THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THREE TOP MOUNTAIN GAME LAND PRESERVE,
ASHE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
A Thesis
by
ANDREW PATRICK JENKINS
Submitted to the Graduate School
Appalachian State University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
December 2011
Department of Biology
THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THREE TOP MOUNTAIN GAME LAND PRESERVE,
ASHE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
A Thesis
by
ANDREW PATRICK JENKINS
December 2011
APPROVED BY:
_____________________________
Dr. Zack E. Murrell
Chairperson, Thesis Committee
_____________________________
Dr. Gary L. Walker
Member, Thesis Committee
_____________________________
Dr. John Walker
Member, Thesis Committee
_____________________________
Dr. Steven W. Seagle
Chairperson, Department of Biology
_____________________________
Dr. Edelma Huntley
Dean, Research and Graduate Studies
Copyright by Andrew Patrick Jenkins 2011
All Rights Reserved
FORWARD
The research detailed in this thesis will be submitted to the journal Castanea, the Journal of
the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society, for publication. The thesis and literature cited
have been prepared according to their guidelines, which are attached.
ABSTRACT
The Vascular Flora of Three Top Mountain Game Land Preserve, Ashe County, NC
Andrew Patrick Jenkins, B. S., George Mason University
M. S., Appalachian State University
Thesis Chairperson: Dr. Zack E. Murrell
This study documented the flora of a Game Land Preserve on an isolated and rugged
massif in Ashe County, North Carolina from Spring 2009 – Summer 2011 over the course of
44 field days. Over 317 taxa from 198 genera and 94 families compose the flora at Three
Top Mountain Game Land Preserve. Of these 317 taxa, 22 of them are Central and Southern
Appalachian endemics, while 27 taxa are listed as imperiled by the US or North Carolina,
including Liatris helleri, Geum radiatum, Houstonia montana, Juncus trifidus, Trichophorum
caespitosum, and Campanula rotundifolia. This flora is the only documentation of
Campanula rotundifolia in the state of North Carolina, and the only documentation of
Trichophorum caespitosum and Dendrolycopodium hickeyi in the A.M.M., which
substantially adds to the overall significance of this area. In addition to the previously
documented communities by Oakley (1999), a Carolina Hemlock Forest community was
documented on two finger ridges along the southeast facing slopes of the main ridge. The
flora of T.T.M. compares well with the other studies in the A.M.M., sharing similarities and
showing variations in floristic composition across the study sites. The flora of T.T.M.
compares well with the expected number of taxa based on the generated species area curve
from Southern Appalachian floras. This study addressed the challenges faced by botanists
v
conducting floristic studies by introducing botanist and ecological effects that should be
acknowledged when completing floristic studies and using floristic data. This study provides
a cautionary note on the need to gather more data about floristic studies to be able to compare
results appropriately, and provides a theoretical model for the completion of a floristic study
and the theoretical concept of a complete flora.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First I would like to thank Dr. Zack E. Murrell for helping me to facilitate this project
from its beginnings through Appalachian State University. I would also like to thank
Appalachian State University department of Biology and the Office of Student Research
(OSR) for funding awarded towards the completion and presentation of this work.
I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to Derick Poindexter for his
efforts in assisting me with the identification of specimens. Without his vast knowledge and
experience with the flora of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, this project and the
analysis of the floristic work that came out of it would have been much more difficult.
I would like to thank all of the volunteers in the field and in the herbarium who
helped me out in the completion of this project, from collection of specimens to the mounting
of herbarium vouchers, accessioning and imaging.
Finally I would like to thank my family for their unconditional commitment to my
pursuits in life.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract
v
Acknowledgements
vii
Table of Contents
viii
List of Tables
ix
List of Figures
x
Introduction
1
Methods
13
Results
17
Discussion
34
Conclusions
52
Literature Cited
54
Appendix A: Annotated list
61
Appendix B: Index of Similarity Matrix
86
Vita
111
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1. Total number of taxa documented at Three Top Mountain from
Spring 2009 – Summer 2011 based on 637 separate collections and
documentations
18
2. The flora of T.T.M. separated based on growth form and nativity
19
3. Sorensøn's Index of Similarity results for Three Top Mountain,
Phoenix Mountain, Mt. Jefferson, and Bluff Mountain
20
4. List of floras used to generate a Species Area Curve for the Southern
Appalachian Mountains
22
5. Deviations for selected floras used to generate a Species Area Curve for
Southern Appalachian Floras
24
6. Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains endemic taxa* documented
at Three Top Mountain
25
7. List of imperiled taxa documented at T.T.M.
27
8. Examples of common taxa that were not documented at Three
Top Mountain during this study
38
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1. Figure 1: Metamorphic rock deposits of the Southern Appalachians
2
2. Map of all of the peaks in the Amphibolite Mountains Macrosite
7
3. Map of Game Land boundaries on Three Top Mountain with designated
parking areas
10
4. Map showing soil horizons around Three Top Mountain Massif
11
5. Graph of the regression line for the number of taxa per area based on
36 floras from the Southern Appalachian Mountains
23
6. Maps showing the boundary lines for Mt. Jefferson State Park (above)
and Three Top Mountain Game Land Preserve (below in green)
48
7. A representative graph of the conceptual Theoretical Asymptote of
Floristics
50
x
1
Introduction
The flora of the Southern Appalachian Mountains is very diverse and much of this
diversity can be attributed to the complex geologic history of the region. The area has
existed as a refuge for biodiversity for hundreds of millions of years, unexposed to oceanic or
glacial activities, while maintaining topographic relief that has provided an extensive range
of microhabitats for colonization and speciation by plants (Adams 1902, 1905, Harshberger
1903, Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, Pittillo et al. 1998, Soltis et al. 2006). At least three
separate orogenic events, beginning over 600 MYA, created the Southern Appalachian
Mountains, defined here by the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, and Cumberland
Plateau Provinces (Prothero and Dott 2004, Tarbuck and Lutgens 2005). Continental rifting
of an ancient supercontinent about 750 MYA during the Cambrian created what is now
recognized as continental North America, the Piedmont micro-continent and a pre-Atlantic
Ocean (Prothero and Dott 2004, Tarbuck and Lutgens 2005). Two subduction zones formed
that caused the pre-Atlantic Ocean to close and an island arc to form off of the coast of
Africa. One of the subduction zones forced the continental plate of North America to collide
with the Piedmont microcontinent. This first Appalachian mountain building event, known
as the Taconian orogeny, developed about 500 MYA. The second subduction zone caused
the continental plate of North America to collide with the island arc known as the Avalonia
microcontinent, forming the eastern Piedmont about 400 MYA (Tarbuck and Lutgens 2005).
This event, known as the Acadian orogeny, occurred in the eastern part of North
2
America, creating what is now known as the Carolina Slate belt of the eastern Piedmont (see
Figure 1). The third and largest of the events occurred when the supercontinents Gondwana
and Laurentia collided during the creation of Pangea, causing massive faulting and uplifting.
This Appalachian orogeny, also known as the Allegheny orogeny, occurred between 250 and
300 MYA and is responsible for the massive levels of metamorphism found throughout the
Southern Appalachian Mountains. As Pangea began to break apart, a zone of rifting created
the North Atlantic Ocean. Hundreds of millions of years of erosion, uplift, and plate
tectonic movements have molded the Southern Appalachian Mountains to what they are
today, a highly diverse geologic formation that is the result of multiple, long term, separate
geologic processes (Abbot and Raymond 1984, Mirsa and McSween 1984, Pittillo et al.
1998, Prothero and Dott 2004, Tarbuck and Lutgens 2005).
N
Figure 1: Metamorphic rock deposits of the Southern Appalachians. The map is modified from Mirsa &
McSween 1984.
3
The Southern Appalachian Mountains, shown in Figure 1, are not a uniform entity.
The heterogeneous geology of the Southern Appalachian Mountains is reflected in the
richness of the flora and fauna, producing one of the most diverse temperate ecosystems in
the world, second only to eastern Asia (Adams 1902, 1905, Whittaker 1962, White 1983,
Qian and Ricklefs 1999, Shaw and Wofford 2003, Webster et al. 2005). Due to the presence
of this very rich flora in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, there has been a long history
of botanical interest in the region. Botanists including Andre Michaux and Asa Gray, who
explored the Southern Appalachians in the 18th and 19th centuries, reported on the rich
diversity and described a number of plant species new to science at the time. More recent
studies have begun to describe the subregional diversity, documenting the extreme diversity
of plants in the Smoky Mountains (Chafin and Jones 1989, White et al. 2001, Shaw and
Wofford 2003) with a comparison of woody plants from the Blue Ridge Province and
Cumberland Plateau (Shaw and Wofford 2003). Fleming and Wofford (2004) examined the
floristic richness of the Cumberland Plateau region of the Southern Appalachians as part of a
floristic study of Fall Creek Falls State Park in Tennessee. Many of the species that add to
the richness of the whole area are found more commonly at higher latitudes and reach the
southern end of their range in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. This botanical pattern
has been extensively studied throughout the past century, and is thought to have been
generated by two major factors – the existence of microhabitats for Pleistocene refugia and
unique geologic formations that helped to generate centers of speciation that increased plant
diversity in the region (Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, Pielou 1991, Broyles 1998, Shaw and
Wofford 2003, Soltis et al. 2006).
4
The species and subregional diversity documented in the Southern Appalachian
Mountains has been explained by the theory that the region served as an area of refugia for
plants as their migratory patterns shifted during the warming and cooling periods of the
Pleistocene Epoch (Martin and Harrell 1957, Pielou 1991, Broyles 1998). The Pleistocene
Epoch was a two million year span of approximately 36 periods of cooling that resulted in
glacial extensions into North America. The latest glacial period, the Wisconsin glaciation,
began about 27,000 years before present, and reached its maximum around 20,000 years ago.
One of the two massive glaciers covering North America during this time was called the
Laurentide glacier, which spanned the eastern portion of the continent and reached an
elevation of over 4,166 m (12,500 ft). Around 12,950,000 km2 (5,000,000 mi2) of land was
covered from what is now New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana,
Wisconsin and northward. Over 50% of the fresh water available at the time was sequestered
into these glaciers, which decreased precipitation, dried up waterways, and exposed large
portions of the continental shelf along the coast of eastern North America (Adams 1902,
1905, Cain 1944, Braun 1950, Wright 1981, Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, 1991, Wiser 1998,
Graham 1999, Carroll et al. 2002).
The continental cooling of the Pleistocene caused a significant shift in vegetation and
plant migration patterns in North America away from the glacial front. The Southern
Appalachian Mountains are thought to have acted as an area of refuge as taxa migrated
southward in response to the climatic change (Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, Wiser 1998,
Carroll et al. 2002). As plant species migrated southwards, the NE to SW orientation of the
Appalachians is thought to have allowed for migratory pathways into what is now coastal
North America, Mexico and parts of Central America (Martin and Harrell 1957). As
5
Pleistocene cooling ended, species began to migrate back northwards, leaving relic
populations isolated in areas of the Carribean Sea, the mountains of Mexico, and the
Southern Appalachian Mountains (Delcourt and Delcourt 1987, 1991, Baskin and Baskin
1988, Soltis et al. 2006). This period of episodic cooling provides an explanation for the
occurrence of taxa with a current northern distribution having disjunct populations
throughout the Southern Appalachian Mountains (Soltis et al. 2006).
A second major factor that influenced floristic diversity in the Southern Appalachian
Mountains involves centers of hybridization and speciation that are now recognized as
biodiversity hotspots. A biodiversity hotspot or a center of plant diversity is an area with a
relatively high number of closely related taxa inhabiting a similar habitat – i.e. several
species in a genus or several varieties of a species occurring in close proximity to each other
(Adams 1902, 1905, Partel 2002, Shaw and Wofford 2003, Flemming and Wofford 2004,
Weakley 2008). The designation of portions of the Southern Appalachians as biodiversity
hotspots is directly tied to the Pleistocene refuge concept in that ancestral taxa migrated
southwards and entered environments that facilitated speciation events. An example of
closely related taxa that are thought to have diverged in the Southern Appalachian Mountain
region can be seen in the genus Robinia, with four species and four sub-specific varieties
existing in the Southern Appalachians (Weakley 2008). The two processes of migration and
biodiversity hotspots are difficult to separate, but are nonetheless different driving forces that
generate an increase in biodiversity levels.
Evidence for the importance of these dual factors of migration and speciation can be
seen throughout the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Western North Carolina is filled with
isolated habitats that show evidence of serving as refugia or hotspots for speciation,
6
particularly in the high elevation peaks that exhibit extreme diversity in habitats and climatic
regimes. Several high elevation peaks and ridges exist along the Blue Ridge of North
Carolina that contains disjunct species with more northerly main range distributions. One of
the more interesting areas of “sky islands” or biodiversity hotspots that has not been well
studied is in the northwest corner of North Carolina. This area is geologically known as the
Ashe Metamorphic Suite (Abbott and Raymond 1984, Mirsa and McSween 1984), and this is
the focal region for this floristic study.
The geology in northwest North Carolina is unique for the Blue Ridge Province,
which in turn facilitates the presence of a unique assemblage of plants (Oakley 1999, Kintsch
2000, Kintsch and Urban 2002, Peet et al. 1998, 2003, Gardner and Engelhardt 2008). The
major parent rock material that exists in the area of central Ashe County and parts of
Watauga County is a mafic metamorphic rock called amphibolite, originating from high
temperatures and pressures that created sections of the Southern Appalachian Mountains in
the late Proterozoic era from 250 MYA to over 500 MYA (Abbott and Raymond 1984,
Baskin and Baskin 1988, Peet et al. 2003, Gardner and Engelhardt 2008). Figure 2 shows the
range of amphibolite in central Ashe and Watauga counties along with the major peaks in the
formation. The amphibolite found in the Ashe metamorphic suite is composed of a matrix of
amphibole schist, basalt, dark colored hornblende gneiss and light colored plagioclase
feldspar, with veins of quartz interspersed (Abbot and Raymond 1984, Gardner and
Englehardt 2008). This metamorphic rock is high in calcium and magnesium ions. When
weathered, this bedrock creates soils that are higher in pH than most other soils in the Blue
Ridge, making the Amphibolite Mountains Macrosite (A.M.M.) unique in the region (Newell
and Peet 1998, Peet et al. 2003).
