• Font
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Big5 ChinaSea font
1
ChinaSea fonts (中國海字集) are Traditional
Chinese fonts made by ChinaSea. The fonts
are rarely sold separately, but are bundled
with other products, such as the Chinese
version of Microsoft Office 97. The fonts
support Japanese kana, kokuji, and other
characters missing in Big-5. As a result, the
ChinaSea extensions have become more
popular than the government-supported
extensions. Some Hong Kong BBSes had
used encodings in ChinaSea fonts before the
introduction of HKSCS.
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Big5 'Sakura' font
The 'Sakura' font (日和字集 Sakura
Version) is developed in Hong Kong and is
designed to be compatible with HKSCS. It
adds support for kokuji and proprietary
dingbats (including Doraemon) not found
in HKSCS.
1
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Big5 Taiwan Ministry of Education font
1
The Taiwan Ministry of Education supplied
its own font, the Taiwan Ministry of
Education font(臺灣教育部造字檔) for use
internally.
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Big5 Taiwan Council of Agriculture font
Taiwan's Council of Agriculture font,
Executive Yuan introduced a 133character custom font, the Taiwan Council
of Agriculture font(臺灣農委會常用中文外
字集) that includes 84 characters from the
'fish' radical and 7 from the 'bird' radical.
1
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BlackBerry OS - BlackBerry Fonts
The following is a list of fonts that
were included in some versions of
BlackBerry (note: some of them were
not included in older versions):
1
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BlackBerry OS - BlackBerry Fonts
1
BBAlphaSans and
BBAlphaSerif are
based on the free
software DejaVu
fonts.
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Linux console - Font, character set and keyboard layout
1
The text buffer is a part of VGA memory
which describes the content of a text
screen in terms of code points and
character attributes. Code points in the
text buffer and font are generally not the
same as encoding used in text terminal
semantics to put characters on the
screen. The set of glyphs on the screen is
determined by the current font. The text
screen is handled by console.c and
consolemap.c drivers. There is a utility
for altering fonts and terminal encodings
called consolechars.
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Linux console - Font, character set and keyboard layout
1
The Linux kernel (keyboard.c driver)
has almost complete support for
keyboard input (keyboard layouts),
but it remains a bit inconsistent
because it interacts badly with
different character sets. Layouts are
loaded by the loadkeys utility.
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Linux console - Font, character set and keyboard layout
1
These two utilities and corresponding
data files are packed in Linux Console
Tools http://lct.sourceforge.net/
shipped with many Linux
distributions.
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Linux console - Font, character set and keyboard layout
1
Efforts on the internationalization of Linux
at the kernel level started as early as in
1994 by Markus Kuhn and Andries
Brouwer.
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Unicode - Fonts
1
Unicode typeface
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Unicode - Fonts
1
Free and retail fonts based on Unicode
are widely available, since TrueType
and OpenType support Unicode. These
font formats map Unicode code points
to glyphs.
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Unicode - Fonts
1
font substitution
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OCR-A font
1
Designer(s) American Type
Founders
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OCR-A font
1
Commissioned by
American National
Standards Institute
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OCR-A font
In the early days of computer optical
character recognition, there was a need for a
font that could be recognized by the
computers of that day, and by humans. The
resulting compromise was the OCR-A font,
which used simple, thick strokes to form
recognizable characters. The font is
monospaced (fixed-width), with the printer
required to place glyphs 0.254 cm (0.10 inch)
apart, and the reader required to accept any
spacing between 0.2286 cm (0.09 inch) and
0.4572 cm (0.18 inch).
1
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OCR-A font - Standardization
1
The OCR-A font was standardized by
the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) as X3.4-1977. X3.4 has
since become the INCITS and the OCRA standard is now called ISO 10731:1976. There is also a German
standard for OCR-A called DIN 66008.
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OCR-A font - Implementations
1
In 1968, American Type Founders
produced OCR-A, one of the first
optical character recognition
typefaces to meet the criteria set by
the U.S. Bureau of Standards. The
design is simple so that it can be
easily read by a machine, but it is
more difficult for the human eye to
read.
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OCR-A font - Implementations
1
As metal type gave way to computerbased typesetting, Tor Lillqvist used
MetaFont to describe the OCR-A font.
That definition was subsequently
improved by Richard B. Wales. Their
work is available from CTAN.
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OCR-A font - Implementations
1
To make the free version of the font more
accessible to users of Microsoft Windows,
John Sauter converted the MetaFont
definitions to TrueType using potrace and
FontForge in 2004. In 2007, Gürkan
Sengün created a Debian package from
this implementation.
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OCR-A font - Implementations
1
In 2008. Luc Devroye corrected the
vertical positioning in John Sauter's
implementation, and fixed the name of
lower case z.
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OCR-A font - Implementations
Independently, Matthew Skala used
mftrace to convert the Metafont definitions
to TrueType format in 2006. In 2011 he
released a new version created by
rewriting the Metafont definitions to work
with METATYPE1, generating outlines
directly without an intermediate tracing
step.
1
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OCR-A font - Use
Although optical character recognition
technology has advanced to the point where
such simple fonts are no longer necessary,
the OCR-A font has remained in use. Its
usage remains widespread in the encoding of
cheques around the world. Some lockbox
companies still insist that the account number
and amount owed on a bill return form be
printed in OCR-A. Also, because of its
unusual look, it is sometimes used in
advertising and display graphics.
1
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OCR-A font - Code points
However, for convenience and
efficiency all of the glyphs were
expected to be accessible in a single
font using ASCII coding, with the
additional characters placed at coding
points that would otherwise have been
unused.
1
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OCR-A font - Code points
1
The modern descendant of ASCII is
Unicode, also known as ISO 10646.
Unicode contains ASCII and has
special provisions for OCR
characters, so some implementations
of OCR-A have looked to Unicode for
guidance on character code
assignments.
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OCR-A font - Space, digits, and unaccented letters
1
All TrueType implementations of OCR-A
use U+0020 for space, U+0030 through
U+0039 for the decimal digits, U+0041
through U+005A for the unaccented upper
case letters, and U+0061 through U+007A
for the unaccented lower case letters.
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OCR-A font - Regular characters
1
In addition to the digits and unaccented
letters, many of the characters of OCR-A
have obvious code points in ASCII. Of
those that do not, most, including all of
OCR-A's accented letters, have obvious
code points in Unicode.
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OCR-A font - Remaining Characters
John Sauter coded
the remaining
characters of OCR-A
as follows:
1
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OCR-A font - Exceptions
1
Some implementations do not use the above
code point assignments for some characters.
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OCR-A font - PrecisionID
1
Euro Sign at U+0080
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OCR-A font - Barcodesoft
1
OCR Chair at U+007E
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OCR-A font - IDAutomation
1
The IDAutomation implementation of OCR-A has the
following non-standard code points:
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OCR-A font - IDAutomation
1
In addition, the IDAutomation implementation
of OCR-A includes the Euro Sign character.
The IDAutomation documentation does not
specify the code point for the Euro Sign
character. Since the code points for OCR
Hook, OCR Chair and OCR Fork match those
of PrecisionID, the IDAutomation OCR-A font
may be a clone of the PrecisionID OCR-A
font, in which case the Euro Sign would be
coded as U+0080. The standard code point
for Euro Sign is U+20AC.
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OCR-A font - OCR-A Extended
1
OCR-A Extended is an expanded version
of the OCR-A font with 250 glyphs, 62 of
which are composite glyphs, supporting
the following languages in addition to
English:
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OCR-A font - Sellers of font standards
Hardcopy of ISO 10731:1976, distributed through
ANSI, from Amazon.com
1
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OCR-A font - Sellers of font standards
1
ISO 1073-1 is also available from Techstreet, who
distributes standards for ANSI and ISO
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Magnetic ink character recognition - Fonts
1
There are two major MICR fonts in use: E13B and CMC-7. E-13B has a 14
character set, while CMC-7 has 15—the
10 numeric characters, plus control
characters.
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Magnetic ink character recognition - Fonts
1
(The "13" in the font's name comes from
the 0.013-inch grid used to design it.)
Besides decimal digits, it also contains the
following symbols: ⑆ (transit: used to
delimit a bank branch routing transit
number), ⑇ (amount: used to delimit a
transaction amount), ⑈ (on-us: used to
delimit a customer account number), and ⑉
(dash: used to delimit parts of numbers—
e.g., routing numbers or account
numbers).
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Magnetic ink character recognition - Fonts
1
Major European countries, including
France and Italy, use the CMC-7 font,
developed by Groupe Bull in 1957.
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ISO 15919 - Fonts supporting Unicode characters
1
Only certain fonts can support all Indic
ISO 15919 Unicode character sets. For
example, Tahoma supports most
Unicode characters needed for Indic
language transliteration. Arial and
Times New Roman font packages that
come with Microsoft Office 2007 (but not
with MS Office 2003 or earlier) also
support most "Latin extended
additional" ISO 15919 Unicode
characters like ḑ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ,
etc.
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Typography of Apple Inc. - Other fonts used in Apple's marketing
1
The frame itself held a quotation from
Wordsworth: "Newton...A Mind
Forever Voyaging Through Strange
Seas of Thought...Alone." The logo
was hand drawn and thus did not use
an established font
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Typography of Apple Inc. - Other fonts used in Apple's marketing
In the marketing of the
Newton/Notepad/MessagePad PDA,
Apple chose to use Gill Sans instead of
the regular Apple Garamond. Gill Sans
Regular was used in the logo, for the
model name on the computer, the
keyboard and in advertisement
materials, though it was not used as a
screen font (except for as part of the
Newton logo). Gill Sans was originally
designed by Eric Gill around 1927–29 for
the Monotype Corporation.
1
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Typography of Apple Inc. - Fonts used in other products
1
The fonts of the original
Macintosh were also
available for the GS.
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Typography of Apple Inc. - Fonts used in other products
1
(See List of fonts in Mac OS X for more
information.) The Newton logo
featured the Gill Sans typeface, which
was also used for the Newton
keyboard.
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Typography of Apple Inc. - Fonts used in other products
1
Apple's eWorld also used the larger
bold condensed bitmap font eWorld
Tight for headlines. The metrics of
eWorld Tight were based on Helvetica
Ultra Compressed.
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Typography of Apple Inc. - Fonts used in other products
1
Lucida Grande is the standard font used in
Mac OS X user interface elements such as
menus, dialog boxes and other widgets.
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Typography of Apple Inc. - Fonts used in other products
When released in 2001, Apple's iPod
music player reused the bitmap font
Chicago from the original Macintosh
GUI. Later versions of the iPod drew from
the larger character repertoire of the
TrueType Chicago, adding a number of
characters not present in the bitmap
Chicago, such as Greek and Cyrillic.
Even though the screen supports
grayscale, the characters were not antialiased.
1
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Typography of Apple Inc. - Fonts used in other products
1
The iPod mini uses the typeface originally
designed for the Newton, Espy Sans. In
the fourth-generation color iPod (formerly
iPod Photo), Podium Sans had displaced
Chicago as the user interface font. On
newer models, such as the 3G iPod nano,
iPod classic and iPod touch Podium Sans
has been replaced with Helvetica Neue
Bold, the same typeface used throughout
the iPhone user interface.
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PostScript - Font handling
1
Almost as complex as PostScript itself
is its handling of fonts. The font system
uses the PS graphics primitives to draw
glyphs as line art, which can then be
rendered at any resolution. Though this
sounds like a reasonably
straightforward concept, there were a
number of typographic issues that had
to be considered.
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PostScript - Font handling
The result was significantly betterlooking fonts even at low resolution; it
had formerly been believed that handtuned bitmap fonts were required for
this task.
1
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PostScript - Font handling
1
Type 3 fonts allowed for all the
sophistication of the PostScript
language, but without the
standardized approach to hinting
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PostScript - Font handling
1
The Type 2 font format was designed to
be used with Compact Font Format
(CFF) charstrings, and was
implemented to reduce the overall font
file size. The CFF/Type2 format later
became the basis for handling
PostScript outlines in OpenType fonts.
