly and easily.
 Readers can go to your source to
check accuracy of your use or
interpretation.
 As a student, there is the added
advantage of demonstrating that you
have engaged in the background reading,
as expected.
 For students, it is a convention that you
are required to follow or there are severe
penalties.
Referencing
You don’t reference...
 Common knowledge (names, dates,
and well established facts)
 Conversations with friends and
students, unless these are formally
conducted as part of an agreed
research methodology.
 Other students’ essays or academic
work, as you should not use these for
your own work.
It is not necessary to memorize ALL of
the APA Guidelines, but it is necessary to
accurately follow them!
Referencing simply comes down to
following a specific set of guidelines,
which in your case is APA Style. The APA
website provides information on how to
reference sources (www.apastyle.org).
APA (American Psychological Association)
social sciences
Chicago Manual of Style
history, economics
Bluebook
law
MLA (Modern Language Association)
humanities, languages
ACS (American Chemical Society)
chemistry
Harvard
higher education
Referencing
Two aspects involved in referencing:
In-text citations
• How you reference sources within the text of your assignment
Reference list
• The list of references mentioned in the text
• This goes at the end of your assignment
In-text Citations
General Principle
Note the author’s family name or names and year of publication
Examples:
Sutton (2000) noted that …
The research showed that … (Sutton, 2000).
Marshall and Rowland (1993) found that …
The research suggested that … (Marshall & Rowland, 1993).
Guide to Authors’ Surnames
Lorraine Eden
• citation:
• reference:
Eden, date
Eden, L.
Isin Guler
• citation:
• reference:
Guler, date
Guler, I.
Conrad Schulze-Bentrop
• citation:
• reference:
Schulze-Bentrop, date
Schulze-Bentrop, C.
Arjen van Witteloostuijn
• citation:
• reference:
van Witteloostuijn, date
van Witteloostuijn, A.
Lemma W. Senbet
• citation:
• reference:
Senbet, date
Senbet, L.W.
Jin Chen
• citation:
• reference:
Chen, date
Chen, J.
Norazlin Kamal Nor
• citation:
• reference:
Kamal Nor, date
Kamal Nor, N.
Sarjit Kaur
• citation:
• reference:
Kuar, date
Kuar, S.
Three to Five Authors
 List all the authors when they are first mentioned
Jones, Smith, Sutton, Gregory, and Lock (2011) stated …
The research showed that … (Jones, Smith, Sutton, Gregory, & Lock, 2011).
 For subsequent citations, et al. can be used (and others)
Jones et al. (2011) mentioned that…
The research found … (Jones et al., 2011).
 Use et al. even for the first citation if 6 or more authors
Organizations
 State the full name and abbreviation for first citation
 State only abbreviation for subsequent citations
First citation:
The British Psychological Society (BPS, 2011) said …
They note that … (British Psychological Society [BPS], 2011).
Subsequent citations:
The BPS (2011) said …
They note that … (BPS, 2011).
Missing information
 Author is missing
Use the title of the publication in italics, or
title of the article within quotation marks
 Date is missing
Use n.d. meaning no date e.g. Smith (n.d.)
 Author and date is missing
Use title and n.d.
Additional Points
 Two or more authors in brackets
List alphabetically and divide by semi-colon
(Jones, 2000; Sutton, 2001)
 Two authors with same family name
Add the initial to distinguish them
P. Jones (2000) and J. Jones (2001)
 Same author with two publications in the same year
Add suffix a and b to distinguish them
Jones (2001a) and Jones (2001b)
Primary vs. Secondary Sources
 Primary Source is a source you have actually read
 Secondary Source is a source you read about in another source and have not
read the original
How to show secondary sources:
Locke (1977, as cited in Sutton, 2000, p. 27) stated that…
The research showed that …. (Locke, 1977, as cited in Sutton, 2000, p. 27).
Only list Sutton (2000) in the Reference list
Reference List
 Must list all sources mentioned in text
 Must be alphabetical
 Format must be consistent – e.g. commas, full stops, italics, capital letters
 Must follow APA guidelines
Citing a Book
Edited Book:
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor.
New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Chapter in an Edited Book:
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys. In B. R.
Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107–123). New York, NY:
Springer.
Citing a Book
Template
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
Examples
Fry, R. (2011). How to study (6th ed.). Malaysia: Advantage Quest Publications.
Collins, C., & Kneale, P. E. (2001). Study skills for psychology students: A practical guide.
London: Arnold.
Citing a Journal Article
Template
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume number(issue number), pages.
Examples
Sutton, P. (2000). Using lecture notes on the internet as learning support materials for
lectures: Student and staff perspectives on note-taking. Psychology Teaching Review,
9(1), 26–37.
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893–896.