7
Figure 2: Map of all of the peaks in the Amphibolite Mountains Macrosite Group. Retrieved from
(Larkins 2006, http://www.summitpost.org/images/medium/194382.jpg)
Floristics in the A.M.M.
There have been three floristic studies conducted in the A.M.M. (Tucker 1972, Lacy
1979, Poindexter 2006, Poindexter and Murrell 2008). These studies, along with several
vegetation surveys and ecological studies, have reported on the vegetation patterns, species
diversity and rare species occurrences in northwestern North Carolina (Ramseur 1960,
Tucker 1972, Lacy 1979, Wiser 1994, 1998, Wiser et al. 1996, 1998, Oakley 1999, Kintsch
and Urban 2002, Peet et al. 2003). Several rare vascular plant species, including Trailing
Wolf’s Bane, Aconitum reclinatum Gray, Heller’s Blazing Star, Liatris helleri Porter, and
Gray’s Lily, Lilium grayii Watson, have all been documented within the A.M.M. In addition,
the only documentation of Campanula rotundifolia L. in North Carolina occurs at the edge of
its distribution range within the A.M.M. (Tucker 1972, Wiser 1994, Godt and Hamrick 1995,
Pittillo et al. 1998, Oakley 1999, Peet et al. 2003).
All of these studies have added to the overall understanding of this biologically
diverse area in the southern Appalachians. Understanding the plant biodiversity of an area
8
through inventory is the primary goal of floristic work, but what obstacles stand in the way of
a botanist’s ability to complete this task? The ability of a botanist to document the flora as
completely as possible can be impacted in many ways. The level of training prior to a study
of an area will impact their ability to accurately and thoroughly document the flora.
Taxonomic concepts, plant distribution patterns, ploidy issues, and hybridization events are
often hard to grasp for inexperienced botanists and can cause confusion in a study, leading to
inaccurate results and an incomplete understanding of an area (Hill et al. 1994, Palmer et al.
2002, Plotkin and Muller-Landau 2002, Kercher et al. 2003, Bortolus 2008, Ahrends et al.
2011). While ultimately no botanist will ever be able to correctly document and identify
every single plant in an area, the level of training of a botanist can affect the amount of
inconsistencies and inaccuracies in their results.
In addition to issues related to the training and background of the floristician, there
are also physical and logistic issues that can significantly impact the results of a floristic
analysis. Areas that are difficult to access can hinder the thoroughness of a study, especially
in studies that are conducted on limited funding. In addition, the level of anthropogenic
pressure on an area can affect a botanist’s ability to document the flora of an area by
compounding the effort to classify the communities as natural or disturbed. Although this
“botanist effect” can have a major impact on the number of species discovered in an area and
making comparisons between floras difficult, few studies explicitly address this issue in the
course of the investigation and subsequent publication of the results of the study. Various
aspects of the “botanist effect” and the impact they have on the completeness of a flora will
be explored in the discussion section.
9
The goal of this study is to conduct a floristic analysis in the A.M.M. that will add to
the existing data while at the same time examining some of the issues and challenges that can
impact the completeness of floristic studies in general. The floras of Bluff Mountain, Mt.
Jefferson, and Phoenix Mountain, in addition to other local ecological studies, have added to
our overall understanding of this unique area. This study will focus on the Three Top
Mountain massif in Ashe County, in an effort to expand our knowledge of the A.M.M.
Introduction to the Study Site
Three Top Mountain (T.T.M.) is a 9.66 kilometer long massif oriented northeast to
southwest in Ashe County, North Carolina. It is located within the Blue Ridge Physiographic
Province along the eastern section known as the Blue Ridge Range (Oakley 1999). The
North Carolina Wildlife Resource Commission has protected 866.47 hectares on T.T.M. as a
Game Land Preserve since 1989, when land owners donated some portions and the Nature
Conservancy purchased other properties from failed mountain developments (Oakley 1999).
Figure 3 shows the property boundary of Three Top Mountain Game Land Preserve in green
(NC Wildlife Resource Commission 2008). Three Top Mountain is in an isolated part of
Ashe County, west of the city of West Jefferson. The size, lack of development, and
protected status as a game land provides an excellent opportunity to explore the flora of the
region, develop comparisons with other areas that have been studied floristically, and add to
the overall understand of the A.M.M. The floristic study reported here was conducted within
the boundary of the Game Land Preserve on T.T.M., and this property can serve as a proxy
for estimating the overall species richness of T.T.M.
10
Figure 3: Map of Game Land boundaries on Three Top Mountain with designated parking areas.
nSource: NC Wildlife Resource Commission Game Land Map.
Soils on T.T.M. have been classified by the USDA Soil Conservation Service into ten
soil series, seven of which occur within the boundaries of the Game Land Preserve (Figure
3). Porter’s Stony Loam Soil, occurring on slopes of 25° - 65°, is found throughout the
massif’s ridge and upper slopes. This soil, which is a stony loam of quartz, gneiss pebbles
and amphibole schist with fine texture, is the dominant soil type found at T.T.M. Porters
Stony Loam Soil occurs on slopes of 15° - 25° in small pockets along a valley on the
northwest and the southwest sides of the massif. Tusquitee and Spivy Stony Soils are found
on slopes of 25° - 45° and occur along narrow ravines and seep valleys on the northwest and
southeast sides of the massif, most notably towards the southwest end. Tusquitee and Spivy
Stony Soils are present on slopes of 15° - 25° and are found mainly along the lower slopes of
the massif. Chandler Stony Loam Soils are present on slopes of 25° - 65° and occur in one
11
area near Three Top Creek along the southwest end of the massif. Evard Stony Loam Soils
are found on slopes of 25° - 65° as well as on slopes of 15° - 25 that occur along the
southwest end of the massif flanking Three Top Creek (Brewer 1985).
Figure 4: Map showing soil horizons at Three Top Mountain Massif. Map modified from Brewer 1985.
The description of the climate at T.T.M. is not directly available, but can be
extrapolated from climate averages for Creston, NC obtained from National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and collected by the North Carolina State Climate
Office (2011). The NOAA report describes the average temperature for the area as 11.58°C
(52.84°F), while the average precipitation per year from January 1970 - January 2011 was
11.14 cm (4.39 in). July is on average the hottest month of the year in Creston NC, with
28°C highs (82.4°F) and 14°C lows (57.2°F), while January is the coldest month with 6°C
highs (42.8°F) and -7°C lows (15.4°F). On average, Creston NC receives 13.28 cm of
precipitation per month (5.23 in), with the majority of precipitation occurring in the month of
12
May, while heavy snowfall in the winter is a common occurrence (NC State Climate Office
2011, NOAA 2011). The varying topography of this portion of the Southern Appalachian
Mountains creates a cool, high humidity environment on the slopes and a dry, hot
environment along the peaks and ridges. The drastic changes in elevation help to create
pockets of climate variation, which in turn facilitate development of several microhabitats
that are reflected by the varying vegetation (Pittillo et al. 1998, North Carolina State Climate
Office 2011, NOAA 2011).
Objectives
There were three main objectives to this study. The first objective was to collect
voucher specimens for all the vascular plants growing within the 866.47 hectare Three Top
Mountain Game Land Preserve. The second objective was to confirm the presence of the
previously documented plant communities recognized by Wiser (1994) and Oakley (1999),
and document their occurrence. The third objective was to compare the species richness of
T.T.M. with that of other floristic studies conducted in the A.M.M., as well as other floristics
within the southern Appalachian Mountains (Tucker 1972, Lacy 1979, Peet et al. 2003,
Fleming and Wofford 2004, Poindexter and Murrell 2008, Denslow 2009).
13
Methods
The four aspects of this study included field work, herbarium identification, statistical
analysis of resulting species lists and a comparative analysis of the species richness of
T.M.M. and the three other floristic studies conducted in the A.M.M., herbarium voucher
creation and digitization of specimens, and accession of specimens into the BOON
herbarium. Each of these methods included several steps and these are detailed below.
The field work was conducted from Spring 2009 through Fall 2010, with
supplemental collections throughout the 2011 growing season. The field work consisted of
the collection of voucher specimens of vascular plants and the documentation of plant
communities. Forty-one trips were taken to the study site from 2009-2010, ten of which
were taken during winter months to scout access routes for hard to reach areas along the
ridge. Three supplemental trips were taken in the 2011 growing season to search for taxa
that had a high probability of occurring on the property, but had not been located in previous
excursions. These trips account for 44 person days in the field collecting and documenting
taxa and habitat types, comprising 23 person days during the 2009 growing season, 18 person
days during the 2010 growing season, and 3 person days during the 2011 growing season.
Sampling methods for the field work followed the Floristic Habitat Sampling model
outlined by Newmaster et al. (2005). This method focuses on sampling habitat and
microhabitat types instead of randomly placed uniform plots. For this study, a habitat was
14
defined as a large, geographically homogenous area with similar vegetation or plant
community type (e.g. Wooded Slopes, Rocky Summit, Seep Valleys). A microhabitat was
defined as small areas of variation within a larger habitat (e.g. dry rocky slopes, moist rocky
areas, fallen/nursery logs). The decision to use this form of sampling was based on the
concept that randomly placed vegetation plots can miss taxa, specific plant communities, and
habitat types (Knight and Morris 1996, Newmaster et al. 2005).
Collected plants were processed using standard field plant presses 11.5 " X 16.5 "
(Simpson 2006). Collection of duplicate specimens, where appropriate, was the standard
collection procedure. Site location for collections and unique plant communities was
recorded using GPS technology. Sample collections followed guidelines described by Peet et
al. (1998) and Simpson (2006). Specimens were only collected if there were at least 20
additional individuals in a population or 20 branches on a specimen. Imperiled plants that
were discovered were documented with digital photographs and their location was recorded
with a Garmin V GPS device.
In addition, the field work included a qualitative plant community assignment that
followed Shafale (2002). The focus in this part of the field work was to confirm already
identified plant communities and to document any communities not previously found (Wiser
1994, Wiser 1996, Peet et al. 1998, Oakley 1999).
Identification to the lowest taxonomic level took place at the I. W. Carpenter Jr.
Herbarium (BOON) located in the Department of Biology at Appalachian State University.
The taxonomy used followed that of Weakley (2008). Supplemental descriptions and
dichotomous keys from Radford et al. (1968) and Wofford (1989) were used to augment
Weakley’s keys. Identification occurred throughout the Summer, Fall and Winter of 2009_
15
2010, and with extensive work completed through Fall 2010 and Spring 2011. Several of the
identifications, including all collections of the genus Carex, were confirmed by Derick
Poindexter, from Appalachian State University, Department of Biology.
The floristic list generated in this study was analyzed on three different levels of
comparison of variation: 1) within Three Top Mountain Game Land Preserve, 2) within the
Amphibolite Mountains Macrosite, and 3) within the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The
results from T.T.M. were organized into percent of floristic similarity based on taxonomic
levels, growth form, and native range of species. This measurement provides insight into
what types of plants existed at the study site and what were their growth forms and nativity.
A comparison between floristic studies was conducted on two spatial levels. On a smaller
scale, the T.T.M. flora was compared to the three other studies completed within the A.M.M.
{Bluff Mountain by Tucker (1972), Phoenix Mountain by Lacy (1979), and Mt. Jefferson by
Poindexter and Murrell (2008)}, using Sørrenson’s Community Coefficient to determine the
floristic similarity among these four sites (Barbour et al. 1999, Smith & Smith 2003). On a
larger scale, a taxon area curve was generated from 36 floras conducted in the Southern
Appalachian Mountains using the Species Richness Model (Denslow 2009, Palmer 2011).
The Species Richness Model is a common tool to estimate the biodiversity of a given area for
a given taxonomic group (Lorimer 1980, Wade and Thompson 1991, Peet et al. 1998,
Hellmann and Fowler 1999, Newmaster et al. 2005). This tool has generally served as an
acceptable method for measuring diversity of a particular group of organisms in a particular
environment, even though imperfections in its implementation have been documented (Peet
et al. 1998, Hellmann and Fowler 1999, Shaw and Wofford 2003).
16
Drying and storage practices followed standard protocols, using a plant dryer to speed
the drying process and to reduce development of fungi on the collected material. Specimens
were mounted on standard-size museum quality herbarium sheets with proper labeling,
including all relevant information outlined in Simpson (2006). Collections will be
accessioned into the herbarium at ASU (BOON), with duplicate vouchers sent to the
herbarium of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (NCU). These collections will
be digitized and eventually stored online in the SERNEC database to make them available to
researchers throughout the academic community.
17
Results
Vascular Taxa
A total of 317 taxa from 198 genera and 94 families were documented at Three Top
Mountain Game Land Preserve (T.T.M.) during the three year study (Table I). The flora
consisted of one species of Equisetophyta, four species of Lycopodiophyta, 11 species of
Polyodiophyta, four species of Pinophyta, and 294 species of Magnoliophyta; of which 73
are Liliopsida and 221 are Magnoliopsida. Of the total T.M.M. flora, 93.7% of the taxa were
Anthophyta while 6.3% were non-Anthophyta. Two hundred eighty-five of the documented
taxa were classified as native, while 24 of the documented taxa were classified as exotic,
based on categories used by Weakley (2008).