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PostScript - Font handling
The CID-keyed font format was also
designed, to solve the problems in the
OCF/Type 0 fonts, for addressing the
complex Asian-language (CJK) encoding
and very large character set issues. The
CID-keyed font format can be used with
the Type 1 font format for standard CIDkeyed fonts, or Type 2 for CID-keyed
OpenType fonts.
1
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PostScript - Font handling
1
Since then, many free Type 1 fonts
have been released; for instance, the
fonts used with the TeX typesetting
system are available in this format.
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PostScript - Font handling
1
In the early 1990s there were several
other systems for storing outline-based
fonts, developed by Bitstream and
METAFONT for instance, but none
included a general-purpose printing
solution and they were therefore not
widely used.
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PostScript - Font handling
1
In the late 1990s, Adobe joined Microsoft in
developing OpenType, essentially a
functional superset of the Type 1 and
TrueType formats. When printed to a
PostScript output device, the unneeded parts
of the OpenType font are omitted, and what is
sent to the device by the driver is the same
as it would be for a TrueType or Type 1 font,
depending on which kind of outlines were
present in the OpenType font.
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Portable Document Format - Fonts
1
Additionally PDF supports the 'Type 3'
variant in which the components of the
font are described by PDF graphic
operators.
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Portable Document Format - Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 14 Fonts)
1
Fourteen typefaces, known as the standard 14
fonts, have a special significance in PDF
documents:
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Portable Document Format - Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 14 Fonts)
1
* Times Roman|Times (v3) (in
regular, italic, bold, and bold
italic)
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Portable Document Format - Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 14 Fonts)
1
* Courier (typeface)|Courier (in
regular, oblique, bold and bold
oblique)
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Portable Document Format - Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 14 Fonts)
1
* Helvetica (v3) (in regular, oblique,
bold and bold oblique)
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Portable Document Format - Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 14 Fonts)
These fonts are sometimes called the
base fourteen fonts. These fonts, or
suitable substitute fonts with the same
metrics, must always be available in all
PDF readers and so need not be
embedded in a PDF. PDF viewers must
know about the metrics of these fonts.
Other fonts may be substituted if they are
not embedded in a PDF.
1
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PDF file - Standard Type 1 Fonts (Standard 14 Fonts)
Other fonts may be
substituted if they
are not embedded in
a PDF.
1
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Adobe Edge - Adobe Edge Web Fonts
1
It is also accessible via the Edge Web
Fonts site, which generates the code
necessary for inclusion in other sites
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Font family (HTML)
1
A font family and other presentation
attributes of a font may be applied in
HTML code in either cascading style
sheets (CSS) or the
Deprecation|deprecated HTML font
element.
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Font family (HTML)
1
When using CSS to apply a font whose
name has whitespace in it, use quotes or
single quotes to delimit the name.
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Font family (HTML)
1
In CSS, a font-family (or face in HTML)
consists of a set of related fonts, grouped
as font families. For example, the Times
family includes different font sizes, styles
(like roman and italic), and weight (like
regular and bold).
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Font family (HTML)
This may be for personal taste
reasons, but may also be because of
some physical limitation of the user,
such as the need for a larger font size
or the avoidance of certain colors.
1
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Font family (HTML) - Generic fonts
The font-family can use a specific
named font (like Heisei Mincho W9),
but the result depends on the fonts
installed on the user machine. The
actual appearance will depend on the
browser and the fonts installed on the
system. A default installation of
Firefox on Microsoft Windows, for
instance, always displays serif and
Times as Times New Roman, and
1
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Web Open Font Format
1
The 'Web Open Font Format' ('WOFF') is a
font format for use in World Wide
Web|web pages. It was developed during
2009 and is now a World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C)
Recommendation.[http://www.w3.org/TR/2
012/REC-WOFF-20121213/ WOFF File
Format 1.0]
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Web Open Font Format
WOFF is essentially OpenType or
TrueType with compression and additional
metadata. The goal is to support font
distribution from a server to a client over a
network with bandwidth constraints.
1
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Web Open Font Format - Submission as a standard
1
Following the submission of WOFF by the Mozilla
Foundation, Opera Software and Microsoft on April
8, 2010,[http://www.w3.org/Submission/2010/03/
WOFF File Format 1.0 Submission Request to
W3C] the W3C commented that it expects WOFF
to soon become the single, interoperable format
supported by all
browsers.[http://www.w3.org/Submission/2010/03/
Comment/ Team Comment on WOFF File Format
1.0 Submission] The W3C published WOFF as a
W3C Working Draft|working draft on July 27,
2010, and it became a W3C Recommendation on
13 December 2012.
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Web Open Font Format - Specification
1
Like OpenType fonts, WOFF supports
both PostScript and TrueType outlines
for the
glyphs.http://blog.typekit.com/2010/
12/08/type-rendering-font-outlinesand-file-formats/
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Web Open Font Format - Vendor support
1
The format has received the backing
of many of the main font foundries and
has been supported by all major
browsers:
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Web Open Font Format - Vendor support
1
* Opera (web browser)|Opera since version 11.10
(Presto (layout engine)|Presto 2.7.81)
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Web Open Font Format - Vendor support
* other
WebKit#Use|WebKit
-based browsers
since WebKit build
528
1
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Web Open Font Format - Vendor support
Some browsers enforce a same-origin
policy, preventing WOFF fonts from being
used across different domains. This
restriction is part of the draft CSS 3 Fonts
module,[http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WDcss-fonts-3-20130711/ CSS Fonts Module
Level 3] where it applies to all font formats
and can be overridden by the server
providing the font.
1
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Web Open Font Format - Vendor support
Some servers may require the manual
addition of WOFF's Internet media
type|MIME type to serve the files correctly;
the proper MIME type is application/fontwoff, not application/x-font-woff, although
font/woff is also commonly seen.
1
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RISC OS - Font manager
1
Since 1994, in RISC OS 3.5, it has been
possible to use an outline anti-aliased
font in the WindowManager for UI
elements, rather than the Bitmap
fonts|bitmap system font from previous
versions.[http://acorn.chriswhy.co.uk/d
ocs/Acorn/AN/253.pdf Acorn
Computers Support Group Application
Notice 253 – New features of RISC OS
version 3.5]
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Fonts
1
In traditional typography, a 'font' is a
particular #Font characteristics|size,
weight and style of a typeface. Each
font was a matched set of metal type,
one piece (called a Sort
(typesetting)|sort) for each glyph, and
a typeface comprised a range of fonts
that shared an overall design.
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Fonts
1
Each style may still be in a separate
font file—for instance, the typeface
Bulmer (typeface)|Bulmer may
include the fonts Bulmer roman
type|roman, Bulmer italic
type|italic, Bulmer boldface|bold
and Bulmer extended—but the term
font might be applied either to one of
these alone or to the whole typeface.
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Fonts - Etymology
1
The word font (traditionally spelled fount in
British English, but in any case
pronounced ) derives from Middle French
fonte [something that has been] melted; a
casting (metalworking)|casting. The term
refers to the process of casting metal type
at a type foundry.
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Fonts - Metal type
1
Some metal type characters required in
typesetting, such as em dash|dashes,
spaces and line-height spacers, were
not part of a specific font, but were
generic pieces which could be used
with any font
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Fonts - Font characteristics
In addition to the character height, when
using the mechanical sense of the term, there
are several characteristics which may
distinguish fonts, though they would also
depend on the writing system|script(s) that
the typeface supports. In European
alphabet|alphabetic scripts, i.e. Latin
alphabet|Latin, Cyrillic script|Cyrillic and
Greek alphabet|Greek, the main such
properties are the #Font weight|stroke width,
called weight, the #Font style|style or angle
and the #Font width|character width.
1
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Fonts - Font characteristics
The regular or standard font is
sometimes labeled roman, both to
distinguish it from bold or thin and
from italic or oblique. The keyword for
the default, regular case is often
omitted for variants and never
repeated, otherwise it would be
Bulmer regular italic, Bulmer bold
regular and even Bulmer regular
regular. Roman can also refer to the
language coverage of a font, acting as
a shorthand for Western European.
1
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Fonts - Font characteristics
1
Different fonts of the same typeface
may be used in the same work for
various degrees of readability and
emphasis (typography)|emphasis.
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Fonts - Weight
1
The weight of a particular font is the
thickness of the character outlines
relative to their height.
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Fonts - Weight
A typeface may come in fonts of many
weights, from ultra-light to extra-bold or
black; four to six weights are not unusual,
and a few typefaces have as many as a
dozen. Many typefaces for office, Web and
non-professional use come with just a
normal and a bold weight. If no bold
weight is provided, many renderers
(browsers, word processors, graphic and
DTP programs) support faking a bolder
1
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Fonts - Weight
1
The base weight differs among typefaces;
that means one normal font may appear
bolder than some other normal font. For
example, fonts intended to be used in
posters are often quite bold by default
while fonts for long runs of text are rather
light. Therefore weight designations in font
names may differ in regard to the actual
absolute stroke weight or density of glyphs
in the font.
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Fonts - Weight
1
Attempts to systematize a range of
weights led to a numerical
classification first used by Adrian
Frutiger with the Univers typeface: 35
Extra Light, 45 Light, 55 Medium or
Regular, 65 Bold, 75 Extra Bold, 85
Extra Bold, 95 Ultra Bold or Black.
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Fonts - Weight
Deviants of these were the 6 series
(italics), e.g. 46 Light Italics etc., the 7
series (condensed versions), e.g. 57
Medium Condensed etc., and the 8 series
(condensed italics), e.g. 68 Bold
Condensed Italics.
1
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Fonts - Weight
From this brief numerical system it is
easier to determine exactly what a font's
characteristics are, for instance Helvetica
67 (HE67) translates to Helvetica Bold
Condensed.
1
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Fonts - Weight
The TrueType font format introduced a
scale from 100 through 900, where 400 is
regular (roman or plain), which is also
used in Cascading Stylesheets|CSS and
OpenType. The first algorithmic
description of fonts was perhaps made by
Donald Knuth in his Metafont and TeX
system of programs.
1
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Fonts - Weight
1
There are many names used to describe
the weight of a font in its name, differing
among type foundries and designers, but
their relative order is usually fixed,
something like this:
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Fonts - Weight
1
* Normal / regular / roman /
plain
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Fonts - Weight
1
The terms normal, regular and plain,
sometimes also book, are being used
for the standard weight font of a
typeface. Where both appear and
differ, book is often lighter than
regular, but in some typefaces it is
bolder.
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Fonts - Slope
1
In many typefaces uppercase letters
are merely slanted in italic fonts, but
in some they change their
appearance, too, e.g
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Fonts - Slope
Although rarely encountered, a
typographic face may be
accompanied by a matching
calligraphic face (cursive, script),
which might be considered a further
font style of one typeface.
1
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Fonts - Slope
In many sans-serif and some serif
typefaces, especially in those with
strokes of even thickness the
characters of the italic fonts are only
slanted, which is often done
algorithmically, without otherwise
changing their appearance. Such
oblique type|oblique fonts are not true
italics, because they lack the change in
letter shapes which is part of the
1
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Fonts - Slope
On the other hand, there are typefaces
with upright characters that take a more
cursive form without a change in angle.
For example the Cyrillic Lower
case|minuscule ‘т’ may look like a smaller
form of its capital letter|majuscule ‘Т’ or
more like a roman small ‘m’ as in its
standard italic appearance; in this case the
distinction between styles is also a matter
of local preference.
1
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Fonts - Slope
1
In Frutiger’s nomenclature the second digit
for upright fonts is a 5, for italic fonts a 6
and for condensed italic fonts a 8.
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Fonts - Slope
The two Kana|Japanese syllabaries,
katakana and hiragana, are sometimes
seen as two styles or typographic variants
of each other, but usually are considered
separate character sets as a few of the
characters have separate kanji origins.
1
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Fonts - Slope
1
The blackletter|gothic style of the roman
script with broken letter forms, on the other
hand, is usually considered a mere
typographic variant.