Electronic Sources
 Article From an Online Periodical
 Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs
 Article From an Online Periodical with DOI
Assigned
 Article From an Online Periodical with no
DOI Assigned
 Article From a Database
 Abstract
 Newspaper Article
 Electronic Books
 Chapter/Section of a Web Document or
Online Book Chapter
 Online Book Reviews
 Dissertation/Thesis from a Database
 Online Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries
 Online Bibliographies and Annotated
Bibliographies
 Data Sets
 Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and
Other Graphic Representations of Data)
 Qualitative Data and Online Interviews
 Online Lecture Notes and Presentation
Slides
 Non-periodical Web Document, Web Page,
or Report
 Computer Software/Downloaded Software
 E-mail
 Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting
 Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post
 Wikis
 Audio Podcast
 Video Podcasts
Citing Electronic Sources
Template
Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved month
day, year, from http://xxxxxxxxx
Lee, C. (2011). Writing in-text citations in APA style [Blog post]. Retrieved
from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/01/writing-in-text-citations-inapa-style.html
Citing Electronic Sources
 Online journal
Marsh, E. J., & Sink, H. E. (2010). Access to handouts of presentation slides
during lecture: Consequences for learning. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24,
691–706. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/
10.1002/acp.1579/full
 Online newspaper
Miwil, O. (2012, June 23). Recycling boxes misused as garbage bins. New
Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.nst.com.my/streets/
central/recycling-boxes-misused-as-garbage-bins-1.97311
Citing Electronic Sources
 Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting
Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25].
Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html
 Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post
J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [Web log
comment]. Retrieved on 27 August 2014 from
http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport
Psychology Video Blog #3 [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-M
Citing Electronic Sources
 Using Wikis
Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis
(like Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects that cannot guarantee the
verifiability or expertise of their entries.
Wikis can be useful, as they often provide simple and clear explanations of complex
topics or issues. However, any information found in these sources must be
triangulated using legitimate sources. Once verified, that research should be cited
using those sources.
How to cite sources
 Much of your research will likely come from internet sources.
 Cite a commercial document from a website in the same way as a printed
document i.e. author and date.
 Missing information is shown in same way as a printed source
Author and date:
(Jones, 2007)
Author, no date:
(Smith, n.d.)
No author (title of article), date:
(The Joy of Vietnamese Life, 1998)
No author (title of article), no date:
(The Rocky Road to Marriage, n.d.)
How to cite sources
Source notes can take the form of:
• A direct quotation from a source
• A summary or paraphrase of the source
Use direct quotations
• when the idea or concept is very strong
• when the idea could not be better paraphrased
Use indirect quotations
• when paraphrasing ideas into your own words
• when summarizing multiple ideas attributed to one source
Assessing referencing skills involves
• effectively using references to support a line of reasoning
• balancing the use of direct and indirect quotations
• understanding which quotation style best fits both the source
material and your line of reasoning
• clearly distinguishing between your ideas and those from your
research, and also evaluating this information
How to cite sources
Guidance on direct quotations:
• Make sure you quote the writer’s words exactly.
• Always acknowledge the author when you use their words or ideas.
• Indicate an omitted section by putting using ellipses (…): For most of the
summer months, “tourists from around the world bring elements of
multiculturalism… to various areas of the island.”
• Anything content that you add should be in square brackets: The writer states
that “[Shakespeare] is as relevant today as he ever was.”
• Extended quotations can be inset from the margin.
How to cite sources
 Direct quotation from a source:
These aspects of language teacher identity appear to be rather positive
perspectives of language teaching. However, Pennington suggests that English language
teachers suffer from negative stereotypes, as “English language teaching is generally
perceived as entirely transparent and ordinary in the extreme, as a type of work that
nearly any native speaker can perform or 15 claim to perform”(Pennington, 1992, p. 13).
She states that the general public as well as academics fail to recognize the specialized
skill and knowledge associated with language teaching.
Reference: Pennington, M.C. (1992). Second Class or Economy? The Status of the English
Language Teaching Profession in Tertiary Education. Prospect 7(3): 7-19.
How to cite sources
 Direct quotation from a source:
Borg also states that because the nature of language as a subject has more practical
relevance to real life, language teachers are required to be more creative and enthusiastic
in order for students to share personal aspects of their lives outside the classroom. A
participant in research conducted by Moran (1996) reiterates the unique aspect of intimacy
in language teachers’ relationships with students. She says,
I feel what’s central [to language teaching] is to help people make connections. In this
sense, the language is not simply a set of techniques to use, to say this and that. But
it’s really a way of people having a sense of the humanity of other people who use
that language (Moran, 1996, p. 145).
Reference: Moran, P. (1996). ‘‘I’m not typical’: Stories of becoming a Spanish teacher’ in
Freeman, D & Richards, J (eds) (1996): Teacher Learning in Language Teaching. Cambridge.