18
Table 1: Total number of taxa documented from Spring 2009 – Summer 2011 based on 637 separate
collections and documentations.
Taxonomic Rank
(Phylum and Class)
Families Genera Taxa
Native Exotic
Taxa
Taxa
Percent of Total
Flora
Equisetophyta
1
1
1
1
0
0.3%
Lycopodiophyta
1
2
4
3
0
1.0%
Polypodiophyta
(Ferns)
8
10
13
11
0
3.7%
Pinophyta
1
2
4
4
0
1.3%
Magnoliophyta
(Angiosperms)
83
183
294
269
24
93.7%
- Liliopsida
(Monocots)
13
38
73
63
10
21.3%
- Magnoliopsida
(Eudicots)
70
160
221
196
14
72.4%
Totals:
94
198
317
293
24
100%
*The taxa are separated by taxonomic rank, nativity and percent of total flora.
19
Growth Form
There were a total of 48 woody taxa, of which 25 were trees, 18 were classified as
shrub-small trees, three taxa were sub-shrubs, and two taxa were lianas or woody vines. Of
the 269 herbaceous non-woody taxa, 224 were forbs, 42 were grass-like graminoids, and 3
were vines. There was one documented woody alien taxa (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), while 23
herbaceous taxa (16 forbs and 7 graminoids) were documented as exotics.
Table 2: The flora of T.T.M. separated based on growth form and nativity.
Growth form
Woody taxa
Total number of taxa Number of native Number of Exotic taxa
taxa
48
47
1
Tree
25
25
0
Shrub-small tree
18
18
0
Sub-shrub
3
2
1
Liana
2
2
0
Herbaceous taxa
269
246
23
Forb/herb
224
208
16
Graminoid
42
35
7
Vine
3
3
0
Floristic Similarity within the Amphibolite Mountains Macrosite
The vascular floras of Three Top Mountain, Mt. Jefferson, Bluff Mountain and
Phoenix Mountain were compared, in an effort to understand the floristic composition of the
A.M.M. (Tucker 1972, Lacy 1979, Poindexter and Murrell 2008). A presence/absence
matrix of 1146 species binomials was compiled in an annotated list of species across all four
sites using Sorensøn's Community Coefficient or Index of Similarity (Smith and Smith
2003). Infra-specific taxa were considered as a single species to maintain consistency of the
matrix. The results are presented as percent similarity, with any result above 50% generally
20
thought to indicate similar floristic composition (Smith and Smith 2003). The results suggest
that T.T.M. is floristically similar to the three other floras, but is most closely similar to
Phoenix Mountain, with an Index of Similarity of 56%, and least floristically similar to Mt.
Jefferson, with an Index of Similarity of 48%. Mt. Jefferson and Bluff Mountain share the
highest floristic similarity at 71%, while Bluff Mountain and Phoenix Mountain are 62 %
similar and Mt. Jefferson and Phoenix are 59% similar (Table 3). Appendix B lists the 1146
species, representing the taxa from all four studies that were used in the analysis of floristic
similarities.
Table 3: Sorensøn's Index of Similarity results for Three Top Mountain, Phoenix Mountain, Mt.
Jefferson, and Bluff Mountain.
Flora
Mt. Jefferson
Bluff Mtn.
Phoenix Mtn.
Three Top
0.50
0.52
0.57
Mt. Jefferson
-
0.71
0.59
Bluff Mtn.
-
-
0.62
*Data from: Tucker (1972), Lacy (1979), and Poindexter (2006)
Species Area Curve comparisons of the Southern Appalachian Mountains
The flora of T.T.M. was compared with 36 other floras to generate a species area
curve (S.A.C.) for these representative floras in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. These
comparisons generated a S.A.C. for the Southern Appalachians based on variation in the
physiographic province using the least definable units to distinguish taxa (Denslow 2009,
Palmer 2011). Shown in Table 4, these floras were chosen for comparison because they
represent a wide range of Southern Appalachian habitats and a wide range in study area sizes.
These floras were chosen to generate a species area curve because they reflect the floristic
21
composition of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, specifically the Blue Ridge Province.
This curve represents the floristic composition of the Blue Ridge Province more accurately
than using the S.A.C. calculation from Wade and Thompson (1991) that was based on climax
vegetation concepts of Braun (1950), in accordance with analyses conducted by Shaw and
Wofford (2003).
22
Table 4: List of floras used to generate a Species Area Curve for the Southern Appalachian Mountains.
Flora
Stratton & White 1987
Stratton & White 1983
Stratton & White 1984
Stratton & White 1986
Stratton & White 1985
Stratton & White 1982
Livengood 1972
Warren et al. 2004
White 2003
Ramseur 1960
Radford 1948
Ramseur 1960
Poindexter 2006
Feil 1987
Boyd & Monroe 2010
Michael 1969
Ramseur 1960
Taylor 1974
Ramseur 1960
Taggart 1973
Jenkins&Murrell (unpublished)
Ramseur 1960
Rodgers & Shake 1968
Rohrer 1983
Pittillo & Lee 1984
Rodgers 1969
Bradshaw 1987
Lacy1977
Ramseur 1960
Murrell&Woffard 1987
Tucker 1972
Ramseur 1960
Ramseur 1960
Ware 1973
DuMond 1970
Rodgers & Shiflet 1978
McLeod 1988
Peattie 1928
Short.Name
Silers and Welch Ridge Bald
Andrews Bald
Gregory Bald
Parsons Field
Spence Field
Grassy Balds of the Smoky Mountians
Sim's Pond Area
Tulula Creek Floodplain
Sandburg NHS
Grandfather Mountain
Olivine Deposits
Great Craggy Mountains
Mt. Jefferson
Chimney Rock
Warren Wilson College
Bullhead Mountain
Pisgah Ridge
Tablerock Mountain
Plott Balsam Mountains
Stone Mountain State Park
Three Top Mountain Game Land Preserve
Roan Mountain
Bearcamp Creek Watershed
Hanging Rock
Coweeta Hydrologic Lab
Horsepasture Gorge
Lost Cove
Phoenix
Black Mountains
Big Frog
Bluff Mountain
Balsam Mountains
Great Smoky Mountains: high mountains
Thompson River Watershed
Chattooga
Eastatoe
Black and Craggy Mountains
Tryon Region
Area ha.
1.5
3
3
3.5
8
30.5
42.36
83
108
109
117.3588
197
368.26
404.685
459
484
502
555
570
853.63
866.47
881
1191
1238
1626
2085
2308.5
2330
2476
2843.00
2849
2937
4895
5857
8047
9530
35000
67339.69
Taxa
87
146
175
90
139
293
89
107
521
67
750
106
702
551
563
333
124
406
107
302
317
112
447
355
604
568
431
445
139
479
681
265
201
547
502
659
972
1090
*This study and Big Frog Wilderness (Murrell & Wofford 1987) (both in bold) were used for
comparisons for the taxa area curve and were not factored into the regression. From Palmer (2011)
http://botany.okstate.edu/floras/.
From the regression generated from the 36 Southern Appalachian floras, an area the
size of the Game Land Preserve on T.T.M. (866.47 ha) was predicted to have 337 taxa. This
figure is slightly above the recorded 317 taxa and deviates by 5.9% from the expected value,
but falls well within the range of the predicted number of taxa based on the prediction
intervals generated by the S.A.C. Shown in Table 5 below, the floras highlighted in Figure 4
were chosen to show how they compared to the S.A.C. The documented floras of Mt.
Jefferson and Bluff Mountain were both much higher than the expected floristic diversity
23
based on the S.A.C. for the Southern Appalachians, while the flora of Roan Mountain was
expected to be around 338 taxa while only 112 taxa were documented at the time of this
study.
Species Area Curve of Southern Appalachian Floras
Mt. Jefferson
Bluff Mtn.
Phoenix Mtn.
Stone Mtn.
Big Frog
Hanging Rock
Three Top
Roan Mtn.
y=0.21545x + 1.89465
R^2 = 0.5341
F-stat = 40.12
α=0.05
df = 35
P-value < 0.01
Figure 5: Graph of the regression line for the number of taxa per area based on 36 floras from the
Southern Appalachian Mountains. Displayed are prediction intervals and the equation for the S.A.C.
with an α = 0.05 and a P < 0.01. Each of the floras highlighted are shown in detail in Figure 5 below.
Three Top and Big Frog are there for comparison and were not used to compute the S.A.C.
24
Table 5: Deviations for selected floras used to generate a Species Area Curve for Southern Appalachian
Floras.
Floras
Roan
Mtn.
County,
location
Parent Rock Area Number Number of
Percent
Material
(ha) of
Predicted Taxa Deviation
Known Southern
from
Taxa
Appalachian Predicted
Floras
Southern
Appalachian
Floras
Carter, TN, Cranberry 881
112
338
-201.0
Mitchell, Gneiss,
NC
Beech
Granite
Ashe, NC Amphibolite 866
317
337
-5.9
Three
Top
Mtn.
Mt.
Ashe, NC
Jefferson
Bluff
Ashe, NC
Mtn.
Phoenix Ashe, NC
Mtn.
Big Frog Polk, NC
Amphibolite 368
701
280
+250.4
Amphibolite 1287
681
366
+186.1
Amphibolite 2330
450
417
+7.9
Slate,
2843
Phyllite,
Sandstone,
Residuum
Hanging Watauga, Arkose,
1238
Rock
NC
Green
scheist,
metabasalt
Stone
Alleghany& Granite
853
Mtn.
Wilkes, NC
479
435
+9.1
355
364
-2.5
347
336
+3.2
* Selected data from (Ramseur 1960, Tucker 1972, Taggart 1973, Lacy 1979, Rohrer 1983, Murrell and
Wofford 1987, Poindexter 2006, and this study).
25
Central and Southern Appalachian Endemics
The flora of T.T.M. consisted of 22 taxa that are known to be endemic to the Central
and Southern Appalachian Mountains. These taxa are restricted in range to the central and
Southern Appalachian Mountains and were either locally abundant or uncommon and rare.
Table 6 lists the endemic taxa that were documented.
Table 6: Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains endemic taxa* documented at Three Top
Mountain.
1. Ageratina altissima King & H.E. Robinson var. roanensis (Small) Clewell &
Wooten
2. Clethera accuminata Michaux
3. Eurybia chlorolepis (Burgess) Nesom
4. Galium latifolium Michaux
5. Geum radiatum Michaux
6. Houstonia montana Small
7. Huperzia appressa (Desvaux) A. Love & D. Love
8. Hylotelephium telephioides (Michaux) H. Ohba
9. Hypericum mitchellianum Rydberg
10. Carex lucorum Willdenow ex Link var. austrolucorum J. Rettig
11. Ilex montana Jacquin
12. Liatris helleri Porter
13. Lilium grayii Watson
14. Meehania cordata (Nuttall) Britton
15. Micranthes petiolaris (Rafinesque) Brouillet
16. Oclemena acuminata (Michaux) Green
17. Carex bromoides Willdenow ssp. montana Naczi
18. Scrophularia marilandica L.
19. Sedum ternatum Michaux
20. Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Ainton) Rydberg
21. Solidago curtisii Torrey & A. Gray
22. Tsuga caroliniana Engelmann
*Central and Southern Appalachian Mountain Endemics as determined by Weakley (2008).
26
Imperiled Taxa documented at T.T.M.
A total of 26 taxa were documented at T.T.M. that are classified as being “imperiled”
and are listed in Table 7. This designation was given to taxa that are recognized by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service or by North Carolina Plant Conservation Program and the North
Carolina Natural Heritage Program as endangered, threatened, significantly rare, watch
listed, or a species of special concern. Of these designated imperiled taxa, 19 exist at the
periphery of their distribution range, while seven are Central and Southern Appalachian
endemics. Taxa with a U.S. federal designation documented at T.T.M. were Liatris helleri
Porter, Geum radiatum Michx., Houstonia montana Small, Tsuga canadensis L., and Tsuga
caroliniana Englem., while the rest of the taxa are designated as imperiled by the state of
North Carolina on some level.
27
Table 7: List of imperiled* taxa documented at T.T.M.
1. Aconitum reclinatum Gray
2. Allium allegheniensis Small
3. Allium burdickii (Hanes) A. G. Jones
4. Bromus nottowayanus Fernald
5. Campanula rotundifolia L.
6. Carex woodii Dewey
7. Carex lucorum Willdenow ex Link var. lucorum J. Rettig
8. Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernhardi
9. Elymus hystrix L. var. bigelovianus (Fernald) Bowden
10. Gentiana austromontana Pringle & Sharp
11. Geum radiatum Michaux
12. Houstonia montana Small
13. Huperzia appressa (Desvaux) A. Love & D. Love
14. Hypericum mitchellianum Rydberg
15. Juncus trifidus L.
16. Liatris helleri Porter
17. Lysimachia quadrifolia L.
18. Meehania cordata (Nuttall) Britton
19. Micranthes caroliniana (A. Gray) Small
20. Panax quinquefolius L.
21. Scirpus hattorianus Makino
22. Stellaria corei Shinners
23. Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury
24. Trillium sulcatum L.
25. Tsuga canadensis L.
26. Tsuga caroliniana Englemenn
27. Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Schur
*Imperiled status determined by Weakley (2008), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2011), and
NCDA&CS, PID (2010).
Communities
There were 10 communities documented at Three Top Mountain Game Land
Preserve during the study, nine of which were defined as natural. These natural communities
and their subtypes were determined based on the concepts of Schafele (2002). This
community classification system uses interacting biotic and abiotic factors on a local scale to
define community structure. Of the 10 communities documented, 8 were the communities
originally confirmed by Oakley (1999). These community types and their subtypes were
28
identified and designated in an effort to describe the vegetation of T.T.M.; however, in
several instances a formal definition for an area was not made. Several areas showed
characteristics of more than one community type and in these cases they were labeled as
community ecotones. These communities represent the assemblage of plants within the time
frame of this study, as community dynamics are fluid and can change over spatial or
temporal ranges. Each community type and subtype documented at T.T.M. is described
below.