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Fonts - Slope
Cursive-only scripts such as Arabic
alphabet|Arabic also have different styles,
in this case for example Naskh
(script)|Naskh and Kufic, although these
often depend on application, area or era.
1
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Fonts - Slope
1
There are other aspects that can differ
among font styles, but more often
these are considered immanent
features of the typeface.
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Fonts - Slope
1
These include the look of digits (text
figures) and the minuscules, which
may be smaller versions of the capital
letters (small caps) although the script
has developed characteristic shapes
for them.
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Fonts - Slope
1
Some typefaces do not include separate
glyphs for the cases at all, thereby
abolishing the letter case|bicamerality.
While most of these use uppercase
characters only, some labeled unicase
exist which choose either the majuscule or
the minuscule glyph at a common height
for both characters.
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Fonts - Width
1
Some typefaces include fonts that vary the width of
the characters (stretch).
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Fonts - Width
Narrower fonts are usually labeled
compressed, condensed or narrow. In
Frutiger’s system, the second digit of
condensed fonts is a 7.
1
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Fonts - Width
Both can be further
classified by prepending
extra, ultra or the like.
1
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Fonts - Width
These separate fonts have to be
distinguished from techniques that alter
the letter-spacing to achieve narrower or
smaller words, especially for Justification
(typesetting)|justified text alignment.
1
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Fonts - Width
Most typefaces either have
Typeface#Proportion|proportional or
Monospaced font|monospaced (i.e.
typewriter-style) letter widths, if the
script provides the possibility. There
are, however, superfamilies covering
both styles.
1
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Fonts - Width
1
Some fonts provide both proportional
and fixed-width (tabular) digits, where
the former usually coincide with
lowercase text figures and the latter
with uppercase lining figures.
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Fonts - Optimal size
Some professional digital typefaces
include fonts that are optimised for certain
sizes, e.g. by using ink traps. There are
several naming schemes for such variant
designs. One such scheme, invented and
popularized by Adobe Systems, refers to
the variant fonts by the applications those
are typically used for, with the exact point
sizes intended varying slightly by typeface:
1
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Fonts - Optimal size
1
; Poster: extremely large sizes,
usually larger than 72 point
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Fonts - Optimal size
1
; Subhead: large text,
typically about 14–18
point
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Fonts - Optimal size
1
; (Regular): usually left unnamed,
typically about 10–13 point
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Fonts - Optimal size
1
; Small Text (SmText): typically
about 8–10 point
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Fonts - Optimal size
1
; Caption: very small,
typically about 6–8
point
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Fonts - Metrics
1
Font-wide metrics include cap height,
x-height, Ascender
(typography)|ascender height,
descender depth, and the font
bounding box
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Fonts - Serifs
1
Although most typefaces are characterised
by their use of serifs, there are font
superfamily|superfamilies that incorporate
serif (antiqua) and sans-serif (grotesque)
or even intermediate slab serif (Egyptian)
or semi-serif fonts with the same base
outlines.
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Fonts - Serifs
A more common font variant,
especially of serif typefaces, is that of
alternate capitals. They can have
swash (typography)|swashes to go
with italic minuscules or they can be
of a flourish design for use as initials
(drop caps).
1
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Fonts - Subsetting
1
A typical font may contain hundreds or even
thousands of glyphs, often representing
characters from many different languages.
Oftentimes, users may only need a small
subset of the glyphs that are available to
them. Subsetting is the process of removing
unnecessary glyphs from a font file, usually
with the goal of reducing file size. This is
particularly important for web fonts, since
reducing file size often means reducing page
load time.
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Javanese script - Font
1
* first line of the Universal
Declaration of Human
Rights in Javanese.
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Javanese script - Font
1
Glyph repertoire] There is also a symbolbased font called 'Aturra' developed by
Aditya Bayu from 2012-2013.
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Javanese script - Font
1
Due to the script's complexity, many
Javanese fonts have different input
method compared to other Indic
scripts and may exhibit several flaws.
JG Aksara Jawa, in particular, may
cause conflicts with other writing
system, as the font use code points
from other writing systems to
complement Javanese's extensive
repertoire. This is to be expected, as
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Javanese script - Font
1
The font was chosen for displaying Javanese script
in the Javanese Wikipedia.
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OpenOffice.org - Fonts
OpenOffice.org included
OpenSymbol, DejaVu fonts|DejaVu,
the Liberation fonts (from 2.4) and the
Gentium fonts (from 3.2). Versions up
to 2.3 included the Bitstream Vera
fonts. OpenOffice.org also used the
default fonts of the running operating
system.
1
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OpenOffice.org - Fonts
1
Fontwork is a feature that allows users to
create stylized text with special effects
differing from ordinary text with the added
features of gradient colour fills, shaping,
letter height, and character spacing. It is
similar to WordArt used by Microsoft Word.
When OpenOffice.org saved documents in
Microsoft Office file format, all Fontwork
was converted into WordArt.
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Catania-Fontanarossa Airport
1
'Catania–Fontanarossa Airport' () also
named as 'Vincenzo Bellini Airport', is
an international[http://www.cataniacta.airports-guides.com airportsguides.com] airport located southwest
of Catania, the second largest city on the
Italy|Italian island of Sicily. The airport
is named after the great opera composer
Vincenzo Bellini who was born in
Catania. It is the busiest airport in Sicily
and the 6th busiest in Italy with 6.400.127
passengers in 2013.
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Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - History
1
Catania Airport's history dates back to 1924, when it
was the region's very first airport
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Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - History
1
By the late 1940s, it was clear that the
airport was fast running out of space
and it was deemed necessary to
relocate and in 1950, the new bigger
and improved Catania Airport opened
for business.
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Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - History
1
After 20 years of unexpected growth
and high passengers levels, in 1981 it
was once again necessary to
restructure the airport to cope with
demand. In order to cope with the
increasing passengers figures, a new
terminal, equipped with 22 gate
(airport)|gates and 6 loading bridges,
opened on May 8, 2007 replacing the
old facilities.
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Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - History
1
Ryanair started to fly to Catania in 2013
but announced only one route to Catania
while also starting operations with 3 routes
to Comiso Airport, a newly opened in 2013
Airport only a few km to the south of
Catania.[http://www.ryanair.com/ie/news/ry
anair-announces-3-new-comiso-routes-tobrussels-london-and-rome Ryanair
Announce Comiso January 2013]
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Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - Security and controls
SAC SECURITY provides all the
compulsory security and inspection
services at the airport. In particular, it
handles security and inspection/controls
for departing and transiting passengers,
enforces hand-baggage limits at the
departure gates, and all other
inspections/controls required by the airport
authorities.
1
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Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - Airlines and destinations
1
The current investment programme has
ensured that Catania Fontanarossa Airport
continues to look forward and plan for
growth over the next ten years,
implementing a whole new infrastructure
and making many additions, including a
panoramic restaurant, a new airside
runway and further office space.
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Catania-Fontanarossa Airport - Ground transportation
The airport is conveniently located
close to the Autostrada A19 (Italy)|A19
Autostrada|motorway, which links
Catania with Palermo and central
Sicily, while the European route E45
runs to Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse in
the south
1
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Linux console - Font, character set and keyboard layout
1
There is a utility for altering fonts and terminal
encodings called 'consolechars'.
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Linux console - Font, character set and keyboard layout
1
These two utilities and corresponding
data files are packed in 'Linux
Console Tools'
http://lct.sourceforge.net/ shipped
with many Linux distributions.
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D3DX - ID3DXFont
1
The ID3DXFont interface can be used to
draw 2D text. See also D3DXCreateText
that creates 3D meshes of text.
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Typeface - Font metrics
1
Most script (styles of handwriting)|scripts
share the notion of a baseline
(typography)|baseline: an imaginary
horizontal line on which characters rest
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Typeface - Font metrics
1
Layout Workbook: A Real-World Guide
to Building Pages in Graphic Design,
Jul 2005: 92 The height of the ascender
can have a dramatic effect on the
readability and appearance of a font
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Typeface - Font metrics
For instance, the open-source
Liberation fonts have been designed
as metric-compatible substitutes for
widely used Microsoft fonts.
1
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Typeface - Effect fonts
Outline fonts or block lettering can
also be an outline effect applied to an
existing font. This renders the interior
of glyphs in the background color,
with a thin line around the edges of
the glyphs. In some cases, the outline
shows the glyph filled in with the
foreground color, surrounded a thin
outline mirroring the edges separated
by a small gap. (This latter style is
1
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Typeface - Effect fonts
1
A shadow effect can also be either designed
into a font or added to an existing font
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Joseph Fontenrose
1
'Joseph Eddy Fontenrose' (17 June
1903, Sutter Creek – 7 July 1986,
Ashland, Oregon) was an American
classical scholar. He was centrally
interested in Ancient Greek
religion|Greek religion and Greek
mythology; he was also an expert on
John Steinbeck, commenting on the
mythology in Steinbeck's work.
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Joseph Fontenrose
He was from Sutter Creek, California.
Most of his academic career was spent at
University of California, Berkeley, where
he had graduated in 1925 in Political
Science, after an instructor position he
held from 1937. An early influence was
Ivan Linforth. He was made a professor in
1955, chaired the classics department,
and became professor emeritus.
1
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Joseph Fontenrose
1
His politics were known
to be socialist
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Joseph Fontenrose
In a 1966 book he subjected the mythritual theory to an intense attack, targeting
the views of some of the associated
scholars, particularly FitzRoy Somerset,
4th Baron Raglan|Lord Raglan and
Stanley Edgar Hyman.
1
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Joseph Fontenrose - Works
*Python; a study of
Delphic myth and its
origins (1959)
1
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Joseph Fontenrose - Works
1
*John Steinbeck; an introduction
and interpretation (1963)
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Joseph Fontenrose - Works
1
*The Ritual Theory of
Myth (1966)
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Joseph Fontenrose - Works
1
*Orion: The Myth of the Hunter
and the Huntress (1981)
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Joseph Fontenrose - Works
1
*Steinbeck's Unhappy Valley. A
Study of The Pastures of Heaven
(1981)
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Joseph Fontenrose - Works
1
*Didyma. Apollo's Oracle,
Cult and Companions
(1988)
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Apache OpenOffice - Fonts
Apache OpenOffice includes
OpenSymbol, DejaVu fonts|DejaVu, the
Gentium fonts, and the Apache-licensed
ChromeOS fonts Arimo (sans serif), Tinos
(serif) and Cousine (monospace).
1
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TeX - Metafont
This term derives from the fact that
Metafont describes characters as having
been drawn by abstract brushes (and
erasers).
1
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TeX - Metafont
1
Users of TeX systems that output directly
to PDF, such as pdfTeX, XeTeX, or
LuaTeX, generally never use Metafont
output at all.
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Rich Text Format - Fonts
RTF supports font
embedding|embedding of Computer
font|fonts used in the document, but
this feature is not widely supported in
software implementations.
1
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Rich Text Format - Fonts
RTF also supports generic font family
names used for font substitution: roman
(serif), swiss (sans-serif), modern
(monospaced font|monospace), script,
decorative, technical. This feature is not
widely supported for font substitution, e.g.
in OpenOffice.org or Abiword.
1
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Aqua (user interface) - Fonts
1
Apple uses the Lucida Grande font as
the standard system font in various
sizes and weights. Some areas of the
operating system such as editable text
areas use another font, Helvetica by
default. OS X makes use of systemwide font Spatial anti-aliasing|antialiasing to make edges appear
smoother.
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Font Book
1
Apple Computer|Apple's 'Font Book' is a
font manager that comes with Mac OS X
since version 10.3 (Panther).
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Font Book
1
* Preview and install font files, avoiding
multiple instances of the same font.
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Font Book
* Review installed fonts
using various sample texts
and sizes.
1
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Font Book
1
* Group fonts into collections, which can then
be used in all Cocoa (API)|Cocoa programs.
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Font Book
1
* Activate/deactivate
individual fonts or
collections.