How to cite sources
 A summary of the source or section of the source
Breen et al. (2001) reiterates the relevance of teachers’ experiential pedagogy along
with that of the wider professional community, and suggests the relationship between the
two should be of particular importance to teacher educators and of significant focus in
research on language teaching. Ur (1992) also suggests that the objective of an effective ELT
training course should be to develop trainee teachers’ personal theories of action.
The very definition of what language is becomes a central issue in language learning, as
the multitude of situations in which language is taught and learned continues to become
increasingly diverse and culturally complex. Teachers are called upon to go beyond pedagogy
and practice, to have some understanding of the background and culture of their students,
and what role these factors play in language education.
References: Breen, M, B. Hird, M. Milton, R. Oliver & A. Thwaite (2001). Making Sense of Language Teaching:
Teachers’ Principles and Classroom Practices. Applied Linguistics 22(4): 470-501.
Ur, P (1992). Teacher Learning. ELT Journal 46(1): 56-61.
Task 12, p.88
A. Original Passage
B. Plagiarized Version 1
• Among the threats which Fukuyama
envisages are: ability to control human
behavior through drugs for political
rather than health or safety reasons;
ability to prolong life (but not
necessarily the quality of life) almost
indefinitely; ability to breed children
selectively for desirable qualities.
• Blatant plagiarism. Fukuyama’s words
and ideas have been used without
acknowledgement.
Task 12, p.88
C. Plagiarized Version 2
D. Plagiarized Version 3
• Not so blatant, but still serious
plagiarism. Although Fukuyama
has been acknowledged as the
source of these ideas, his words
have been lifted without using
quotation marks. The reader has
no way of knowing exactly which
of these thoughts are Fukuyama’s
and which come from the writer.
• Serious plagiarism. Although some of Fukuyama’s
ideas are correctly attributed to him, not all of
them are. There is nothing original from the writer
in this paragraph, and the reader has no way of
realizing that. Also, although it conveys
Fukuyama’s meaning, the quotation has been
badly handled in that:
• Fukuyama’s sentence did not begin with a
lower-case letter (it started with a capital letter.
• (We...) Some academic styles allow this kind of
minor change, but others do not.
• The original sentence was written in italics.
• The original sentence ended with the word it,
not biotechnology.
Task 12, p.88
E. Acceptable Version
• The quotation is correctly handled. Using a colon allows the essay writer to begin
with the capital letter that is in the original. The reference of it to biotechnology is
also explained, but the writer has put this information in square brackets to show
that it has been added to the quotation.
• The writer has also indicated that the sentence quoted was printed in italics in
the original.
• The original ideas have not just been cut and pasted. They have been integrated
into the writer’s own argument. The writer has used Fukuyama’s insights, but
has also added something original to the discussion.
Referencing Activity: Answer Key
Marton and (1) Saljo (1976) were one of the first researchers to distinguish between deep
and surface learners. Universities aim to promote the former in their students (Entwistle, (2) 1997) but
this has proved difficult (Tilley & Norton, 1998). One reason for this difficult is to do with how students
are traditionally assessed. Assessment plays an important role in the quality of student learning (Boud,
1996; Ramsden, 1992), and should be geared towards testing a student’s deep understanding (Tilley &
Norton, 1998 (3)), not just facts i.e. students need to be asked to apply knowledge not just describe
what they know. Tilley and Norton (1998) note that following on from Biggs’ (1994) (4) model of
learning, universities are now concentrating not just on the student and how they learn, but instead to
look at how their learning is determined by how they are taught and assessed. Research shows that
lecturers can either be concerned with the transmission of knowledge or with facilitating learning,
which is associated with a surface approach to learning and the latter with a deep approach (Kember,
1996). (5)
Referencing Activity: Answer Key
Biggs, (6) J. (1994). Student learning research and theory: Where do we currently stand? In G. Gibbs,
(Ed.), Improving student learning: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Staff Development.
Boud, D. (1996). Enhancing learning through self-assessment. (7) London: Kogan Page.
Kember, D. (1996). A reconceptualization of the research into university academics’ conceptions of
teaching. Learning and Instruction, 7, 255–285.
Marton, F., & Saljo, R. (8) (1976). On qualitative differences in learning: Outcome and process. British
Journal of Educational Psychology, 46, 4–11.
Ramsden, P. (1992) (9). Learning to teach in higher education. London: Routledge.
Tilley, A., & Norton, L. (1998). Is there an “ideal” psychology student? The relationship between lecturers’
conceptions and students’ academic performance. (10) Psychology Teaching Review, 7(1), 14-23.
Lesson Review
 Understand the concept of plagiarism and how to avoid it.
 Understand the purpose of using a referencing system.
 Understand what reference information to identify and how to correctly
implement it into a text.
 Understand how to write a list of references.
Homework
 Download Quotation, Paraphrasing and Summarizing Practice @
Summarizing and Paraphrasing.