Northern Hardwood Forest (3 subtypes): This community was one of the most
widespread communities documented at T.T.M. and existed along slopes from around 1,220
m (4,000 ft) to 1,430 m (4,700 ft). Below the lower elevation of the range it intergrades with
Rich Cove Forests on the north-facing slopes, Rich Montane Seep communities around the
heads of water run-offs, and Montane Oak Hickory Forest along the western end of the
property. Above the elevation range it intergrades with areas of High Elevation Red Oak
Forests and High Elevation Rocky Summit communities at around 1,524 m (5,000 ft). The
Typic subtype is defined by the presence of canopy trees Betula alleghaniensis Britton,
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., Aesculus flava Aiton, with the shrub layer including Viburnum
lantanoides Michaux, and a relatively less rich herb layer (Schafele 2002). This subtype was
mostly found along the upper end of its elevation range, intermixing with High Elevation
Red Oak Forests along the upper slopes and forested ridge with the best example documented
between Huckleberry Rock and Big Rock. The Rich subtype is characterized with an herb
layer similar to the Rich Cove Forest, consisting of Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux,
and Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell, and occurring on mafic substrate at high elevations
(Schafele 2002). This subtype was found bordering Rich Cove forests throughout the
29
property at mid to high elevation, especially along the upper slopes below the ridge near the
southwest end of the property. The Sedge Beech Gap subtype consists of a dominant
canopy of Fagus grandifolia, with Carex pensylvanica Lamarck and other graminoids in the
herb layer (Schafele 2002). This high elevation community subtype was found in a few
places near the ridge throughout the property, with the most well defined example along the
north facing slopes just below Big Rock near a small heath bald.
Rich Cove Forest (1 subtype): This community type was documented extensively
along the lower to mid elevations below 1,220 m (4,000 ft) at T.T.M., especially along the
north facing slopes near the Game Lands access parking adjacent to Hidden Valley Road.
This forest type borders Rich Montane Seep communities along mountain run-off streams
throughout the property. The Montane Rich subtype was the most common Rich Cove
Forest, found scattered throughout the north facing slopes below 1,220 m (4,000 ft) where it
transitions into Northern Hardwood Forest. This subtype was indicated by the presence of
several canopy species including Aesculus flava, Acer saccharum Marsh., Fraxinus
americana L., Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla (Ventenat) Loudon, Liriodendron
tulipifera L., Magnolia acuminata L., and M. fraseri Walter (Schafele 2002).
High Elevation Red Oak Forest (2 subtypes): This rare high elevation community
occurs in small pockets at T.T.M. along the upper slopes above 1,430 m (4,700 ft) and ridges
around the major peaks. This community often bordered areas of Northern Hardwood
Forest, Heath Balds, and High Elevation Rocky Summit community on Big Rock. The Herb
Subtype is distinguished by a deciduous herb layer that includes the ferns Dennstaedtia
punctilobula (Michaux) T. Moore and Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwland.
Graminoids account for less than 50% of the herb layer in this subtype (Schafele 2002). This
30
subtype was found mostly along the forested parts of the ridge, especially between
Huckleberry Rock and Big Rock. The Heath Subtype is delineated by having an understory
consisting of Kalmia latifolia L., Rhododendron catawbiense Michaux, and Galax urceolata
(Poiret) Brummitt (Schafele 2002). This was somewhat of an ambiguous subtype, as it was
found in small areas along two secondary finger ridges on the north facing side of T.T.M.
This community subtype was also found along the ridge northeast of Huckleberry Rock,
where it bordered Heath Bald communities and High Elevation Rocky Summit communities.
This could have been misinterpreted as a Stunted Heath Subtype, as several trees reached
over 8 m tall yet still had a stunted architecture that produced an open canopy.
Heath Bald (1 subtype): This community was found in association with High
Elevation Rocky Summit communities along the major peaks of T.T.M., most notably along
the ridge at Big Rock and along the south facing slopes along the ridge just north-east of
Huckleberry Rock. The Catawba Rhododendron Subtype is distinguished by the presence
of Rhododendron catawbiense, sometimes Kalmia latifola, and several Vaccinium species.
(Schafele 2002). This was the only subtype confirmed at T.T.M., and this can be attributed
to the relatively small size of this community where it occurs.
High Elevation Rocky Summit (1 subtype): This community occurred throughout
the major peaks and ridge of T.T.M. where the canopy opens up to treeless rocky peaks. The
Typic Subtype was the primary form of this community found at the major peaks and is
recognized by the presence of Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Geum radiatum, Liatris helleri,
Houstonia montana, and Menziesia pilosa (Michaux ex Lamarck) Antoine (Schafele 2002).
The presence of Campanula rotundifolia at two separate locations along the ridge was very
31
significant, as this is the southern limit for this species east of the Mississippi River and the
only occurrence in North Carolina.
Rich Montane Seep (2 subtypes): These communities occurred throughout the
Game Lands Preserve along run-off streams at low to mid elevations below 1370 m (4500 ft).
The High Elevation Subtype is distinguished by the heavy dominance of Impatiens pallida
Nuttall, Monarda didyma L., and Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. humilis A. Gray (Schafele
2002). This subtype was found mostly along water run-offs on the north facing slopes of
T.T.M., especially along the old logging road converted trail that ascends Huckleberry Rock.
The Cove Subtype is defined by occurring well below 1219 m (4000 ft) in elevation, and by
the presence of Diphylleia cymosa Michaux, Micranthes micranthidifolia (Haworth) Small
and Laportea canadensis (Schafele 2002). This subtype was positively documented along
the run-offs at elevations below 1066 m (3500 ft) on the southwest portion of the massive.
Montane Oak-Hickory Forest (1 subtype): This community was somewhat difficult
to distinguish from other communities at the lower elevations of T.T.M., but was
documented to be most prevalent in the southwest portion of the Game Lands where it
intermixes with subtypes of a Northern Hardwood Forest and a Rich Cove Forest. The Basic
Subtype was determined based on the presence of canopy species Quercus montana
Willdenow, Q. rubra L. var. rubra, Liriodendron tulipifera L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., and
Nyssa sylvatica Marshall. The herbaceous layer is usually rich, and includes species that tend
to occur on circum neutral soils including Collinsonia canadensis L., Arisaema triphyllum
(L.) Schott, Podophyllum peltatum L., Actea racemosa L., Tradescantia subaspera KerGawler, and Adiantum pedatum L. (Schafele 2002). The best example of this forest type was
32
in a lower cove off of Three Top Road along on the southwest side of T.T.M. that was
accessed by an old hunting trail just below a power line cut-through.
Montane Cliff (1 subtype): This ambiguous community type was difficult to
document based upon the classification characteristics used to describe it. Oakley (1999)
described areas at low to mid elevation on forested slopes containing cliffs around 10 m (30
ft) high that were populated with typical rock outcrop species, such as Heuchera villosa
Michaux and Asplenium trichomanes L. Schafele (2002) has a less defined description of
this community type that will likely change in the future. The Mafic Subtype was the
primary form of this community, represented by significant cover of Heuchera villosa on
some exposed rocky cliffs along the north facing slopes, both with areas of open and closed
canopies. Asplenium trichomanes was found on Mafic cliffs along the southern slopes,
mostly with a closed canopy.
Carolina Hemlock Forest (1 subtype): This natural community was documented for
the first time at T.T.M. during this study. This community type was documented on two
secondary finger ridges along the south facing slopes of T.T.M. well below 1219 m (4000 ft),
and both were determined not to be waifs based upon the presence of 160 Tsuga caroliniana
Engelmann and 132 Pinus rigida Miller trees along one of the finger ridges. The example
found at T.T.M. was more aligned with the Pine Subtype, based on the dominance of these
tree species in the open canopy, in addition to the sparse Quercus rubra L., Q. alba L., and
Vaccinium ssp. (Schafele 2002). These communities can be easily seen from Huckleberry
Rock with a view of the southern facing slopes. No other areas on the Game Land Preserve
were found that included these two trees as the dominant canopy species, supporting the
recognition of this assemblage as a definable community.
33
Culturally Disturbed Area (no subtypes): While not recognized as a natural
community, a power line cut is present along the southwest end of T.T.M. close to the Game
Land border with Three Top Road. This area was a rare example of a plant assemblage after
anthropogenic disturbances and is infrequently found at T.T.M. in large part due to the sparse
population surrounding the property and lack of well traveled paved roads bisecting the
property. Several species were documented in this area including Rubus ssp., Clematis
viorna L., Coreopsis major Walter var. rigida (Nuttall) F. E. Boynton, Rhus typhina L.,
Typha latifolia L., Scrophularia marilandica L., and Lysimachia quadrifolia L.
34
Discussion
Several taxa documented at T.T.M. are unique to the A.M.M. (Meehania cordata,
Carex bromoides ssp. montana, and Huperzia appressa). In addition, many components of
the flora are species that migrated south during the Pleistocene glaciation (Wiser 1998). For
example, Campanula rotundifolia is a circumboreal species found more commonly in
Eurasia and northern and western North America growing in alpine communities (Weakley
2008). Towards the southern extreme of its distribution range in the Southern Appalachian
Mountains it becomes more restricted to limestone outcrops and high elevation rocky
summits. The population at T.T.M. is the southern-most population in eastern North
America and is the only occurrence of the species in North Carolina (Weakley 2008,
NCDA&CS 2010). Populations or genets of this species were documented in two separate
locations along the massif.
Several other taxa documented in the high elevation rocky summit communities at
T.T.M. that are disjunct northern “relics” or are closely related to northern taxa include
Huperzia appalachiana, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Juncus trifidus, Trichophorum
caespitosum, Liatris helleri, and Geum radiatum. Huperzia appalachiana occurs in high
elevation rocky summit communities in the Southern Appalachian Mountains and is disjunct
from populations in New England, Canada, and the northern mid-west of Michigan.
Sibbaldiopsis tridentata occurs throughout the Appalachian Mountains and extends
35
into Canada. Juncus trifidus is another circumboreal species whose disjunct southern
extreme terminates in the Southern Appalachians of North Carolina and Tennessee, and is
also unique to T.T.M. within the A.M.M. Liatris helleri is a narrowly endemic federally
endangered species found on about one dozen peaks in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
of NC and is thought to have had a wider distribution prior to the last glacial maximum.
Although the circumscription of this species is currently debated, the new circumscription
would still exhibit a more northern distribution with scattered populations in northwestern
NC (Nesom 2005). Trichophorum caespitosum was documented at T.M.M. along the north
facing slopes of Big Rock and is possibly the southernmost population, since it is the only
occurrence of the taxa in the A.M.M. Geum radiatum is probably one of the most studied
Southern Appalachian endemics, and is closely related to the northern Appalachian G. peckii
Pursh, indicating that a possible vicariance event generated these two sister species from a
common ancester. Micranthes petiolaris is another species suspected of being a relic of the
tundra habitat that was likely present throughout the southern Appalachians 20,000 years BP,
and it is now widely distributed throughout the A.M.M. as well as the southern Appalachian
Mountains (Wiser 1998, Carrol et al. 2002, Weakley 2008).
The variation seen within the four documented floras of the A.M.M., based on the
Index of Similarity from Table 3, suggests that other variables besides bedrock type are
generating the heterogeneity in floristic composition documented for this area. While T.T.M.
has an overall lower documented richness than the other peaks in the area, its isolation from
major anthropogenic development is one factor that likely led to the presence and persistence
of so many rare and endemic species at this site. Comparison of the flora of T.T.M. to the
rest of the southern Appalachian floras, through the generated S.A.C., indicates that the flora
36
falls 5.9% below the expected number of species for an area the size of the T.T.M. Game
Land Preserve. However, the results do fit within the variance of the predicted species
numbers generated from the floras for an area the size of the Game Land Preserve on T.T.M.
The practice of defining a natural community may seem imprecise when based on
floristic observations, but an understanding of ecological communities around us is a critical
tool for the conservation of biodiversity and habitats (Schafale and Weakley 1990, Wiser
1994, 1996, Wiser et al. 1996, 1998, Grossman et al. 1998, Schafale 2002, Boerner 2006,
Weakley 2008). My recognition of 10 community types within the T.T.M. should be
recognized as an enhancement on the efforts of Oakley (1999), but a more quantitative
analysis of the communities is needed to fully explore the ecological diversity on the massif.
Many of the examples of communities found at T.T.M. were unambiguous, yet ecotonal
areas shared similar components of adjacent community types making delineation
problematic. The definition of some of the communities described at T.T.M. is controversial.
For example, Oakley (1999) reported mafic cliff communities existing at T.T.M., describing
some of the cliffs as being over 15 m (45 ft) high. While large cliffs do exist at T.T.M., both
along the ridge as well as on the lower slopes in the forest understory, the description of
plants found in that community type is very broad in that the vegetation component is
described as herbaceous. This indicates that community was defined primarily on the
presence of cliffs formed from mafic rock (Schafale 2002). In addition, the recognition of
culturally disturbed areas and their role as natural sources of potential floristic richness is not
generally appreciated. This type of area highlights the importance of evaluating how we
define community structure, as these areas serve as corridors into other areas and
communities and can also have a significant impact on any comparisons of floristic diversity.
37
The classification of communities followed the system outlined by Schafale and
Weakley (1990), and Schafale (2002). This natural community classification system takes
into account both species composition and environmental gradients to identify community
types (Grossman et al. 1998, Schafale and Weakley 1990, Schafale 2002, Weakley 2008).