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Font Book
1
* Export font collections for use
on another computer
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Font Book - New Fonts
1
A feature of 'Font Book' is that users can
download new fonts and install them.
There are many sites in which this can be
done. Once the new font is downloaded it
can be loaded and used by 'Font Book'.
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Font Book - Criticism
1
Apple's Font Book faced some criticism
regarding an inability to validate and
auto-activate
fonts.[http://homepage.mac.com/macd
rben/blogwavestudio/LH20041002162415
/LHA20041024180549/index.html Review
- Apple's Font Book] These features were
added to Font Book with the release of
Mac OS X
Leopard.[http://www.apple.com/macos
x/features/300.html#fonts Leopard's
300+ new features - Fonts]
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Windows Aero - Font
1
The default font size is also increased from 8pt to
9pt to improve readability
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Type elements and fonts
The Israeli typographer Henri
Friedlaender designed the Hebrew
fonts Hadar, Shalom Aviv for the
Selectric
1
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Type elements and fonts
1
IBM also produced computer terminals
based on the Selectric mechanism,
some of which (all models of the IBM
1050 series, and IBM 2741 models
using PTTC/BCD code) used a different
encoding
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Type elements and fonts
1
There were two visibly different styles
of mechanical design for the
elements. The original models had a
metal spring clip with two wire wings
that were squeezed together to release
the element from the typewriter.
Later models had a plastic lever on a
metal molded around a metal axle
which pried apart the now-internal
spring clip. This had a tendency to
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Type elements and fonts
1
Some of the interchangeable font elements
available for the Selectric models included:
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Small (12-pitch) fonts
1
* Auto Elite
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Large (10-pitch) fonts
1
* Sunshine Orator
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Large (10-pitch) fonts
1
Many of the fonts listed
here came in several
sub-varieties
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Large (10-pitch) fonts
1
Many specialized elements were not
listed in IBM's regular brochure, but
were available from IBM provided the
right part number was known. For
example, the element for the APL
(programming language)|APL
programming language was available.
This element was really intended for
use with the IBM 2741 printing
terminal.
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IBM Selectric typewriter - Large (10-pitch) fonts
1
The IBM 1130 also used this
element when running
APL\1130.
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Adobe Font Folio
'Adobe Font Folio' is a collection of
more than 2,400 OpenType
fonts,[http://www.adobe.com/product
s/fontfolio/ Official Adobe Font Folio
site] designed by several renowned
type foundries. , there were around
10,000 fonts available in OpenType
format. Adobe's font library makes up
under a third of the total, all of which
are included in Font Folio.
1
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Adobe Font Folio - Version History
1
* Version 7, released March 13, 1995. Had
over 2,000 Type 1 (PostScript) typefaces.
First release supporting Silicon Graphics
and Sun Microsystems platforms.
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Adobe Font Folio - Version History
1
* Version 9, released in January, 2001.
Has some OpenType type faces but
predominantly PostScript Type 1.
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Adobe Font Folio - Version History
1
* Version 10. Marketed as Font Folio
Opentype Edition, released August 11
2003, claiming more than 2,000
typefaces in OpenType format.
Offered as a 20-user license and, for
the first time, a 10-user license to
make it more affordable.
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Adobe Font Folio - Version History
1
* Version 11. Released September 5, 2007, touting
more than 2,300 fonts (all OpenType).
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Burmese language - Computer fonts and standard keyboard layout
It is known as the Myanmar3 layout as it was
published along with the Myanmar3 Unicode font
1
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ISO 15919 - Fonts supporting Unicode characters
1
Only certain fonts can support all Indic ISO
15919 Unicode character sets. For
example, Tahoma supports most Unicode
characters needed for Indic language
transliteration. Arial and Times New
Roman font packages that come with
Microsoft Office 2007 (but not with MS
Office 2003 or earlier) also support most
Latin extended additional ISO 15919
Unicode characters like ḑ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ,
ṣ, ṭ, etc.
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Ubuntu (typeface) - Ubuntu Font Licence
1
The Ubuntu Font Licence is a license
designed for the Ubuntu Font Family,
which has used the license since
version 0.68. The license is based on
the SIL Open Font
License.[http://font.ubuntu.com/ufl/
ofl-1.1-ufl-1.0.diff.html Differences
between OFL and Ubuntu Font
Licence]
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Ubuntu (typeface) - Ubuntu Font Licence
The Ubuntu Font Licence allows the
fonts to be used, studied, modified and
redistributed freely given that the
license terms are met. The license is
copyleft and all derivative works must
be distributed under the same license.
Documents that use the fonts are not
required to be licensed under the
Ubuntu Font
Licence.[http://font.ubuntu.com/ufl/ubu
ntu-font-licence-1.0.txt The Ubuntu Font
Licence - Version 1.0]
1
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Ghostscript - Free fonts
1
There are two sets of
free software|free
fonts supplied for
Ghostscript:
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Ghostscript - Free fonts
1
It is a full set of Type1 fonts similar to
the classic Adobe set: Bookman L
(Bookman (typeface)|Bookman),
Century Schoolbook L (Century
Schoolbook|New Century
Schoolbook), Chancery L (Zapf
Chancery), Dingbats (Zapf Dingbats),
Gothic L (Avant Garde), Nimbus Mono
L (Courier (typeface)|Courier),
Nimbus Roman No9 L (Times
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Ghostscript - Free fonts
* A miscellaneous set including
Cyrillic, kana, and fonts derived from
the free Hershey fonts, with
improvements by Thomas Wolff (such
as adding accented characters).
1
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Large print - Readable fonts
For many people with visual
impairment enlarging the type is not
enough. Fonts designed for readability
make it easier to distinguish one
character from another. Some
characteristics of such fonts are:
1
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Large print - Readable fonts
1
* Sans serif, without
short strokes on the
ends of characters
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Large print - Readable fonts
1
* Even spacing between
letters, so that groups
like ill don't blend
together
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Large print - Readable fonts
1
* Circular openings on letters such
as b and o
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Large print - Readable fonts
1
* Larger punctuation
marks
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Large print - Readable fonts
1
Examples of more-easily read fonts are
APHont, Antique Olive, Helvetica,
Tahoma, and Verdana. APHont was
developed for the non-profit
AmericanPrinting House for the Blind.
They also make it available as a free
download for individual use by those
with vision problems.
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie
Wonder
1
'Harry Belafonte': Hollingsworth went to
New York to ask Harry Belafonte to give
the opening address of the concert.
Belafonte made it clear he was upset that,
with so many musicians appearing, he
was being asked only to talk.
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie
Wonder
1
Belafonte told him he would think
about it, but Hollingsworth should
also think about him performing.
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie
Wonder
1
The two spoke a week later, with each
taking much the same position,
although Hollingsworth added that
Belafonte could sing if he could get a
category A artist, such as Bruce
Springsteen or Mick Jagger or Elton
John, to sing with him. Belafonte did
not get any of those, but came back
with a list which Hollingsworth said
was not good enough. Eventually,
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie
Wonder
1
'Sting (musician)|Sting': Hollingsworth
went to great lengths to get Sting to
perform at the concert
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie
Wonder
Several weeks before Wembley,
Hollingsworth went to Switzerland
where Sting was playing and booked
himself into the same hotel. He got
reception to put him through to Sting
(using the singer's actual name,
Gordon Sumner), told Sting that his
management had refused to let him
talk to the singer, and asked to meet
him. Sting told him to come round to
1
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie
Wonder
1
Hollingsworth told Sting that he would
fly the singer and his band to London
on a private plane after his Friday
evening Berlin concert, drive him to
Wembley in the morning where an
identical set of equipment would be
set up on stage for him
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie
Wonder
Copeland was furious about the
agreement and shocked that Sting
would open the show rather than be
one of the closing acts. But the event
was being organised not as a live
concert but as a television show and
that, according to Hollingsworth,
meant a top act at the beginning when
the largest audience tunes in to see
how it's going to be. At least one big
1
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie
Wonder
1
'Stevie Wonder': One of the first artists that
Hollingsworth tried to sign up was Stevie
Wonder. He could never get through to the
singer, though he phoned him every Friday
at his studio. Senior members of the team
told him each time that the matter was
under consideration.
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Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute - Harry Belafonte, Sting and Stevie Wonder
1
On the Wednesday before the concert,
Wonder phoned back, asking whether
there was still space for him
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Marshall Ney - Russia to Fontainebleau
At Fontainebleau Ney became the
spokesman for the Marshals' revolt on 4
April 1814, demanding Napoleon's
abdication
1
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Marshall Ney - Russia to Fontainebleau
1
When Paris fell and the Bourbon Dynasty,
Restored|Bourbons reclaimed the throne,
Ney, who had pressured Napoleon to
accept his first abdication and exile, was
promoted, lauded, and made a
peerage|peer by the newly enthroned
Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII. Although
Ney had pledged his allegiance to the
restored monarchy, the Bourbon court
reacted coolly to his common origins.
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Fontana, California
1
'Fontana' is a city of 200,762 residents in San
Bernardino County, California
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Fontana, California
It is home to the largest of the San
Bernardino County system libraries, a
renovated historic theater, a
municipal park, and the Auto Club
Speedway on the site of the Kaiser
Steel Mill. Fontana also hosts the
Fontana Days Half Marathon and 5K
run. This race is the fastest halfmarathon course in the
world.[http://www.fontana.org/main/
1
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Fontana, California
The U.S. 2012 Census reported that
Fontana's population was 200,762 in
2012, making it the second most populous
city in San Bernardino county and 14th in
the state.
1
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Fontana, California - History
1
Fontana was founded in 1913 by Azariel
Blanchard Miller. Within a few years it
became an agricultural town of citrus
orchards, vineyards and chicken ranches
astride U.S. Route 66 (now known as
Foothill Boulevard (Los Angeles)|Foothill
Boulevard). The Fontana area was
radically transformed during World War II
when Henry J. Kaiser built one of only two
steel mills west of the Mississippi River
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Fontana, California - History
1
In the 1950s and '60s Fontana was home
to a drag racing strip that was a venue in
the NHRA circuit. Mickey Thompson’s
Fontana International Dragway was also
referred to as Fontana Drag City or
Fontana Drag Strip. The original Fontana
strip is long since defunct, but the owners
of NASCAR’s new Auto Club Speedway
opened a new NHRA-sanctioned drag
strip in Fontana in mid-2006 to resurrect
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Fontana, California - History
1
Ro-Val's automobile museum, located on
Foothill Blvd on the western outskirts
between Fontana and Cucamonga, was
for a while the home for many classic
automobiles of the 1920s and '30s,
including a huge vehicle once owned by
screen actor Fatty Arbuckle. When the
Ro-Val museum closed, the vehicles
were sold to Bill Harrah, a Nevada
casino owner and automobile collector,
who placed them on display in the
museum located at his casino.
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Fontana, California - History
1
As of the 2000 census, the city had a total
population of 128,929, but the present
population is now estimated to have reached
189,021 (2009). This rapid expansion had
much to do with the numerous large, new
residential developments in the almost totally
undeveloped northern part of the city, as well
as with the city's aggressive (and highly
successful) campaign to annex several
unincorporated, but developed, San
Bernardino county island areas in 2006–
2007.
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Fontana, California - Topography
1
The most prominent of the San Gabriel
Mountains visible from Fontana is
Cucamonga Peak, elevation 8,859 feet
(2,700m)
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Fontana, California - Topography
1
The city's listed elevation, measured
from the northeast corner of the
intersection of Upland Avenue and
Sierra Avenue, downtown by City Hall,
is
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Fontana, California - Climate
1
The city is frequently affected by the strong,
hot and dry Santa Ana winds as they blow
through the nearby Cajon Pass of the San
Gabriel mountains, from the Mojave Desert.