Working in the A.M.M., this method is effective for the classification of natural communities
on a local scale because it allows for a focus on floristic composition, while also recognizing
variations and subclasses based on various environmental gradients and differences in
substrate or geology. This method focuses on the set of gradients, environmental and
biological, that are the most important to define a given community. This is an important
concept to consider when classifying plant communities in an area like the southern
Appalachian Mountains. For example, high elevation rocky summit communities are defined
by a set of variables including elevation, percent exposed rock, thin soils, and a lack of a true
canopy. Variations can exist within this type of community based on different sets of
dominant plants, which can complicate accurate delineation of communities (White 1983,
Schafale and Weakley 1990, Wiser 1994, Wiser et al. 1996, 1998, Pittillo et al. 1998,
Schafale 2002, Boerner 2006).
The results from this study generate interesting questions regarding the recorded
number of taxa in a floristic study. Comparisons of floristic studies are frequently used to
examine regional diversity and/or to determine the completeness of any given study. How
accurate are the taxa numbers that are reported and how does the experience of the
floristician conducting the field work impact the overall reported richness of an area? Is
there an effect scenario, or scenarios, that can cause variation in taxa numbers when
conducting floristics studies? If there is an effect scenario or scenarios, then what are the
38
underlying causes for the effect(s)? Finally, is this effect quantifiable across studies? These
questions can have significant impacts on decisions that are made regarding land
management and conservation, so a careful analysis of them is warranted.
The results from this study are in line with the expected richness of the area from the
species area curve I generated, yet are lower than the rest of the studies completed in the
A.M.M. This phenomenon leads to the question of why there are such differences in the taxa
documented at T.T.M. and other study sites in the A.M.M. Being one of the larger
mountains in the A.M.M., at 9.66 km long, it was predicted that overall richness would have
been comparable to or even greater than the other peaks. The opposite turned out to be the
case in regard to floristic studies in the A.M.M. In comparison, Mt. Jefferson had an overall
larger total richness than the other peaks, despite being an area that was smaller than the
other studies. In addition, several common taxa expected to have been recorded at T.T.M.
were not documented. Figure 8 shows a list of common expected taxa that were not reported
at T.T.M. at the time of this study.
Table 8: Examples of common taxa that were not documented at T.T.M. during this study
Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring
Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring
Dryopteris goldiana (Hooker ex Goldie) A. Gray
Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. Haines
Carya alba (L.) Nuttall ex Elliott
Cypripedium acaule Aiton
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury var. pubescens (Willdenow) Knight
Prenanthes roanensis (Chickering) Chickering
Quercus velutina Lamarck
Rubus allegheniensis Porter
Spiranthes ssp.
Carduus ssp.
Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald
39
To evaluate the reason for this disparity among sites in comparison with the T.T.M.
flora, we need to ask if this is due to a human-bias driven botanist effect, the effects of
several ecological factors that impact biodiversity levels, or a combination of the two.
Secondly, if there is a botanist effect or a result of different environmental variables
impacting biodiversity levels, what could be some of the potential underlying causes of these
effects in respect to the results obtained from this study? Finally, when examining the role of
these effects, what does this tell us about attempts to compare floristic studies within and
between regions? While both of these factors can have an impact on the knowledge of the
biodiversity of an area, the source of these variables are very different.
The Botanist Effect
A botanist effect on sampling has been suspected of influencing biodiversity
inventory results and floristic studies by several authors who have described and discussed
errors in these studies (Hill et al. 1994, Palmer et al. 2002, Plotkin et al. 2002, Kercher et al.
2003, Agapow et al. 2004, Bortolus 2008, Ahrends et al. 2011). While taxonomic level
concepts are difficult for anyone not trained in taxonomy to comprehend, these errors are
compounded exponentially when proper identification of species is the primary goal or a
significant portion of a study. Entire bodies of work can be undermined due to inaccuracies
in taxonomic identification. One study evaluated 80 selected papers published between
2005 and 2007 and found that 50 of them gave no supporting information for the
identifications of the organisms studied, and only two of the studies reported voucher
specimens being deposited in an institutional repository (Bortolus 2008). Inaccuracies in
taxonomic identification and lack of vouchers for confirmation by other experts can lead to a
decline in the quality of floristic and/or ecological data. Therefore, an investigator’s ability to
40
recognize taxa, including rare and endangered taxa, can be critical to the quality of the final
product. There are several factors that affect a botanist’s ability to record new and
endangered taxa, but the three factors that explained the most variation among botanists are
experience, timing, and funding (Hill et al. 1994, Kercher et al. 2003, Agapow et al. 2004,
Ahrends et al. 2011).
The experience of a botanist is given in terms of number of days in the field, the
number of prior studies conducted by the investigator (experiential training), access to
facilities (herbaria) to examine comparative materials that are well-annotated, and the level
of educational background of the investigator (formal training). These variables have the
largest impact on a botanist’s ability to accurately document the flora of an area. Not only is
a flora’s quality enhanced by efforts of an experienced botanist, but the number of
subsequent taxonomic errors is also reduced. Ahrends et al. (2011) showed that a botanist’s
experience, measured by the number of days in the field, accounted for 96% of the variation
in the number of reported taxa. In addition to experience in the field, experience via training
has just as much benefit to a botanist’s ability to recognize and report taxa at any given site.
This botanist’s effect can be further compounded by variations in morphology of taxa at a
study site, which has the impact of generating greater error rates in areas that are less well
studied or that are “hotspots” for hybridization, introgression or active speciation.
There were forty-four person days in the field documenting and collecting during this
study, with about equal time spent during each of the first two years of the study. Much of
this time was spent dealing with cryptic taxa such as Dendrolycopodium hickii, Allium
burdickii, and the putative sexual diploid montane form of Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus.
These taxa proved to be troublesome during identification due to their cryptic nature and
41
imperiled status, and could only be identified with the assistance of experienced botanists and
with comparisons to other specimens housed in the herbarium at Appalachian State
University (BOON). In addition, much of the 2009 growing season was spent becoming
familiar with the variations found within the varieties, subspecies, and morphotypes in
several taxonomic groups including the pteridophytes. This learning curve is likely to be
similar in other studies conducted by students with similar experience.
The issue of time is a second major issue that is confounding in floristic studies
conducted in temperate regions and this issue confounds in two ways. First, time plays a
strong role in most floristic studies, considering that they are often limited to a one or two
year time frame. This gives the researchers only a growing season or two to complete their
field work, limiting the time available to document as many taxa and habitats as possible.
While the tropics also experience versions of seasonality (and seasonal variability in the
ability of floristicians to obtain flowering or fruiting material), it is not as significant an issue
as in the temperate region. The second aspect deals with the temporal nature of plant
phenology in the sense that not all plants reproduce at the same time. Within the narrow time
frame of a growing season, with an average growing season from April through September, a
botanist needs to spend enough time in the field to document the phenology of the flora.
Because proper taxonomic identification is often difficult in cryptic taxa, reproductive organs
are vital to the identification process (Hill et al. 1994, Plotkin and Muller-Landau 2002).
This elevates the importance of constraints of timing when conducting a floristic study, since
not only are most floristic studies given a short window for completion, but the percentage of
visits that will produce high quality specimens that have adequate reproductive material is
reduced. This is especially true if the size of the area under study is large. In regards to
42
T.T.M., it was often the case that timing constraints limited the number of trips into the field,
where several taxa such as Aralia nudicalis and Minuartia glabra were only accurately
identified during the second and third seasons when field days corresponded to the plant’s
reproductive phase.
Funding is another factor that can hinder the results of a floristic study in the sense
that funding limitations lead to reductions in field or identification time, rendering the
floristic study incomplete. This is the one aspect of the botanist effect that has greater weight
than the other two in that even the most experienced and trained botanist cannot conduct a
study without some form of funding. Floristic studies, like all scientific research, require
funding to collect data, interpret findings, and present the findings. It is often the case that an
increase in funding for a study will eventually lead to more days in the field during the
growing season, and subsequently more field experience for a botanist. For the T.T.M.
study, limited funding was provided by the Department of Biology and the Office of Student
Research at A.S.U. If there had been a bigger funding resource available for this project, the
number of trips to the field would have been increased with a likely increase in the number of
species documented.
A final human source of discrepancy in floristic or faunistic studies can be seen in
attempts (either inadvertently or purposefully) to inflate numbers of taxa present at a site.
This has been documented in situations where presence or number of imperiled species has
been used as leverage to halt various development projects (Wheeler and McDonald 1986).
This can also occur if the investigator does not restrict collections to the area of study and
goes beyond the political boundaries that delineate the study area. In addition, the
recognition of variation within different individual plants in a population through
43
morphological plasticity, or inventory of cultivars in and around domiciles and other
landscaped areas will also inflate numbers of taxa present at a site.
Taxonomic issues regarding the splitting and lumping of taxonomic concepts further
complicates the reporting of results. Taxonomic concepts that are considered as “splitting”
take into consideration the least recognizable units to separate taxa, while “lumping”
concepts allow for variation within taxonomic concepts for ease of identification. For this
study the comparison among the A.M.M. studies was done with a similarity matrix of species
binomials that did not separate sub-specific taxa like subspecies and varieties from the
analysis. Additionally, the species area curve that was generated for this study did recognize
subspecies and varieties as separate individuals (Denslow 2009, Palmer 2011). This also
raises questions regarding the accuracy of results when analyzing older floristic studies that
used different taxonomic concepts, and emphasizes the need to reanalyze older studies when
attempting comparisons. The process of concept mapping, including acknowledging all
synonyms and older concepts, should be done instead of assuming that the equality of the
names is equivalent to the equality of the taxonomic concepts.
The Ecological Factors that Impact Biodiversity Levels
The number of ecological factors and their frequency of occurrence can impact the
number of taxa a botanist can report in a floristic study, separate from the human factors
outlined above. There are three main groups of ecological factors that can impact the
floristic diversity of an area. The first group of effects involves the idea of plant community
size and the level of environmental heterogeneity within that area, where larger and more
uniform communities with relatively few variations in abiotic factors can lead to less overall
taxonomic diversity compared to communities with more ecological heterogeneity and
44
variations in abiotic factors. In addition, greater ecological heterogeneity increases the
impact of community edges and ecotones. A second factor involves the presence or absence
of certain natural communities in relation to the topology of an area. An increase in the
topological variation of an area will increase the biodiversity by providing suitable habitat for
rare or highly specific communities that need a combination of specific environmental
variables to exist. The third effect, while not necessarily as much an ecological factor as the
result of human disturbance on the environment, involves the presence of past or present
anthropogenic disturbance, including the cultivation by humans in or near the study area. All
of these groups of effects will impact the presence and distribution of plant species and
communities in various ways (Miller 1986, Palik and Murphy 1990, Gehlhausen et al. 2000,
Palmer et al. 2002, Qian et al. 2007).
The species area curve has been shown throughout the literature to accurately portray
the increase in biodiversity as the habitat size increases. One of the shortcomings of the
S.A.C. is it does not take into account the impact that environmental influences or the lack
thereof within large habitats that can impact biodiversity rates. The variation in vegetation
patterns between two different communities has been recognized for some time (Palik and
Murphy 1990, Hargrove and Hoffman 2004, Webster et al. 2005). Larger tracts of uniform
plant communities can act as buffers against plant migrations into that community. It has
been observed that a combination of biotic (seed dispersal and competition) and abiotic
factors (aspect, topology, soil moisture, air temperature, and light intensity) can heavily
influence the ability of forest edge species to penetrate into the forest. Large unfragmented
areas that have similar physiognomic characteristics can have fewer ecotones or community
edges than small, highly fragmented communities (Palik and Murphy 1990, Gehlhausen et al.
45
2000). Three Top Mountain is one of the largest continuously forested tracts in Ashe
County. The boundaries of the T.T.M. Game Land are within this forest tract on the massif,
surrounded by a large buffer zone, with a single exception of one powerline cut through on
the southwest facing slope. This presented the situation at T.T.M. of having little significant
edge effect from anthropogenic factors within the T.T.M. Game Lands, and is correlated with
the overall low percentage of recorded exotic taxa. The powerline cut through the area
provided the largest edge effect seen, but accounted for little overall diversity when
compared to forested natural communities.
Topology can cause variation in the presence or absence of plant communities,
significantly altering the number of taxa that are expected in an area. Specific natural
communities depend on certain types of topology and other abiotic factors in order to exist.
Communities found in other areas of the A.M.M., such as the high elevation fen on Bluff
Mountain, or the high elevation mafic glade on Mt. Jefferson, were not documented within
the boundaries of the Game Land. The absence of these unique plant communities at T.T.M.
was in large part due to steep slopes and long, narrow ridges that are not conducive for the
development and persistence of these communities (Palik and Murphy 1990, Poindexter and
Murrell 2008). In addition to the absence of these communities, the rugged terrain found
within the Game Lands made it difficult to survey on many parts of the massif.
Anthropogenic effects on vegetation and species migrations can significantly alter a
natural community, allowing opportunistic and invasive taxa to take over newly created
niches. Humans are the most effective vectors for plant migration, and higher levels of
anthropogenic disturbance in an area can cause this process to accelerate. The more a natural
community or communities is impacted by human disturbance, the more likely exotic and
46
invasive species will exist within the community. For example, the study done by Poindexter
(2006) showed an overall higher number of taxa recorded at the site than compared to
T.T.M., even though Mt. Jefferson was one of the smaller areas studied in the A.M.M. and
T.T.M. is one of the larger areas studied. When comparing the two sites, the level of
anthropogenic factors is easily seen. A paved road bisects the Mt. Jefferson property,
Christmas tree farms and suburban developments surround the property, and homes with
landscaped yards are located within the Poindexter (2006) study site, as seen in Figure 5
(Poindexter and Murrell 2008).