Fontana can also be extremely hot in
summer, well over 100 degrees
Fahrenheit.[http://www.wunderground.com/N
ORMS/DisplayNORMS.asp?AirportCode=KO
NTSafeCityName=FontanaStateCode=CAUni
ts=noneIATA=PMD Seasonal Average
Weather Graph at Ontario Airport] Fontana
Weather
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Fontana, California - 2000
1
As of the census of 2000, there were
128,929 people, 34,014 households,
and 29,013 families residing in the
city
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Fontana, California - 2000
There were 34,014 households out of
which 57.6% had children under the age
of 18 living with them, 62.5% were
Marriage|married couples living
together, 15.5% had a female
householder with no husband present,
and 14.7% were non-families. 10.9% of
all households were made up of
individuals and 3.6% had someone living
alone who was 65 years of age or older.
The average household size was 3.8 and
the average family size was 4.0.
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Fontana, California - 2000
1
In the city the population was spread out
with 37.8% under the age of 18, 10.3%
from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 14.7%
from 45 to 64, and 4.7% who were 65
years of age or older. The median age
was 26 years. For every 100 females there
were 98.5 males. For every 100 females
age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males.
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Fontana, California - 2000
1
The median income for a household in the
city was $45,782, and the median income
for a family was $46,957. Males had a
median income of $36,062 versus $26,305
for females. The per capita income for the
city was $14,208. About 12.2% of families
and 14.7% of the population were below
the poverty line, including 18.2% of those
under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65
or over.
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Fontana, California - 2010
1
The racial makeup of
Fontana was 92,978
(47.4%) White (U.S
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Fontana, California - 2010
The Census reported that 195,625
people (99.8% of the population) lived
in households, 216 (0.1%) lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters, and
228 (0.1%) were institutionalized.
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Fontana, California - 2010
There were 49,116 households, out of
which 29,465 (60.0%) had children under
the age of 18 living in them, 30,245
(61.6%) were marriage|opposite-sex
married couples living together, 8,074
(16.4%) had a female householder with no
husband present, 4,125 (8.4%) had a male
householder with no wife present
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Fontana, California - 2010
1
The population was spread out with
64,521 people (32.9%) under the age of
18, 22,995 people (11.7%) aged 18 to
24, 57,646 people (29.4%) aged 25 to
44, 39,823 people (20.3%) aged 45 to
64, and 11,084 people (5.7%) who were
65 years of age or older. The median
age was 28.7 years. For every 100
females there were 98.7 males. For
every 100 females age 18 and over,
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Fontana, California - 2010
There were 51,857 housing units at an
average density of 1,222.1 per square mile
(471.9/km²), of which 33,862 (68.9%) were
owner-occupied, and 15,254 (31.1%) were
occupied by renters. The homeowner
vacancy rate was 2.6%; the rental vacancy
rate was 6.0%. 134,857 people (68.8% of
the population) lived in owner-occupied
housing units and 60,768 people (31.0%)
lived in rental housing units.
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Fontana, California - Economy
1
The official Fontana Auto Center is part of that
zone, with two major dealerships already in
place.
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Fontana, California - Economy
According to the City's 2010
Comprehensive Annual Financial
Report, the top employers in the city
are:
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Fontana, California - Economy
Possibly the city's largest economic
engine, however, is the Auto Club
Speedway. Although technically not
within the city limits, the speedway
brings tens of thousands of racing
fans and dozens of teams to the region
for a few days each year, which can be
a major boom for local restaurants,
motels, hotels, and auto service
stations.
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Fontana, California - Local government
According to the city’s most recent
Comprehensive Annual Financial
Report, the city’s various funds had
$348.0 million in Revenues, $224.0
million in expenditures, $1,371.6
million in total assets, $754.1 million
in total liabilities, and $251.3 million
in cash and
investments.[http://www.fontana.org/
main/mgmt_serv/fin_docs/cafr2008.
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Fontana, California - Local government
1
The structure of the
management and
coordination of city
services is:
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Fontana, California - Local government
Fontana is a General Law City
governed by the codes adopted by the
legislators of the state of California.
Fontana is governed by an elected
Mayor and four Council Members.
The Mayor and Council Members,
City Clerk and City Treasurer are
elected every four years.
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Fontana, California - Public safety
Effective July 1, 2008, the city of
Fontana formed its own Fire
Protection District (similar to a Fire
Department). Fontana has continued
with its previous fire protection
provider (now as a contract city) with
the San Bernardino County Fire
Department. American Medical
Response provides patient
transportation via EMT/Paramedic
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Fontana, California - Public safety
1
Fontana also maintains its own police
department, but for the
unincorporated areas (like the nearby
town of Bloomington), the San
Bernardino County Sheriff's
Department is used (mainly from the
Fontana satellite station, or backup
deputies from the West Valley/Rancho
Cucamonga Regional Station).
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Fontana, California - Politics
Federally, Fontana is located in
California's 43rd congressional district,
which has a Cook Partisan Voting
Index|Cook PVI of D +10 while some parts
of Fontana lie in California's 31st
congressional district, represented by
Republican Gary Miller.
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
1
One of the more prominent and wellknown landmarks of the city is the
Lewis Library and Technology Center,
which opened in April 2008. At an
estimated cost of over $60,000,000,
this facility was made possible
through a mixture of private and
public funds. It is the largest library in
the San Bernardino County Library
System.
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
Located on Sierra Avenue,
downtown, some features of the
library include:
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
1
*New book shelving, reading areas and a
Children's Library, named in honor of Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
*An expanded collection exceeding
142,000 items, including 7,850
reference, media, and periodical items;
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
1
*A room of historical documents, maintained by the
Fontana Historical Society;
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
*Electronic databases, software
applications, remote access to online
informational resources and Internet
access;
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
1
*Spanish language and
homework materials;
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
*A computer technology
support and training center;
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
1
*A literacy center with tutoring
programs;
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
1
*203 public use computer work stations including 25
Spanish language computers;
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
1
*Community meeting rooms and a 330seat auditorium for meetings, lectures and
special presentations;
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
1
*An underground parking garage.
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Fontana, California - Lewis Library
*Various city
government offices.
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Fontana, California - Public schools
1
While most residents of the city attend
schools within the Fontana Unified
School District, some areas of the city
are served by neighboring school
districts.
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Fontana, California - Public schools
* The Northwest area of the city is
partly served by the Etiwanda School
District (K thru 8 only) and the
Chaffey Joint Union High School
District (High Schools only).
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Fontana, California - Public schools
1
* The Southeast area of the city is partly served by
the Colton Joint Unified School District.
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Fontana, California - Public schools
1
* The Northeast area of the city is partly served by
the Rialto Unified School District.
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Fontana, California - Charter Schools
There are two Options For Youth
Charter Schools in Fontana. These
schools are chartered through the
Upland Unified School District and
offer an independent study program to
obtain a high school diploma.
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Fontana, California - Transportation
The Metrolink (Southern
California)|Metrolink rail service to the
greater Los Angeles area has Fontana
(Metrolink station)|a station here and runs
through the center of town. The city of
Fontana is ten minutes away from Ontario
International Airport.
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Fontana, California - Transportation
1
The city is also served by
Omnitrans bus service.
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Fontana, California - Utilities
1
Sewage service in the city is provided
by the Inland Empire Utilities Agency,
but is billed out by the city of Fontana
itself.
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Fontana, California - Healthcare
Fontana is home to the Kaiser
Permanente-Fontana Hospital.
Located on Sierra Avenue, and
occupying most of the block between
Sierra, Marygold, and Palmetto
Avenues, and Valley Boulevard, The
campus forms one of the largest
healthcare facilities in the Inland
Empire Region. On more of a side
note, the various facilities are also
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Fontana, California - Healthcare
1
The hospital is home to sixty different specialized
departments, plus emergency care.
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Fontana, California - Healthcare
1
Also, located in the north end of the city,
along the Miracle Mile of Sierra Lakes
Parkway and the 210 freeway, is the
Sierra San Antonio Medical Plaza, a
outpatient center and medical office
building supported by San Antonio
Community Hospital. Services currently
available from SSAMP are urgent care,
diagnostic radiology, physician offices, and
a pharmacy.
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Fontana, California - Healthcare
1
The facility also boasts a educational
suite where community lectures, health
screenings, awareness campaigns,
maternity and CPR classes are held.
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Fontana, California - Center Stage
1
Centerstagefontana.com
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Fontana, California - Steelworkers' Auditorium
Next door to the Lewis Library and
Technology Center, the Steelworkers'
Auditorium provides the public with the
opportunity to venture into the arts. It
houses events like Performance
Tuesdays, theatre camps, acting classes,
musical classes, summer reading
programs, family movie nights,
performance recitals and dance classes.
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Fontana, California - Steelworkers' Auditorium
1
The building is also available for rent
for certain occasions such as: award
ceremonies, dance recitals, talent
competitions and much more.
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Fontana, California - Art Depot
1
The Art Depot is one of Fontana's original
community centers, and is a specialized
Cultural Arts facility. Originally built as a
freight depot of the Pacific Electric Railway
in 1915, the Art Depot sits alongside the
newly landscaped Pacific Electric Trail in
the Helen Putnam Historical Plaza. The Art
Depot offers art classes, open studio
activities, and special
events.[http://www.fontana.org/main/parks
_rec/art_depot.htm]
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Fontana, California - Artist Showcase
1
The city's Artist Showcase program at city
hall was developed in order to
demonstrate Fontana’s dedication to the
Cultural Arts. Through the provision of
quarterly artist showcases, Fontana
residents are introduced to local artists.
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Fontana, California - Artist Showcase
1
Additionally, each artist selected will be
awarded a nominal stipend from the local
Fontana business
community.[http://www.fontana.org/main/p
arks_rec/cultural_arts.htm]
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Fontana, California - Auto Club Speedway
1
Auto Club Speedway, a racetrack that
plays host to the NASCAR Sprint Cup
Series and Nationwide Series, along
with the IndyCar Series and various
smaller races, is located in an
unincorporated part of Fontana, on
Cherry Avenue
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Fontana, California - Healthy Fontana
1
Healthy Fontana is a program dedicated to
improving lifestyle choices and healthier
habits in the form of nutrition and fitness.
Healthy Fontana provides educational
classes programs throughout the city of
Fontana.
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Fontana, California - Cypress Neighborhood Center
The Center opened its doors in the
heart of downtown Fontana for over 30
years. Since then, it has undergone
some renovations and changed up
some of the programming. It is a center
devoted to bringing forth as many fun
and unique programs to residents. The
programming includes: ballet, dance,
karate, kickboxing, its very own Tiny
Tot program, and much more.
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Fontana, California - Don Day Neighborhood Center
Located in South Fontana, Don Day
Neighborhood Center is a center filled with
activities and fun. Attached to the center is
an outside pool that is only opened for the
summer. They have open rooms used for
programs like: mixed martial arts, dance,
fitness, gymnastics, and much more. The
rooms are also available for birthday
parties, meetings, and other celebrations.
There is a Tiny Tot Program affiliated with
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Fontana, California - Don Day Neighborhood Center
1
The center is also combined with
Southridge Park that features
amenities such as: tennis courts,
basketball courts, mountain bike
trails, baseball fields, playgrounds,
and open spaces.
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Fontana, California - Fontana Community Senior Center
This Community Center is dedicated to
the Senior Citizens in the area. The
massive two-story 43,000 square foot
building houses many rooms that
provides Seniors with the learning
environment they need. An arts and crafts
room, art gallery, banquet and conference
room, billiard and card parlor room,
resting areas, computer lab and digital
theater room and a library are just some
of the many rooms the Center has to offer.
The Center also provides programs and
classes to tie in the rooms.
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Fontana, California - Heritage Neighborhood Center
The Heritage Center is dedicated to
helping citizens of all ages, from childrenteens-adults. This center has many
programs involving life enhancing classes
that could be beneficial to teens as well as
adults. The center has many rooms that
can be used for arts and crafts, the Tiny
Tots program, and rooms available for
rental. There is a pool available with many
programs involved in the summer.