In comparison to Mt. Jefferson, the Game Land on T.T.M. has less overall
anthropogenic forces acting upon it. With only two gravel access roads accessing the edge of
the Game Lands, no paved road bisecting the property, and with no large scale suburban
development in or surrounding the property, there is less anthropogenic disturbance found at
the study site than was found at Mt. Jefferson and this had a significant role in the floristic
totals generated in these two studies. Even if this increase in exotic plant diversity is not
sustained over a long period of time, at the time of the study it contributed to the overall
diversity of the site.
Could these differences in anthropogenic effects explain all the differences in the
number of taxa documented at T.T.M. and Mt. Jefferson? While the differences in
anthropogenic pressures at the two sites are significant, there are most likely a large number
of conditions that influenced the results in these studies. Both sites host unique taxa and
communities that add to their overall richness, including several endemic and imperiled taxa.
These two floras share similar parent rock yet show differences in habitat size and
anthropogenic influences. Contiguous forests may prevent plant taxa, both native and exotic,
47
from migrating into microhabitats within the forests, but they can isolate and fragment plant
populations as well, creating isolated habitats and communities.
48
Figure 6: Maps showing the boundary lines for Mt. Jefferson State Park (above) and Three Top
Mountain Game Land Preserve (below in green).
49
When are you finished?
It can be concluded that both botanist and ecological effects have a role in influencing
the results of all floristic studies. An experienced, well-funded botanist with an adequate
amount of time can document more taxa in an area than a less-experienced, underfunded
botanist with less time. Even if not well-funded or given the same time constraints, a more
experienced botanist will give a more accurate representation of a flora when conducting a
study, when compared to a less experienced botanist. A well-trained botanist will have more
experience dealing with difficult taxonomic concepts at a much higher level of confidence
than an under-trained botanist, especially in a floristically diverse area as the Southern
Appalachian Mountains (Bortolus 2008, Ahrends et al. 2011).
With all of these types of meta-data to consider when interpreting the results of a
floristic study, the question becomes how does a botanist know when they have finished a
study? How does a botanist know when their study is complete? To describe this
phenomenon of interacting factors of meta-data on floristic studies, we developed the
Theoretical Asymptote of Floristics (Jenkins and Murrell, manuscript in prep.). Figure 6
depicts a graph that represents this concept. An increase in time, experience with a floristic
study, and an awareness of environmental and/or botanist effects will cause an increase in the
number of taxa reported. However, there is a critical level that suggests that an increase in
the x axis will never reach a true number of taxa in a large study area. This concept has an
area component in that this asymptote becomes more evident when the area of study is larger.
The actual number of taxa in an area becomes confounded with an increase in area, to the
point that the knowledge of a true number of species becomes more of a theoretical goal than
a potential goal because of the impracticality of being able to survey every part of a study
50
site, in addition to the correlating meta-data factors previously mentioned (Jenkins and
Murrell, manuscript in prep.). In addition, taxonomic incongruities and difficulties of
determining the smallest taxonomic unit, along with theoretical controversy surrounding the
species concept, ultimately make the true biodiversity of a large area unknowable.
Theoretical Asymptote of Floristics
Asymptote represents the actual number of taxa in an area
Number
of taxa
Here?
Here?
Time + Experience + Awareness of Effect
Figure 7: A representative graph of the conceptual Theoretical Asymptote of Floristics (Jenkins and
Murrell manuscript in prep.)
While being conceptual in nature, the idea of a theoretical asymptote of floristics can
be thought of as similar to a S.A.C. by giving a botanist a general idea of where they stand in
their study. While the S.A.C. is only a tool used to estimate the effect of the size of a habitat
on the number of taxa expected to be in that area, the idea of completely documenting the
entire flora in a large study area is a theoretical goal. As time in the field increases, the
number of new taxa a botanist documents decreases to a point where very few new taxa are
recorded. As fewer new taxa are documented, the closer a botanist is to the goal of the actual
number of taxa in an area, but ultimately the floristician will never reach the actual number
51
of species present (Jenkins and Murrell, manuscript in prep). As time increases during the
study, the goals of analysis move away from a floristic documentation of a flora, and into a
long term monitoring of vegetation change in an area. The limited time constraint given with
floristic studies compounds the efforts to complete them. Despite this constraint they still
prove their worth and utility as the baseline data needed to conduct other scientific studies
and conservation management plans.
All botanists who conduct floristic studies have to deal with the concept of the
completeness of their study. This notion of studies being complete or incomplete comes
from the desire to understand the floristic composition of an area as fully as possible. This
understanding has great value to conservation strategies and provides the baseline data to
support many other types of research, yet may be difficult or impossible to obtain based upon
the various factors presented above. A botanist could spend multiple years surveying every
area possible and still never be completely sure of the completeness of their study, but yet
come close enough to an idea of the floristic diversity at a given site to make useful
comparison between sites in a region.
52
Conclusions
This study documented the flora of the T.T.M. Game Land Preserve, an isolated and
rugged massif in Ashe County, North Carolina. The study documented 317 taxa from 198
genera and 94 families that compose the flora at Three Top Mountain Game Land Preserve.
Of these 317 taxa, 22 of them are Central and Southern Appalachian endemics and 27 taxa
are listed as imperiled by the US Fish and Wildlife Service or North Carolina Natural
Heritage Program, including Liatris helleri, Geum radiatum, Houstonia montana, Juncus
trifidus, Trichophorum caespitosum and Campanula rotundifolia. This is the only
documented site for Campanula rotundifolia in the state of North Carolina, and the only
known site for Trichophorum caespitosum and Dendrolycopodium hickeyi in the A.M.M.,
which substantially adds to the overall significance of this area. In addition to the
communities documented by Oakley (1999), a Carolina Hemlock Forest community was
discovered on two finger ridges along the southeast facing slopes of the main ridge. The
flora of T.T.M. is generally similar to other floras documented in the A.M.M. and compares
well with the expected number of taxa for the size of the site based upon the generated
S.A.C. from other Southern Appalachian floras. This study examined the challenges faced
by botanists conducting floristic studies by analyzing the “botanist effect.” The “botanist
effect” can have a clear impact of the completeness of a flora and “botanist effect” data
should be acknowledged when floristic studies are reported and when using
53
floristic data comparatively. This study provides a cautionary note on the need to gather more
data about floristic studies to be able to compare results appropriately.
54
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61
Appendix A
Annotated List of Vascular Plants Documented at Three Top Mountain Game Land
Preserve, Ashe County, North Carolina
62
Vascular Flora of Three Top Mountain Game Land Preserve, Ashe County, NC.
The annotated list of taxa is arranged alphabetically by family, genus, and species
in the Equisetophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta, and Magnoliophyta (including
Liliopsida and Magnoliopsida). All taxonomy used for this study strictly follows that of
Weakley (2008). Scientific names are italicized and are followed by the taxonomic
authority.
Common names follow authority name and they are displayed in parentheses.
When no common name existed for a particular taxon, a generic name was put in its
place like (Aster) or (Sedge). The taxon’s status as a native or exotic is indicated with
“native” or “exotic” appearing after the common name. The date(s) of collection are
listed after the native status, with multiple collection dates for that taxon separated by a
comma. The collection number(s) follow collection date(s), with multiple collection
numbers separated by a semi colon.
An asterisk appears before two separate taxa, Liatris helleri and Geum radiatum,
indicating that these taxa were not collected due to their U.S. endangered status and were
documented with a photo voucher.
63
Seedless Vascular Plants
Equisetophyta
Equisetaceae Richard ex de Candolle 1805 (Horsetail Family)
Equisetum arvense L. (Field Horsetail). Native, 6/6/2009, #79; #80
Lycopodiophyta
Lycopodiaceae Mirbel 1802 (Clubmoss Family)
Diaphasiastrum digitatum (Dillenius ex A. Braun) Holub
(Common Running-cedar). Native, 6/30/2009, #215; #216
Huperzia appressa (Desvaux) A. Love & D. Love (Fir Clubmoss). Native,
7/22/2010, #608
Huperzia lucidula Trevisan (Michaux) (Clubmoss). Native, 6/3/2009;
5/15/2010, #23; #515
Dendrolycopodium hickeyii W. H. Wagner, Beitel & R. C. Moran (Ground Pine).
Native 5/22/2011, #666
Polypodiophyta
Aspleniaceae Frank 1877 (Spleenwort Family)
Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg (Ebony Spleenwort).
Native, 7/9/2009, #251
Asplenium montanum Willdenow (Mountain Spleenwort). Native, 10/17/2010,
#642
Asplenium trichomanes L. (Maidenhair spleenwort). Native, 6/13/2011, #689
Dennstaedtiaceae Pichi Sermolli 1970 (Bracken Family)
Dennstaedtia punctilbula (Michaux) T.Moore (Hay-scented fern). Native,
6/3/2009, 8/30/2009, #20; #21; #383
Pteridium aquilinum (L) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desvaux) Underwood ex Heller
(Eastern Bracken Fern). Native, 7/14/2009, #293
64
Dryopteridaceae Ching 1965 (Wood-fern Family)
Dryopteris intermedia (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) A. Gray (Fancy Fern).
Native, 6/10/2009, 8/30/2009, #85; #86; #87; #88; #384
Polystichum acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott (Christmas fern). Native,
5/30/2009, #7; #8
Ophioglossaceae (R. Brown) Agardh 1822 (Adder's-tongue Family)
Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub (Rattlesnake fern). Native, 6/29/2009, #175;
#176; #177
Polypodiaceae Berchtold & J.C. Presl 1820 (Polypody Family)
Polypodium virginianum L. (Complex) (Rock polypody). Native, 6/3/2009,
7/21/2009, #26; #27; #597; #331
Pteridaceae Reichenbach 1837 (Maidenhair Fern Family)
Adiantum pedatum L. (Northern Maidenhair Fern). Native, 5/29/2010, #548
Thelypteridaceae Pichi Sermolli 1970 (Marsh Fern Family)
Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwland (New York fern). Native, 6/3/2009,
9/13/2009, 9/25/2009, #25; #400; #442
Woodsiaceae Herter 1949 (Lady Fern Family)
Athyrium asplenioides (Michaux) A. A. Eaton (Southern Lady Fern).
Native, 9/25/2009, 7/19/2010, #437; #598
Deparia acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato (Silvery Spleenwort). Native,
9/25/2009, #435
Pinophyta
Pinaceae Lindley 1836 (Pine Family)
Pinus rigida Miller (Yellow Pine). Native, 9/12/2010, 6/13/2011, #633; #680
Pinus strobus L. (White pine). Native, 6/3/2009, #37
Tsuga canadensis L. (Canadian Hemlock). Native, 5/30/2009, 9/12/2010, #4; 10;
#636; U.S. Species of Concern
Tsuga caroliniana Englemann (Carolina Hemlock). Native, 8/22/2009,
6/13/2011, #375; #685, U.S. Species of Concern
65
Angiosperms
Magnoliophyta—Liliopsida
Alliaceae J. Agardh 1858 (Onion Family)
Allium burdickii (Hanes) A. G. Jones (White Ramps). Native, 6/10/2009, #89,
NC Rare
Allium allegheniensis Small (Alleghany Onion). Native, 7/21/2009, 8/22/2009,
#320; #376, NC Rare
Allium tricoccum Ainton (Red Ramps). Native, 7/21/2009, #301
Araceae A.L de Jussieu 1789 (Arum Family)
Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum (L.) Schott (Jack-in-the-pulpit). Native,
4/25/2010, 5/27/2010, #476; #528; #532
Colchicaceae A.P. de Candolle 1805 (Meadow Saffron Family)
Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith (Large flower Bellwort). Native, 4/25/2010,
5/29/2010, #465; #557
Uvularia perfoliata L. (Perfoliate Bellwort). Native, 5/15/2011, #657
Uvularia sessilifolia L. (Sessileleaf Bellwort). Native, 5/8/2010, #464
Commelinaceae R. Brown 1810 (Spiderwort Family)
Tradescantia subaspera Ker-Gawler (Wide-leaved Spiderwort). Native,
7/21/2009, #308
Cyperaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Sedge Family)
Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis ex A. Gray (Summer Sedge). Native,
6/3/2009, 6/6/2009, 9/13/2009, 5/27/2010, #24; #61; #62; #63; #413; #537
Carex appalachica J. Webber & P. W. Ball (Appalachian Sedge). Native,
6/3/2009, 9/13/2009, 7/22/2010, 5/15/2011, #28; #420; #603; #660
Carex bromoides Willdenow ssp. montana Naczi (Blue Ridge Brome Sedge).
Native, 5/15/2010, #519, NC Watch list
Carex gynandra Schweinitz (Nodding Sedge). Native, 6/3/2009, #19
Carex laxiflora Lamarck (Sedge). Native, 4/25/2010, 5/5/2010, #474; #490
66
Carex lucorum Willdenow ex Link var. lucorum J. Rettig (Appalachian
Woodland Sedge). Native, 5/15/2011, #655, NC Rare
Carex lurida Wahlenberg (Sedge). Native, 6/29/2009, #185; #186; #187
Carex pensylvanica Lamarck (Sedge). Native, 5/22/2011, #668; #677
Carex plantaginea Lamarck (Plantainleaf Sedge). Native, 4/25/2010, #487
Carex scabrata Schweinitz (Eastern Rough Sedge). Native, 5/29/2010, #545
Carex vulpinoidea Michaux (Fox Sedge). Native, 6/3/2009, 6/23/2009, #39; #40,
#157; #158
Carex woodii Dewey (Wood's Sedge). Native, 4/25/2010, #486, NC Rare
Scirpus expansus Fernald (Woodland Bulrush). Native, 6/10/2010, 6/25/2010,
#582; #588
Scirpus hattorianus Makino (Northern Bullrush). Native, 7/9/2009, 6/25/2010,
#239; #240; #585
Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl (Leafy Bullrush). Native, 7/9/2009, 9/25/2009, #237;
#238; #434
Trichophorum caespitosum (L) Schur ssp. caespitosum (Deerhair Bulrush).
Native, 5/22/2011, #667, NC Rare
Dioscoreaceae R. Brown 1810 (Yam Family)
Dioscorea quaternata J.F Gmelin (Fourleaf Yam). Native, 7/21/2009, 5/29/2010,
#343; #544
Iridaceaee A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Iris Family)
Iris cristata Ainton (Crested Iris). Native, 5/5/2010, 5/15/2010, #489; #847
Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Miller (Irisette). Native, 5/29/2010, #549
Juncaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Rush Family)
Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie (Rush). Native, 6/30/2009, #225; #226; #227; #228
Juncus effusus ssp. solutus (Fernald & Wiegand) Hamet-Ahti (Lamp Rush).
Native, 7/22/2010, #602
67
Juncus trifidus L. (Highland Rush). Native, 8/22/2009, 7/22/2010, #370; #604,
NC Rare
Luzula accuminata Rafinesque var. carolinae (Watson) Fernald
(Wood-rush). Native, 5/27/2010, #541
Luzula echinata (Small) F. J. Hermann (Hedgehog woodrush). Native,
5/15/2011, #661
Liliaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Lily Family)
Clintonia umbellulata (Michaux) Morong (Speckled Wood-lily). Native,
5/15/2010, #517
Lilium grayii Watson (Gray's Lily). Native, 6/16/2009, #118; #119
Lilium superbum L. (Canadian Lily). Native, 7/9/2009, #245
Medeola virginiana L. (Indian Cucumber). Native, 6/6/2009, #51; #52
Prosartes lanuginosa (Michaux) D. Don (Yellow Mandrake). Native
6/3/2009, 5/27/2010, #29; #527; #860
Melanthiaceae Batsch 1802 (Bunchflower Family)
Veratrum parviflorum Michaux (Appalachian bunchflower). Native, 7/22/2010,
#615
Veratrum viride Ainton (White-hellebore, Indian Poke). Native, 5/27/2010
#534
Orchidaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Orchid Family)
Galearis spectabilis (L.) Rafinesque (Showy Orchid). Native, 5/8/2010, #496
Platanthera psycodes (L.) Lindley (Small Purple Fringed Orchid). Native,
6/25/2010, 6/13/2011, #592; #679
Goodyera pubescens (Willdenow) R. Brown (Downy Rattlesnake Plantain).
Native, 6/13/2011, #688
68
Poaceae (R. Brown) Barnhart 1895
Andropogon gerardii Vitman (Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot). Native, 8/20/2010,
#624
Anthoxanthum aristatum Boissier (Annual Vernal grass). Exotic, 6/3/2009,
5/5/2010, 5/29/2010, #38; #499; #550
Avenella flexuosa (L) Drejer (Wavy Hairgrass). Native, 7/21/2009,
8/30/2009, 9/13/2009, 7/19/2010, #323; #391; #423; #594; #595; #599
Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreber ex Sprengel) Palisot de Beauvois
(Common Shorthusk). Native, 7/21/2009, #300
Bromus catharticus var. catharticus Vahl (Rescue grass). Exotic, 6/29/2009
#188; #189; #190; #191
Bromus nottowayanus Fernald (Satin Brome). Native, 7/21/2009, #314, NC Rare
Dactylis glomerata L. (Orchard Grass). Exotic, 6/3/2009, 6/25/2010, #33; #587
Danthonia sericea Nuttall (Silky Oat Grass). Native, 6/29/2009, 8/30/2009,
7/19/2010, #180; #181; #182; #596
Dichanthelium accuminatum var. accuminatum (Swartz) Gould & Clark
(Woolly Witch Grass). Native, 6/23/2009, #167; #168; #169; #170
Dichanthelium boscii (Poiret) Gould & Clark (Bosc's Witch Grass). Native
6/10/2010, #574
Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould (Deer-tongue Witch Grass). Native,
6/23/2009, 7/14/2009, #159; #160; #266; #267; #268; #269
Dichanthelium commutatum var. commutatum (Schultes) Gould
(Variable Witch Grass). Native, 5/29/2010, #552
Elymus hystrix L. var. bigelovianus (Fernald) Bowden
(Northern Bottlebrush Grass). Native, 6/30/2009, #231; #232; #233; #234
North Carolina Rare
Elymus hystrix var. hystrix L. (Common Bottlebrush). Native, 6/15/2009, #112;
#113
Festuca subverticillata (Persoon) Alexeev (Nodding Fescue). Native,
7/21/2009, #315
69
Holcus lanatus L. (Common Velvetgrass). Exotic, 6/23/2009, 6/25/2010, #165;
#166; #586
Muhlenbergia tenuifolia (Willdenow) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg
(Slender Muhly). Native, 7/28/2009, 9/25/2009, 10/3/2009, 9/12/2010,
#346; #440; #446; #625; #626; #627
Phleum pratense ssp. pratense L. (Timothy). Exotic, 7/14/2009,
8/20/2010, #284; #285; #286; #287; #622
Poa compressa L. (Canadian Bluegrass). Native, 5/27/2010, #525
Poa cuspidata Nuttall (Bluegrass). Native, 6/10/2009, 6/23/2009, #90; #91; #163;
#164
Poa pratensis ssp. pratensis L. (Kentucky Bluegrass). Exotic, 7/21/2009,
8/22/2009, #317; #322; #856
Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreber) Dumortier (Tall Fescue). Exotic,
5/29/2010, #556
Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (Michaux) Nash
(Common Little Bluestem). Native, 8/22/2009, 9/13/2009, 10/3/2009,
#372; #425; #450
Ruscaceae M. Roemer 1840 (Ruscus Family)
Convallaria majuscula Green (American Lily-of-the-Valley). Native, 5/15/2010,
#512
Maianthemum canadense Desfontaines (False Lily-of-the-Valley). Native,
5/27/2010, #531
Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum (L.) Link (False Solomon's Seal).
Native, 6/30/2009, #202; #203
Polygonatum biflorum var. biflorum (Walter) Elliot (Smooth Solomon's Seal).
Native, 4/25/2010, #480
Smilacaceae Ventenat 1799 (Greenbrier Family)
Smilax herbacea L. (Common Carrion flower). Native, 5/22/2011, #678
Smilax rotundifolia L. (Common Greenbrier). Native, 9/13/2009, #433
Trilliaceae Lindley 1846 (Trillium Family)
70
Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury (Large Trillium). Native, 4/25/2010,
#481
Trillium sulcatum L. (Red Trillium). Native, 4/25/2010, 5/5/2010, 5/15/2011,
#460; #488; #500; #652
Trillium undulatum Willdenow (Painted Trillium). Native, 5/15/2011, #658
Typhaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Cattail Family)
Typha latifolia L. (Common Cattail). Native, 6/25/2010, #589
Magnoliophyta—Magnoliopsida
Adoxaceae Trautvetter 1853 (Moschatel Family)
Sambucus canadensis L. (Common Elderberry). Native, 6/15/2009, #105; #106;
#107
Sambucus racemosa var. pubens (Michaux) Koehne (Red Elderberry). Native,
4/25/2010, #473
Viburnum acerifolium L. (Mapleaf viburnum). Native, 6/6/2009, #45; #46; #47
Viburnum cassinoides L. (Withe-rod). Native, 7/22/2010, #612
Viburnum lantanoides Michaux (Hobblebush). Native, 8/30/2009, 4/25/2010,
#386; #469
Anacardiaceae Lindley 1830 (Cashew Family)
Rhus typhinia L. (Staghorn Sumac). Native, 6/30/2009, #213; #214
Apiaceae Lindley 1836 (Carrot Family)
Angelica triquinata Michaux (Mountain Angelica). Native, 8/22/2009, #355
Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) A. P. de Candolle (Honewort). Native, 7/21/2009,
#307
Osmorhiza claytonia (Michaux) C. B. Clark (Bland Sweet Cicely). Native,
6/30/2009, 7/21/2009, 5/27/2010, #196; #197; #198; #199; #311; #312;
#533
71
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torrey) A. P. de Candolle (Smooth Sweet Cicely). Native,
7/21/2009, #311
Sanicula canadensis var. canadensis L. (Canadian Sanicle). Native, 7/21/2009,
#310
Thaspium barbinode (Michaux) Nuttall (Harry-jointed Meadow Parsnip). Native,
6/6/2009, 7/21/2009, 5/27/2010, #64; #65; #66; #67; #316; #538
Thaspium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum (L.) A. Gray (Purple meadowparsnip).
Native, 5/5/2010, #494
Zizia trifoliata (Michaux) Fernald (Mountain Golden-Alexander). Native,
5/15/2011, #653
Apocynaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Dogbane Family)
Asclepias quadrifolia Jacquin (Four-leaved milkweed). Native, 5/30/2009, #14
Aquifoliaceae Bartling 1830 (Holly Family)
Ilex montana Torrey & A. Gray ex A. Gray (Mountain Holly). Native,
6/16/2009, 4/25/2010, 5/15/2010, 10/17/2010, #120; #121; #122; #123;
#477; #514; #640
Araliaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Ginseng Family)
Panax quinquefolius L. (American Ginseng). Native, 9/25/2009, #436
Aralia nudicalis L. (Wild Sarsparilla). Native, 5/15/2011, 5/22/2011, #662; #670
Aristolochiaceae A. L. de Jussieu 1789 (Birthwort Family)
Asarum canadense var. canadense L. (Wild Ginger). Native, 4/25/2010,
5/15/2010, #462; #504
Isotrema macrophyllum (Lamarck) C.F. Reed (Dutchman's-pipe). Native,
5/30/2009, 7/14/2009, 5/15/2011, #16; #258; #259; #664
Asteraceae Dumortier 1822 (Aster Family)
Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow). Exotic, 6/30/2009, 7/21/2009, #221; #222;
#337
Ageratina altissima var. altissima King & H.E. Robinson (White Snake Root).
Native, 7/21/2009, 7/28/2009, 8/22/2009, #328; #348; #354; #378
72
Ageratina altissima King & H.E. Robinson var. roanensis (Small) Clewell &
Wooten (Appalachian White Snakeroot). Native, 8/22/2009, #364
Arctium minus Bernhardi (Common Burdock). Native, 8/30/2009, #397
Arnoglossum reniforme (Hooker) H. E. Robinson (Great Indian-plantain). Native,
7/21/2009, 10/3/2009, #303; #444
Coreopsis major Walter var. rigida (Nuttall) F. E. Boynton (Tickseed). Native,
7/9/2009, 7/21/2009, 8/22/2009, 8/30/2009, 9/13/2009, #246; #247; #326;
#373; #388; #427
Doellingeria umbellata (Miller) Nees (Tall Flat-topped White Aster). Native
8/22/2009, #359
Erigeron annuus (L.) Persoon (Eastern daisy fleabane). Native, 6/3/2009,
6/15/2009, 6/23/2009, 6/30/2009, #32; #99; #100; #140; #141; #200; #201
Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus Muhlenberg ex Willdenow (Fleabane). Native,
8/30/2009, 6/13/2011, #387; #692
Eurybia chlorolepis (Burgess) Nesom (Blue Ridge White Heart-leaved Aster).
Native, 8/22/2009, #358
Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cassini (Big Leaf Aster). Native, 8/22/2009,
9/13/2009, 8/20/2010, #363; #401; #620; #846; #857
Eutrochium fistulosum (Barrett) E. E. Lamont (Joe-pye-weed). Native,
8/22/2009, #367
Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon (Common Peruvian Daisy). Exotic,
6/30/2009, #192; #193; #194; #195
Heliopsis helianthoides var. helianthoides (L.) Sweet (Eastern Oxeye). Native,
8/22/2009, 8/30/2009, #350; #382
Hieracium paniculatum L. (Leafy Hawkweed). Native, 8/22/2009, #353; #851
Hieracium pilosella L. (Mouse ears). Exotic, 6/10/2010, 5/22/2011, #573; #676
Krigia montana (Michaux) Nuttall (Mountain Dwarf-Dandelion). Native,
7/22/2010, #607
Lactuca floridana L. (Woodland Lettuce). Native, 7/9/2009, #243; #244
73
Leucanthemum vulgare Lamarck (Ox-eyed daisy). Exotic, 7/9/2009, 6/10/2010,
#235; #236; #572
*Liatris helleri Porter (Heller's Blazing star). Native, 7/22/2010, #606, (*photo)
Oclemena acuminate (Michaux) Green (Whorled Aster). Native, 8/22/2009, #360
Packera aurea (L.) A & D Love (Golden Ragwort). Native, 4/25/2010, #483
Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farwell (Weedy Black-Eyed Susan). Native,
6/10/2010, #577
Rudbeckia lancinata L. var. humilis A. Gray (Blue Ridge Cutleaf Coneflower).