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Fontana, California - Jack Bulik Teen Center
This unique center is especially
dedicated to teenagers. It is a place
designed for teens to be teens in a safe
environment and to keep them off the
streets. There are all kinds of activities
for the teens to do such as: arts and
crafts, video games, Pool table, Foosball
table, Ping Pong table, fitness
equipment, a cyber center,
indoor/outdoor activities, listening to
music, and hosts many tournaments.
There is also a skate park and hockey
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Fontana, California - Jessie Turner Health Fitness Community Center, Aquatics
Center Fontana Park
1
Upon opening to the public on October 25,
2008, Fontana Park (located in the
northern part of the city at Summit Avenue
and Lytle Creek Road), is now the city's
second largest municipal park, featuring a
large state-of-the-art community center
(Jessie Turner Health and Fitness
Community Center), aquatic center, skate
park, dog park, basketball gym, sports
pavilion, and several child-oriented play
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Fontana, California - Jessie Turner Health Fitness Community Center, Aquatics
Center Fontana Park
The Jessie Turner Health Fitness
Community Center has many unique
classes and programs available all
throughout the year such as: Tiny Tot
program, day camps, holiday events and
even multiple rooms that can be rented.
1
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Fontana, California - Jessie Turner Health Fitness Community Center, Aquatics Center
Fontana Park
1
The Aquatics Center is open year
round including access to heated
pools. Most classes involving swim
are available in the summer.
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Fontana, California - Mary Vagle Nature Center
1
Fontana is also home to
the Mary Vagle Nature
Center
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Fontana, California - Mary Vagle Nature Center
Programs include: Nature Discovery
Hikes (every first Saturday of the month),
Adventures into Nature (every 2nd
Saturday of the Month), Nature Rangers
(every third Saturday of the month) and
Earth Craft (the last Sunday of every
month)
1
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Fontana, California - Mary Vagle Nature Center
Many dedicated individuals and
community groups volunteer their
efforts in working toward the
beautification, preservation and
maintenance of the
Center.[http://www.fontana.org/main
/history.htm]
1
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Fontana, California - Miller Fitness Center
The Miller Fitness Center is part of an
effort to get residents the opportunity to
get fit and in shape. The Center features
free weights, elliptical machines, stationary
bikes, treadmills, lockers, showers,
racquetball courts and much more. The
Miller Fitness Center also partners with
Healthy Fontana to bring the public a
chance to participate in a walking club.
1
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Fontana, California - Miller Fitness Center
Classes are available for people of all
ages involving sports and fitness. The
Center also has a pool readily available in
the summer. Swim lessons are also taught
at the Center.
1
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Fontana, California - In popular culture
1
*Pigmy Love Circus has a song called Drug
run to Fontana on the album The Power of Beef.
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Fontana, California - In popular culture
* The steel mill scene in Terminator 2:
Judgment Day|Terminator 2 was filmed in
the vacant Kaiser Steel Mill.
1
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Fontana, California - In popular culture
1
* The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club was
founded in Fontana, in 1948. The
founding charter is known as the Berdoo
Charter, in reference to the slang name
for San
Bernardino.[http://www.pe.com/colum
ns/markmuckenfuss/stories/PE_News_
Local_B_bmark09.9e57a5.html Hells
Angels got its start in San Bernardino
County | Mark Muckenfuss | Columns |
PE.com | Southern California News |
News for Inland Southern California].
PE.com (2007-06-08). Retrieved on 201010-19.
https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html
Fontana, California - Literature
1
* Junkyard of Dreams:
Chapter 7 of City of
Quartz, Mike Davis,
1990.
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Hit-Boy, music producer, rapper.
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Travis Barker, drummer, The Aquabats,
Blink-182, The Transplants, +44
(band)|+44, and Box Car
Racer[http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/pa
ges/travis_barker/index.shtml Travis
Barker Biography, Bio, Profile, pictures,
photos from]. Netglimse.com. Retrieved on
2010-10-19.
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Nick Barnett, NFL player (Buffalo
Bills)[http://www.nfl.com/player/nickbarnett
/2505502/profile Nick Barnett]. Nfl.com
(1981-05-27). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Shelton Brooks,
musician, songwriter,
lived in Fontana for
many years
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Al Capone, mobster, bootlegger, once
maintained a home on Tamarind Avenue
(8775 Tamarind Avenue) in Fontana. A
prominent C is visible on the south side of
the chimney
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Tyler Chatwood, baseball pitcher for the Colorado
Rockies of Major League Baseball
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Chukwudi Chijindu, soccer player for
Chivas
USA[http://www.cdchivasusa.com/players/
bio.jsp?team=t120player=chijindu_cplayerI
d=chi317707statType=current Players |
Chivas USA]. Chivas.usa.mlsnet.com
(2010-10-15). Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* The Crlenica Brothers, a SlavicAmerican music
band.http://www.tamburitza.org/TAA
/events/x1974.html
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Greg Colbrunn, MLB
Player[http://www.baseballalmanac.com/players/player.php?p=
colbrgr01 Greg Colbrunn Baseball
Stats by Baseball Almanac]. Baseballalmanac.com. Retrieved on 2010-1019.
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis,
author and
commentator[http://www.theglobalist
.com/AuthorBiography.aspx?AuthorId
=871 Biography of Mike Davis]. The
Globalist (2006-07-11). Retrieved on
2010-10-19.
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Lucas Duda,
outfielder for the
New York Mets
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Maurice Edu, soccer player, Stoke City
F.C.[http://soccer.teamusa.org/athletes/ma
urice-edu Maurice Edu | Athletes | US
Soccer]. Soccer.teamusa.org. Retrieved
on 2010-10-19.
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Bill Fagerbakke, television and voice
actor, SpongeBob
SquarePants[http://www.filmreference.com
/film/61/Bill-Fagerbakke.html Bill
Fagerbakke Biography (1957-)].
Filmreference.com (1957-10-04).
Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Sammy Hagar, rock musician
(guitarist and vocalist), former
member of Montrose
(band)|Montrose and Van
Halen[http://www.musicianguide.co
m/biographies/1608001387/SammyHagar.html Sammy Hagar Biography].
Musicianguide.com. Retrieved on
2010-10-19.
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Sharon Jordan, film and television
actress, The Suite Life of Zack
Cody[http://www.imdb.com/name/n
m1177614/].
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Scott Karl, MLB player for the Milwaukee
Brewers, Colorado Rockies, and the
Anaheim Angels[http://www.baseballalmanac.com/players/player.php?p=karlsc
01 Scott Karl Baseball Stats by Baseball
Almanac]. Baseball-almanac.com.
Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Sam Khalifa, former MLB
Player.[http://www.baseballreference.com/bullpen/Sam_Khalifa Sam
Khalifa - BR Bullpen]. Baseballreference.com (2010-08-20). Retrieved on
2010-10-19.
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
1
* Bobby Kielty, professional baseball
outfielder for the York Revolution of
Atlantic League of Professional
Baseball
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Ken Prymus, actor MASH
(film)|MASH[http://www.highbeam.com/
doc/1P1-79632043.html `Cats' actor
credits junior high teacher with
inspiration - Bay State Banner |
HighBeam Research - FREE trial].
Highbeam.com (2003-07-17). Retrieved
on 2010-10-19.
1
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Fontana, California - Notable people
* Alexis Serna, placekicker for the
Winnipeg Blue Bombers (Canadian
Football
League|CFL)[http://www.nfl.com/combine/
profiles/alexis-serna?id=2309 NFL Events:
Combine Player Profiles - Alexis Serna].
Nfl.com. Retrieved on 2010-10-19.
1
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Prefontaine (film)
Prefontaine tells the story from the
point of view of Bill Dellinger, played
by Ed O'Neill, the assistant coach who
was with him day-to-day, and Nancy
Alleman, the runner's girlfriend at the
time of his death.
1
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Prefontaine (film) - Plot
Prefontaine gains fame as an
aggressive runner who likes to be out
front from the start, rather than biding
his time until a strong finish.
1
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Prefontaine (film) - Plot
Prefontaine accompanies other top
American runners including Frank
Shorter and Jeff Galloway to the 1972
Munich Olympics, where they witness
the terrorist attacks of the Munich
Massacre which interrupt and almost
cancel the games. In the 5,000-meter,
after leading with only 150 meters to
go, three different runners including
the winner, Finland's Lasse Viren, pass
1
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Prefontaine (film) - Plot
1
On May 30, 1975, after drinking alcohol at
a post-meet party, Prefontaine is killed
when his MG Cars|MG convertible flips
while driving
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Prefontaine (film) - Cast
1
* Lindsay Crouse as Elfriede
Prefontaine
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Prefontaine (film) - Cast
1
* Laurel Holloman as
Elaine Finley
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Prefontaine (film) - Production
1
Prefontaine explores American athletes'
amateur status and the conditions and
lack of resources these athletes had to
endure in their attempts to compete with
the world's top athletes, who were
provided all they needed to train and
compete at a top level, while dealing with
the pressure from their American fans who
expected nothing but the best from them.
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Prefontaine (film) - Critical reception
Upon its premiere at the 1997
Sundance Film Festival, Prefontaine
was positively received by critics and
audiences, who greatly praised the
film for Leto's acting and James'
direction
1
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Steve Prefontaine - Portrayals in mass media
1
Steve Prefontaine's life story has been
detailed in two dramatic films: 1997's
Prefontaine (film)|Prefontaine (starring
Jared Leto as Prefontaine) and 1998's
Without Limits (starring Billy Crudup as
Prefontaine), as well as the documentary
film Fire on the Track.
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John Ralston Saul - Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin
1
In it, he argues that Canada did not begin
in Canadian Confederation|1867, but that
in fact its foundations were laid by
LaFontaine and Baldwin much earlier
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United Parcel Service - Font
UPS commissioned brand consultancy
FutureBrand to develop its own font, UPS
Sans, for use in marketing and
communication material. UPS Sans was
created by slightly altering certain parts of
FSI FontShop International’s font FF Dax
without permission. This has resulted in an
agreement between FSI FontShop
International and FutureBrand to avoid
litigation.
1
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Jean-Jacques Laffont
1
'Jean-Jacques Marcel Laffont' (April
13, 1947 – May 1, 2004) was a
France|French economist
specializing in public economics and
information economics. Educated at
the University of Toulouse and the
Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de
l'Administration Economique (ENSAE)
in Paris, he was awarded the Ph.D. in
Economics by Harvard University in
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Jean-Jacques Laffont
1
Laffont taught at the École Polytechnique
(1975–1987), and was Professor of
Economics at Ecole des hautes études en
sciences sociales (1980-2004) and at the
University of Toulouse I (1991–2001)
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Contribution to economics
Laffont made pioneering
contributions in microeconomics, in
particular, public economics,
development economics, and the
theory of imperfect information,
incentives, and regulation
1
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Death
1
Jean-Jacques Laffont was diagnosed with
cancer in Autumn 2002 and died of the
disease at his home in Colomiers in the
Haute Garonne region of southern France
on May 1, 2004. He was survived by his
wife, Colette; his daughters Cécile,
Bénédicte and Charlotte; and his son,
Bertrand.
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Awards and honors
1
*Wells Prize, awarded biannually by
Harvard University to the best Ph.D.
thesis in economics (1975);
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Awards and honors
1
*Scientific Prize of the
UAP (1991);
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Awards and honors
*Senior member of the Institut
Universitaire de France, which honors
the best research professors in France
in all disciplines (1991–2001);
1
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Awards and honors
1
*Best economist of the year award from the Nouvel
Economiste magazine (1993);
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Awards and honors
1
*(with Jean Tirole, Scientific Director of
IDEI), the Yrjö Jahnsson Award from
the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation and the
European Economic Association,
awarded biennially to the best
European economist under the age of
45 (1993);
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Awards and honors
1
*Member of the Economic Advisory Council of
the Prime Minister of France (1997);
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Awards and honors
1
*Honorary doctorate
from the University of
Lausanne (1998);
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Selected publications
* J.J. Laffont, The New Palgrave: A
Dictionary of Economics|[1987] 2008.
externalities, The New Palgrave
Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition,
[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.c
om/article?id=pde2008_E000200editio
n=currentq=Externalitytopicid=result
_number=11 Abstract.]
1
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Selected publications
1
* Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole,
1993. A Theory of Incentives in
Procurement and Regulation.
[http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/ite
m/default.asp?ttype=2tid=8210
Description] down for chapter
[http://books.google.com/books?id=
4iH4Z2wbNqACprintsec=frontcoverso
urce=gbs_atb#v=onepageqf=false
links.]
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Selected publications
* Jean-Jacques Laffont and David
Martimort, 2002. The Theory of
Incentives: the Principal-Agent Model.
[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7311.ht
ml Description,]
[http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i73
11.html Introduction,] down for chapter
[http://books.google.com/books?id=UV
E2jeahovcCdq=%22The+Theory+of+Inc
entives:+the+Principal1
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Jean-Jacques Laffont - Selected publications
1
* Jean-Jacques Laffont, 2005. Regulation
and Development.
[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catal
ogue.asp?isbn=0521549485 Description]
down for chapter
[http://books.google.com/books?id=ngykkv
YDzy0Cprintsec=frontcoversource=gbs_at
b#v=onepageqf=false links.]
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Harry Belafonte
1
Belafonte is perhaps best known for singing The
Banana Boat Song, with its signature lyric Day-O
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Harry Belafonte
1
Belafonte was an early supporter of the
civil rights movement in the 1950s, and
one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s confidants.
Throughout his career he has been an
advocate for humanitarian causes, such
as the anti-apartheid movement and USA
for Africa. Since 1987 he has been a
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In recent
years he has been a vocal critic of the
policies of both the Presidency of George
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Harry Belafonte
Belafonte has won three Grammy
Awards, including a Grammy Lifetime
Achievement Award, an Emmy Award,
and a Tony Award. In 1989 he received
the Kennedy Center Honors. He was
awarded the National Medal of Arts in
1994.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Early life
1
[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html
?res=9E07EFDA103CF931A35755C0A96
69C8B63 Commencements; Belafonte
Lauds Diversity Of Baruch College Class],
The New York Times, June 2, 2000
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Harry Belafonte - Music career
1
With guitarist and friend Millard Thomas,
Belafonte soon made his debut at the
legendary jazz club The Village Vanguard
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Harry Belafonte - Calypso
1
The album introduced American audiences
to calypso music (which had originated in
Trinidad and Tobago in the early 20th
century), and Belafonte was dubbed the
King of Calypso, a title he wore with
reservations, since he had no claims to
any Calypso Monarch titles.
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Harry Belafonte - Calypso
1
One of the songs included in the album is
the now famous Day-O (The Banana Boat
Song)|Banana Boat Song (listed as Day O
on the original release), which reached
number five on the pop charts, and
featured its signature lyric Day-O. His
other smash hit was Jump in the Line.
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Harry Belafonte - Calypso
1
Many of the compositions recorded for
Calypso, including Banana Boat Song
and Jamaica Farewell, gave
songwriting credit to Irving Burgie,
Belafonte and his team, but were
really previously recorded Jamaican
mento songs sold as calypso.
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Harry Belafonte - Middle career
1
While primarily known for calypso,
Belafonte has recorded in many
different genres, including blues, folk
music|folk, gospel music|gospel,
show tunes, and Great American
Songbook|American standards
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Harry Belafonte - Middle career
His album Midnight Special (Harry
Belafonte album)|Midnight Special (1962)
featured the first-ever record appearance
by a young harmonica player named Bob
Dylan.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Middle career
Belafonte has received Grammy
Awards for the albums Swing Dat
Hammer (1960) and An Evening with
Belafonte/Makeba (1965)
1
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Harry Belafonte - Middle career
1
During the 1960s he appeared on TV
specials alongside such artists as
Julie Andrews, Petula Clark, Lena
Horne and Nana Mouskouri. In 1967,
Belafonte was the first non-classical
artist to perform at the prestigious
Saratoga Performing Arts Center
(SPAC) in Upstate New York, soon to be
followed by concerts there by the
Doors, the Fifth Dimension, the Who
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Harry Belafonte - Middle career
1
From February 5 to 9, 1968, Belafonte
guest hosted The Tonight Show
substituting for Johnny Carson.
Among his interview guests was
Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Harry Belafonte - Later recordings and other activities
1
It was reportedly Jim Henson's favorite
episode, and Belafonte reprised the song
at Henson's memorial in 1990
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Harry Belafonte - Later recordings and other activities
In the same year Belafonte, as
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador,
attended a symposium in Harare,
Zimbabwe, to focus attention on child
survival and development in Southern
African countries
1
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Harry Belafonte - Later recordings and other activities
1
Following a lengthy recording hiatus,
An Evening with Harry Belafonte and
Friends, a soundtrack and video of a
televised concert, were released in
1997 by Island Records. The Long
Road to Freedom, An Anthology of
Black Music, a huge multi-artist
project recorded during the 1960s and
1970s with RCA, was finally released
by the label in 2001. The album was
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Harry Belafonte - Later recordings and other activities
Belafonte received the
Kennedy Center Honors in
1989
1
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Harry Belafonte - Film career
1
Belafonte was offered the role of Porgy
(novel)|Porgy in Preminger's Porgy
and Bess (film)|Porgy and Bess,
where he would have once again
starred opposite Dandridge, but he
refused the role because he objected
to its racial stereotype|racial
stereotyping.
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Harry Belafonte - Film career
1
In late 2006, Belafonte appeared in the
role of Nelson, a friend of an employee
of the Ambassador Hotel played by
Anthony Hopkins, in Bobby (2006
film)|Bobby, Emilio Estevez's
ensemble drama about the
assassination of Robert F
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Harry Belafonte - Personal life
Belafonte and Marguerite Byrd were
married from 1948 to 1957. They have two
daughters: Adrienne and Shari. Shari
Belafonte, married to Sam Behrens, is a
photographer, model (person)|model,
singer and actor|actress. In 1997 Adrienne
Biesemeyer and her daughter Rachel Blue
founded the Anir Foundation/Experience.
Anir focuses on humanitarian work in
southern Africa.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Personal life
1
Gina Belafonte is a TV and film actress
and worked with her father as coach and
producer on more than six films
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Harry Belafonte - Personal life
In April 2008, Belafonte married
photographer Pamela Frank. In October
1998, Belafonte contributed a letter to
Liv Ullmann's book Letter to My
Grandchild.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Personal life
1
Belafonte was inducted as an honorary member
of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity on January 11, 2014.
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Harry Belafonte - Political and humanitarian activism
Kennedy later named
Belafonte cultural advisor
to the Peace Corps.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Political and humanitarian activism
1
Belafonte gave the keynote address at
the ACLU of Northern California's
annual Bill of Rights Day Celebration In
December 2007 and was awarded the
Chief Justice Earl Warren Civil Liberties
Award. The 2011 Sundance Film Festival
featured the documentary film Sing Your
Song, a biographical film focusing on
Belafonte's contribution to and his
leadership in the civil rights movement
in America and his endeavours to
promote social justice globally. In 2011
Belafonte also presented his memoir My
Song.
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Harry Belafonte - Civil-rights activist
1
Like many other civil rights activists,
Belafonte was Hollywood
blacklist|blacklisted during the
McCarthyism|McCarthy era
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Harry Belafonte - Civil-rights activist
During Freedom Summer in 1964
Belafonte bankrolled the Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee, flying to
Mississippi that August with Sidney Poitier
and $60,000 in cash and entertaining
crowds in Greenwood.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Civil-rights activist
1
In 1968 Belafonte appeared on a Petula
Clark primetime television special on
NBC. In the middle of a song, Clark
smiled and briefly touched Belafonte's
arm, which made the show's sponsor,
Plymouth Motors, nervous. Plymouth
wanted to cut the segment, but Clark,
who had ownership of the special, told
NBC that the performance would be
shown intact or she would not allow the
special to be aired at all. Newspapers
reported the controversy, and when the
special aired, it attracted high ratings.
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Harry Belafonte - Civil-rights activist
Belafonte appeared on The Smothers
Brothers Comedy Hour and performed a
controversial Mardi Gras number intercut
with footage from the 1968 Democratic
National Convention riots. CBS censors
deleted the segment.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Humanitarian activist
Following his appointment Belafonte
traveled to Dakar, Senegal, where he
served as chairman of the International
Symposium of Artists and Intellectuals for
African Children
1
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Harry Belafonte - Humanitarian activist
1
In 2001 he went to South Africa to support
the campaign against HIV/AIDS. In 2002
Africare awarded him the Bishop John T.
Walker Distinguished Humanitarian
Service Award for his efforts to assist
Africa. In 2004 Belafonte went to Kenya to
stress the importance of educating
children in the region.
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Harry Belafonte - Humanitarian activist
1
Belafonte was also an
ambassador for the
Bahamas
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Harry Belafonte - Political activist
1
In a 2003 interview
Belafonte reflected
upon this meeting’s
influence:
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Harry Belafonte - Political activist
1
They thanked me profusely and I said,
'Why?' and they said, 'Because your
little conversation with Fidel and the
Minister of Culture on hip-hop led to
there being a special division within the
ministry and we've got our own
studio'.Sandra Levinson
[http://www.afrocubaweb.com/belafonte
03interview.htm An exclusive interview
with Harry Belafonte on Cuba]
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Harry Belafonte - Political activist
Belafonte was active in the antiapartheid movement. He was the
Master of Ceremonies at a reception
honoring African National Congress
President Oliver Tambo at Roosevelt
House, Hunter College, in New York
City. The reception was held by the
American Committee on Africa
(ACOA) and The Africa Fund.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Political activist
He is a current board member of the
TransAfrica Forum and the Institute for Policy
Studies.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Opposition to the George W. Bush administration
Belafonte achieved widespread
attention for his political views in 2002
when he began making a series of
comments about President George W.
Bush, his administration and the Iraq
War. During an interview with Ted
Leitner for San Diego's 760 KFMB, in
October 2002, Belafonte referred to a
quote made by Malcolm X. Belafonte
said:
1
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Harry Belafonte - Opposition to the George W. Bush administration
1
Belafonte used the quote to characterize
former United States Secretary of
State|United States Secretaries of State
Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice, both
African Americans. Powell and Rice both
responded, with Powell calling the remarks
unfortunate and Rice saying: I don't need
Harry Belafonte to tell me what it means to
be black.
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Harry Belafonte - Opposition to the George W. Bush administration
1
Day speech at Duke University in January
2006 Belafonte said that if he could
choose his epitaph it would be, Harry
Belafonte, Patriot.
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Harry Belafonte - Opposition to the George W. Bush administration
1
In 2004 he was awarded the Domestic Human
Rights Award by Global Exchange, in San
Francisco.
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Harry Belafonte - Obama Administration
In 2011, he critiqued the Obama
Administration: quote|I think [Obama]
plays the game that he plays because
he sees no threat from evidencing
concerns for the poor.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Obama Administration
expressed dismay that many political
leaders in the United States continue to
oppose the policies of President Obama
even after his re-election: The only thing
left for Barack Obama to do is to work like
a third-world dictator and just put all of
these guys in jail. You’re violating the
American desire.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Obama Administration
On February 1, 2013, Belafonte
received the NAACP's Spingarn Medal,
and in the televised ceremony, he
counted Constance L. Rice among
those previous recipients of the award
whom he regarded highly for speaking
up to remedy the ills of the nation.
1
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
*The Heart of Show
Business (1957) (short
subject)
1
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
1
*King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to
Memphis (1970) (documentary) (narrator)
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
1
*Fundi: The Story of
Ella Baker (1981)
(documentary)
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
1
*Sag nein (1983) (documentary)
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
1
*Scandalize My Name:
Stories from the
Blacklist (1998)
(documentary)
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
*Fidel (2001
documentary)|Fidel (2001)
(documentary)
1
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
1
*XXI Century (2003)
(documentary)
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
*Motherland
(film)|Motherland (2009)
(documentary)
1
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
1
*Sing Your Song (2011)
(documentary)
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Harry Belafonte - Filmography
1
*Hava Nagila: The
Movie (2013)
(documentary)
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Harry Belafonte - Television work
1
*After Dark (TV series)|After Dark (1989)
(discussed After Dark (TV series)#Harry
Belafonte, Denis Worrall and South
Africa|here)
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Harry Belafonte - Television work
*That's What I'm
Talking About (2006)
(miniseries)
1
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Harry Belafonte - Television work
1
*When the Levees Broke|When the Levees Broke: A
Requiem in Four Acts (2006) (miniseries)
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Harry Belafonte - Stage work
1
*Asinamali! (1987)
(producer)
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List of file formats - Font file
** FOND — Font
Description resource —
Mac OS
1
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Features new to Windows 7 - Font management
1
Windows Vista had received considerable
criticism for including the same Add Font
dialog that had existed as far back as
Windows NT 3.1; this dialog has been
removed.
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Features new to Windows 7 - Font management
1
The Font dialog box has also been
updated to show previews of the font
selection in the selection lists.
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Features new to Windows 7 - Font management
1
The fontview.exe default font viewing
application has replaced the Properties
button with a Install button.
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Cybook Opus - Fonts and text display
1
12 font sizes, from very small to very
large (works with ePub, HTML, FB2,
TXT).You can add your own fonts.
Create a folder called Fonts (the name
is case sensitive) under the CyBook
USB drive and add your TrueType or
OpenType fonts to it (works with ePub,
HTML, FB2, TXT).
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Cybook Opus - Fonts and text display
1
Layout can be switched between justified and
left-aligned text (works with ePub, HTML, FB2,
TXT).
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Cybook Opus - Fonts and text display
1
Text emboldening: allows setting text in
bold for maximized contrast (works with
ePub, HTML, FB2, TXT).
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Chalfont Wasps F.C.
'Chalfont Wasps F.C.' are a football club
based in Chalfont St Giles|Chalfont St. Giles,
near Amersham, England. They were
established in 1922 and were founding
members of the Chiltonian League in 1984.
For the 2013–14 season they are members
of the Hellenic Football League Division One
East, having been demoted from the Premier
Division at the end of the 2008–09 season
due to their ground not meeting the
requirements for that division.
1
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - History
1
However, Chalfont only lasted one season before
being relegated, despite a seventh-place finish
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Ground
Chalfont Wasps play their home
games at The Nest, The Playing
Fields, Crossleys, Bowstridge Lane,
Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire,
HP8 4QN.
1
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Ground
1
The Wasps' ground was featured in
David Bauckham's book Dugouts,
which notes the incongruity of the
Dugout (football)|dugouts being built
directly in front of (and therefore
obscuring the view from) the only
covered area available for spectators.
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Honours
1
*'Hellenic Football League
Division One East'
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Honours
1
*'Chiltonian League Division
One'
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Records
1
*Best League performance: Seventh in Hellenic
League Premier Division, 2007–08
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Chalfont Wasps F.C. - Records
1
**Second Qualifying
Round 2008–09
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OpenType - Open Font Format
The second edition of the Open Font
Format was published in 2009 (ISO/IEC
14496-22:2009) and it is declared as
technically equivalent to the OpenType
font format specification
1
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OpenType - Open Font Format
1
By 2001 hundreds of OpenType fonts
were on the market. Adobe finished
converting their entire font library to
OpenType toward the end of 2002. ,
around 10,000 OpenType fonts had
become available, with the Adobe library
comprising about a third of the total. By
2006, every major Type foundry|font
foundry and many minor ones were
developing fonts in OpenType format.
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Features new to Windows Vista - New fonts
1
Windows Vista includes six new western
(Latin, Greek and Cyrillic) fonts, the Cseries, all optimized for ClearType:
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Features new to Windows Vista - New fonts
1
* Segoe UI#Segoe Script|Segoe
Script (Script (typefaces)|script)
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Features new to Windows Vista - New fonts
1
* Segoe UI#Segoe Print|Segoe
Print (casual)
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Features new to Windows Vista - New fonts
1
Four new Asian Segoe-UI-like fonts
have been added:
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Features new to Windows Vista - New fonts
1
* Malgun Gothic (Korean)
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Segoe UI - Other font families
The Latin glyphs from Segoe and
Segoe UI can also be found in the
following Microsoft font families:
Malgun Gothic (Hangul|Korean),
Microsoft JhengHei (Traditional
Chinese characters|Traditional
Chinese), Microsoft YaHei (Simplified
Chinese characters|Simplified
Chinese), Gisha (Hebrew
alphabet|Hebrew), Leelawadee (Thai
1
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Segoe UI - Other font families
1
In these fonts some of the glyph shapes
diverge significantly from Segoe UI and
the Frutiger/Myriad model and are in some
ways more calligraphic. In Gisha and
Leelawadee the capital M is narrower and
has a raised apex, the lowercase i and l
have tails, and the capital I has no serifs.
These characteristics are also seen in
Segoe UI italic.
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Palace of Fontainebleau
1
The commune of Fontainebleau has
grown up around the remainder of the
Forest of Fontainebleau, a former royal
hunting park
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Palace of Fontainebleau - Royal palace
Benvenuto Cellini's Nymph of
Fontainebleau, commissioned for the
château, is at the Musée du
Louvre|Louvre.
1
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Palace of Fontainebleau - Royal palace
1
It is the largest such court in the world,
and one of the few publicly
owned.http://jdpfontainebleau.com
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Palace of Fontainebleau - Royal palace
1
Royal guests of the Bourbon kings were
housed at Fontainebleau, including Peter I
of Russia|Peter the Great of Russia and
Christian VII of Denmark.
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Palace of Fontainebleau - Revolution and Empire
1
Fontainebleau was also the setting of the
Second French Empire|Second Empire
court of his nephew Napoleon III.Walter
Bruyère-Ostells, Napoléon III et le Second
Empire, Vuibert, 2004, page 184
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Palace of Fontainebleau - Today
1
The château is now home to the Écoles
d'Art Américaines, a school of art,
architecture, and music for students
from the United States. The school was
founded by General Pershing when
his men were stationed there during
the First World War.
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Palace of Fontainebleau - Style
1
Through the engravings by the School
of Fontainebleau this new style was
transmitted to other northern
European centres, Antwerp especially,
and Germany, and eventually London.
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Malayalam Wikipedia - Fonts and input methods
1
Although many Malayalam Unicode fonts
are available for old and new Malayalam
lipi, most users opt for fonts like
AnjaliOldLipi, Rachana and Meera which
follows the traditional Malayalam writing
style. Early editors adopted specialized
Malayalam Unicode input tools based on
the Varamozhi keyboard, a phonetic
transliteration device. The project has an
inbuilt input tool integrated to it.
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Telugu Wikipedia - Fonts and input methods
Any one of Unicode Telugu fonts input
system is fine for Telugu Wikipedia. Some
people use InScript_keyboard|inscript.
Many use either
Google_transliteration|Google phonetic
transliteration or input facility
:MW:Universal Language
Selector|Universal Language Selector
provided on Telugu Wikipedia. Currently
Telugu Wikipedia is supported by
:MW:Universal Language
Selector|Universal Language Selector
(ULS), that offers both phonetic keyboard
and InScript keyboard.
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
The 'Church of Saint Charles at the
Four Fountains' ( also called ) is a
Roman Catholic church in Rome, Italy
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - History
The monastic buildings and the
cloister were completed first after
which construction of the church took
place during the period 1638-1641 and
in 1646 it was dedicated to Saint
Charles Borromeo
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - History
The site for the new church and its
monastery was at the south-west corner of
the Quattro Fontane which refers to the
four corner fountains set on the oblique at
the intersection of two roads, the Strada
Pia and the Strada Felice. Bernini's oval
church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale would
later be built further along the Strada Pia.
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Exterior
1
The concave-convex
facade of San Carlo
undulates in a nonclassic way
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Exterior
1
The plan and section show the layout of
the cramped and difficult site; the church is
on the corner with the cloister next to it
and both face onto the Via Pia. The
monastic buildings straddle the site,
beyond which Borromini intended to
design a garden.
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Interior
The church interior is both
extraordinary and complex. The three
principal parts can be identified
vertically as the lower order at ground
level, the transition zone of the
pendentives and the oval coffered
dome with its oval lantern.Blunt, A.
Borromini, 1979, p.52-84
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Interior
San Carlo alle
Quattro Fontane
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Interior
The pendentives are part of the
transition area where the undulating
almost cross-like form of the lower
order is reconciled with the oval
opening to the dome. The arches
which spring from the diagonally
placed columns of the lower wall
order to frame the altars and entrance,
rise to meet the oval entablature and
so define the space of the pendentives
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Interior
1
The oval entablature to the dome has a
'crown' of foliage and frames a view of
deep set interlocking coffering of
octagons, crosses and hexagons which
diminish in size the higher they rise
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Interior
1
Flanking the apse of the main altar is a
pair of identical doorways. The right door
leads to the convent through which the
crypts below may be accessed. The door
on the left leads to an external chapel
known as Capella Barberini which
contains a shrine to blessed Elisabeth
Canori Mora.
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Crypt
1
The crypt below follows the size and form
of the church and has a low pierced vault.
Chapels open off this space, including an
octagonal chapel on the south-east side
where Borromini intended to be buried. It
has a major and minor niche arrangement
and an undulating cornice.
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Cloister
1
Next to the church is the cloister,
which is a two-storey arrangement
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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Cloister
1
Behind the church, the refectory, now
the sacristy, has rounded corners, a
pierced vault, windows in the garden
façade and later alterations.
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Fontvieille, Monaco
'Fontvieille' is the newest of the four
traditional quarters (districts) in the
principality of Monaco, and one of ten
Wards for modern administrative
purposes. Located in the western part
of Monaco its construction was started
in the 1970s following the project of the
Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti. New
plans exist to extend Fontvieille, due to
Monaco's growing economy and
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Fontvieille, Monaco - History
In contrast to the other city districts
Monaco-Ville, Monte Carlo and La
Condamine, Fontvieille was
constructed, after Italian engineer
Gianfranco Gilardini's design, almost
entirely on artificially reclaimed land
and thus represents one of the younger
parts of the principality
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Fontvieille, Monaco - History
1
The existence of Fontvieille, and its
many public works projects, relates
substantially to former Prince of
Monaco, Prince Rainier III's reputation
as the Builder Prince.
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Fontvieille, Monaco - History
1
Plans announced in late 2009 to extend
Fontvieille by the Department of Urban
Development are currently being overseen
by Prince Albert. The plan is to build a
small 0.05km² (0.02 sq mi) or 5.3 ha (13
acres) aura on the west side of the rock,
currently planned to be finished by 2015.
The new aura will include 3 to 4 new
hotels, corporate businesses, shops and
apartments for between 600-800 new
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Fontvieille, Monaco - History
1
Despite not being the highest priced part
of Monaco, flats are also very expensive.
For example 32 m² studio with 1
bathroom, 1 cellar, and 1 car parking
space, can cost
€990,000http://www.monacoweb.com/en/
monaco-real-estate(about
$1,277,914).http://www.likeforex.com/curre
ncy-converter/euro-eur_usd-usdollar.htm/990000
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Fontvieille, Monaco - Geography
1
Fontvieille represents the southwestern portion
of the city state, which in an area of or .
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Fontvieille, Monaco - Geography
accommodates a population 3,602
(census of population
2008).[http://www.gouv.mc/devwww/
wwwnew.nsf/e89a6190e96cbd1fc1256f
7f005dbe6e/ecac6bc472645d75c12575
a80042a62e/$FILE/Recensement2008_
p8-9.pdf Recensement 2008]
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Fontvieille, Monaco - Stade Louis II
Fontvieille contains Stade Louis II (or
Louis II Stadium), which serves as the
home ground of AS Monaco FC, a Monaco
football (soccer)|football club that is one of
the most successful in the France|French
Ligue 1|national league; the stadium also
contains the club's offices and the
International University of Monaco (IUM)
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