Native, 7/28/2009, 8/22/2009, #344; #365
Solidago altissima var. altissima L. (Tall Goldenrod). Native, 10/3/2009, #451;
#849
Solidago arguta Ainton var. caroliniana A. Gray (Vasey's Goldenrod). Native,
8/22/2009, 8/30/2009, 8/20/2010, 9/12/2010, #356; #379; #621; #631
Solidago bicolor L. (White goldenrod). Native, 8/22/2009, 9/13/2009, #357;
#429
Solidago curtisii Torrey & A. Gray (Curtis's Goldenrod). Native, 8/22/2009,
9/25/2009, 10/3/2009, 9/12/2010, #352; #366; #441; #443; #628
Solidago erecta Pursh (Golden Rod). Native, 8/22/2009, #349
Solidago roanensis Porter (Roan Mountain Goldenrod). Native, 9/12/2010, #632
Solidago rugosa P. Miller var. aspera (Ainton) Fernald (Golden Rod). Native,
10/3/2009, #449; #848
Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom (Aster). Native, 10/17/2010, #644
Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum (Willdenow) Nesom (Aster). Native,
10/3/2009, #452
Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Nesom
(Zigzag Aster). Native, 8/20/2010, 10/3/2009, 10/17/2010, #623; #643,
#445
Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) Nesom (Aster). Native, 9/12/2010, #637
74
Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex. Kearney (Common Wingstem). Native,
8/30/2009, #398
Balsaminaceae A. Richard 1822 (Touch-me-not Family)
Impatiens capensis Meerburg (Spotted Touch-me-not). Native, 7/14/2009, #260;
#261
Impatiens pallida Nuttall (Pale Touch-me-not). Native, 6/30/2009, 8/30/2009,
#229; #230; #399
Berberidaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Barberry Family)
Caulophyllum giganteum (Farwell) Loconte & Blackwell
(Northern Blue Cohosh). Native, 7/21/2009, 5/15/2011, #304; #656
Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux (Common Blue Cohosh). Native,
4/25/2010, #502
Diphylleia cymosa Michaux (Umbrella-leaf). Native, 5/15/2010, #516
Podophyllum peltatum L. (May-apple). Native, 5/15/2010, #503
Betulaceae S.F. Gray 1821 (Birch Family)
Alnus serrulata (Ainton) Willdenow (Hazel alder). Native, 8/30/2009, #385
Betula alleghaniensis Britton (Yellow Birch). Native, 9/12/2010, #634
Betula lenta var. lenta L. (Sweet Birch). Native, 7/22/2010, 6/10/2010, #616;
#861
Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana L. (American hornbeam). Native, 6/3/2009,
6/15/2009, #31; #108; #109; #110; #111
Ostrya virginiana (Miller) K. Koch (Ironwood). Native, 7/14/2009, 7/22/2010,
#272; #273; #613
Betula alleghaniensis Brittion (Yellow Birch). Native, 9/12/2010, #634
Betula lenta var. lenta L. (Sweet Birch). Native, 7/22/2010, 6/10/2010, #616;
#861
Brassicaceae Burnett 1835 (Mustard Family)
Brassica rapa var. rapa L. (Field mustard). Exotic, 5/5/2010, #493
75
Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) Schwarz (Cutleaf Toothwort). Native,
4/25/2010, #470
Campanulaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Bellflower Family)
Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small (Tall Bellflower). Native, 7/21/2009, 8
/22/2009, #306; #853
Campanula divaricata Michaux (Southern Hairbell). Native, 7/21/2009,
8/22/2009, 9/12/2010, #330; #361; #629
Campanula rotundifolia L. (Bluebell bellflower). Native, 7/21/2009, 8/22/2009
#321; #371, NC Endangered
Lobelia inflata L. (Indian tobacco). Native, 8/22/2009, #368
Lobelia siphilitica var. siphilitica L. (Great Blue Lobelia). Native, 7/19/2010,
#859
Caryophyllaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Pink Family)
Dianthus armeria ssp. armeria L. (Deptford Pink). Exotic, 6/25/2010, 6/30/2009
#591; #850
Minuartia glabra (Michaux) Mattfield (Minuartia) Native, 5/22/2011, #669
Paronychia argyrocoma (Michaux) Nuttall (Silvery Nailwort). Native,
7/14/2009, 7/21/2009, #282; #283; #327
Silene stellata (L.) Ainton (Starry Campion) Native, 7/21/2009, #299
Silene virginica L. (Fire-pink). Native, 6/15/2009, #101; #102; #103; #104
Stellaria corei Shinners (Tennessee Starwort). Native, 4/25/2010, #454
Stellaria neglecta Weihe (Greater Chickweed). Exotic, 5/29/2010, #553
Stellaria pubera Michaux (Star Chickweed). Native, 5/15/2011, #654
Clethraceae Klotzsch 1851 (Clethra Family)
Clethera accuminata Michaux (Mountain White-alder). Native, 8/22/2009,
6/13/2011, #374; #684
76
Convolvulaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Morning Glory Family)
Cuscuta gronovii Willdenow ex Shultz (Common Dodder). Native, 7/28/2009,
#345
Cornaceae (Berchtold & J. Presl) Dumortier 1829 (Dogwood Family)
Cornus florida L. (Flowering Dogwood). Native, 6/23/2009, 4/25/2010, #150;
#151; #152; #153; #484
Cornus alternifolia L. (Alternate leaf dogwood). Native, 7/22/2010, #611
Crassulaceae A.P. de Candolle 1825 (Stonecrop Family)
Hylotelephium telephioides (Michaux) H. Ohba (Alleghany Live-for-ever).
Native, 7/14/2009, 7/21/2009, 8/22/2009, 8/30/2009, #294; #295; #332;
#362; #394
Sedum ternatum Michaux (Mountain Stonecrop). Native, 6/6/2009, #72; #73; #74
Diapensiaceae (Link) Lindley 1836 (Diapensia Family)
Galax urceolata (Poiret) Brummitt (Galax). Native, 7/22/2010, #609
Diervillaceae (Rafinesque) Pyck 1998 (Bush-honeysuckle Family)
Diervilla lonicera Miller (Northern Bush Honeysuckle). Native, 7/14/2009,
7/21/2009, 288; 289; 329
Eericaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Heath Family)
Epigaea repens L. (Trailing Arbutus). Native, 6/13/2011, #687
Eubotrys recurva (Buckley) Britton (Mountain Fetterbush). Native, 6/13/2011,
#683
Kalmia latifolia L. (Mountain-Laurel). Native, 6/6/2009, 10/17/2010, #58; #59;
#60; #638
Menziesia pilosa (Michaux ex Lamarck) Antoine (Minniebush). Native,
5/15/2010, 5/27/2010, #509; #535
Monotropa uniflora L. (Indian pipe). Native, 8/22/2009, #377
77
Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michaux) Torrey (Flame Azalea). Native,
6/6/2009, #53; #54
Rhododendron catawbiense Michaux (Catawba Rhododendron). Native,
6/6/2009, 5/15/2010, 10/17/2010, #55; #56; #57; #511; #639
Rhododendron maximum L. (Great laurel). Native, 5/30/2009, 6/23/2009, #6;
#138; #139
Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Smooth Highbush Blueberry). Native, 6/6/2009
#48; #49; #50
Vaccinium erythrocarpum Michaux (Mountain Cranberry). Native, 8/30/2009,
9/13/2009, #396; #421
Fabaceae Lindley 1836 (Legume Family)
Medicago lupulina L. (Yellow Trefoil). Exotic, 6/25/2010, #584
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Black Locust). Native, 6/10/2010, #567
Securigia varia (L.) Lassen (Crown-vetch). Exotic, 6/15/2009, #92; #93
Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover). Exotic, 6/23/2009, #161; #162
Vicia caroliniana Walter (Carolina Vetch). Native, 5/5/2010, #497
Fagaceae Dumortier 1829 (Beech Family)
Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkhausen (American chestnut). Native,
6/10/2010, #575
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American Beech). Native, 6/3/2009, 7/21/2009,
10/17/2010, #22; #339; #641
Quercus alba L. (White Oak). Native, 5/15/2011, #659
Quercus montana Willdenow (Chestnut Oak). Native, 6/10/2010, #578
Quercus rubra var. ambigua L. (Red Oak). Native, 5/15/2010, #506
Quercus rubra var. rubra L. (Red Oak). Native, 6/10/2010, #560; #568
Fumariaceae A.P. de Candolle 1821 (Fumitory Family)
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walpers (Squirrel corn). Native, 4/25/2010, #461
78
Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernhardi (Dutchman's Britches). Native, 4/25/2010,
#468, NC Rare
Gentianaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Gentian Family)
Gentiana austromontana Pringle & Sharp (Blue Ridge Gentian). Native,
9/13/2009, 9/12/2010, #430; #432, #630
Gentianella quinquefolia var. quinquefolia (L.) Small (Eastern Agueweed).
Native, 10/3/2009, #447
Geraniaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Geranium Family)
Geraniuim maculatum L. (Spotted Geranium). Native, 5/30/2009, 5/27/2010
#17; #526
Grossulariaceae A.P. de Candolle 1805 (Currant Family)
Ribes cynosbati L. (Prickly Gooseberry). Native, 6/15/2009, 7/21/2009, #114;
#115; #302
Hamamelidaceae Brown 1818 (Witch Hazel Family)
Hamamelis virginiana var. virginiana L. (Witch hazel). Native, 6/3/2009,
9/13/2009, 7/22/2010, #30; #424; #610
Hydrangeaceae Dumortier 1829 (Hydrangea Family)
Hydrangea arborescens L. (Smooth Hydrangea). Native, 6/29/2009, 6/30/2009,
#178; #179; #219; #220
Hydrophyllaceae R. Brown 1817 (Waterleaf Family)
Hydrophyllum canadense L. (Mapleleaf Waterleaf). Native, 6/15/2009, #116;
#117
Hypericaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (St. John's-wort Family)
Hypericum mitchellianum Rydberg (Blue Ridge St. John's-wort). Native,
6/30/2009, #223; #224
Juglandaceae A. Richard ex Kunth 1824 (Walnut Family)
Carya cordiformis (Wangenheim) K. Koch (Bitternut Hickory). Native,
6/10/2010, #570; #576
79
Carya glabra var. glabra (P. Miller) Sweet (Pignut Hickory). Native, 6/10/2010,
#579
Lamiaceae Lindley 1836 (Mint Family)
Collinsonia canadensis L. (Richweed). Native, 8/22/2009, #369
Meehania cordata (Nuttall) Britton (Meehania). Native, 6/6/2009, 5/27/2010,
#68; #69; #70; #71; #522
Monarda clinopodia L. (Basil Bergamot). Native, 7/9/2009, 7/14/2009, #241;
#242; #264; #265
Monarda didyma L. (Bee Balm). Native, 7/14/2009, #262; #263
Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (W. Barton) Fernald (American Self-heal).
Native, 6/23/2009, #146; #147; #148; #149
Stachys latidens Small (Broadtooth hedgenettle). Native, 6/15/2009, 7/14/2009,
7/21/2009, #97; #98; #274; #275; #276; #313
Lauraceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Laurel Family)
Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees (Sassafras). Native, 6/23/2009, 9/13/2009,
6/10/2010, #142; #143; #428; #565
Magnoliaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Magnolia Family)
Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Tulip poplar). Native, 6/3/2009, 6/10/2010, #41; #42;
#569
Magnolia acuminata L. (Cucumber-tree). Native, 5/30/2009, #11; #12
Magnolia fraseri Walter (Frasier's Magnolia). Native, 5/30/2009, 6/10/2010,
5/22/2011, #5; #561; #675
Malvaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Mallow Family)
Tilia americana var. americana L. (American basswood). Native, 6/25/2010,
#593
Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla (Ventenat) Loudon (Basswood). Native,
6/3/2009, #34; #35; #36
Myrsinaceae R. Brown 1810 (Myrsine Family)
80
Lysimachia quadrifolia L. (Whorled loosestrife). Native, 6/15/2009, 6/30/2009
#94; #95; #96; #217; #218
Nyssaceae A.L. de Jussieu ex Dumortier 1829 (Tupelo Family)
Nyssa sylvatica Marshall (Black Gum). Native, 5/29/2010, #546
Oleaceae Hoffmansegg & Link 1813 (Olive Family)
Fraxinus americana var. americana L. Native, 7/22/2010, 5/15/2011, #619; #663
Onagraceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Evening-primrose Family)
Oenthera fruticosa var. fruticosa L. (Evening primrose). Native, 6/29/2009,
8/22/2009, #171; #172; #173; #174; #852
Oenthera tetragona var. tetragona Roth (Northern Sundrops). Native, 6/10/2010,
#580; #581
Orbanchaceae Ventenat 1799 (Broomrape Family)
Aureolaria laevigata (Rafinesque) Rafinesque (Appalachian Oak-leech). Native,
7/28/2009, 7/19/2010, #347; #601
Conopholis americana (L.) Wallroth (Squawroot). Native, 5/15/2011, #651
Epifagus virginiana (L.) W. Barton (Beech Drops). Native, 8/22/2009, #351
Papaveraceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Poppy Family)
Sanguinaria canadensis L. (Bloodroot). Native, 4/25/2010, #485
Plantaginaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Plantain Family)
Chelone lyonii Pursh Aooakacguab (Turtlehead). Native, 8/30/2009, #381
Plantago lanceolate L. (English plantain). Exotic, 5/29/2010, #551
Plantago major L. (Common Plantain). Exotic, 8/22/2009, #854
Veronica serpyllifolia var. serpyllifolia L. (Thymeleaf Speedwell). Exotic,
5/29/2010, #554
Polemoniaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Jacob's-ladder Family)
Phlox stolonifera L. (Creeping Phlox). Native, 4/25/2010, #482
81
Polygonaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Smartweed Family)
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love (Bindweed). Native, 7/21/2009, #324
Persicaria punctata (Elliot) Small (Dotted smartweed). Native, 8/22/2009, #855
Rumex acetosella L. (Common sheep sorrel). Native, 7/21/2009, 9/13/2009,
5/15/2010, #318; #419; #513
Rumex obtusifolius L. (Bitterdock). Native, 8/22/2009, #858
Portulacaceae.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Purslane Family)
Claytonia caroliniana Michaux (Carolina Spring beauty). Native, 4/25/20,
#459; #479
Ranunculaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Buttercup Family)
Aconitum reclinatum Gray (White Monk's hood). Native, 7/14/2009, #270; #271;
NC Rare
Actea pachypoda Elliot (White Baneberry). Native, 5/15/2011, #650
Actea racemosa L. (Common Black-cohosh). Native, 6/30/2009, 8/30/2009,
9/25/2009, 5/15/2010, #204; #380; #439; #520
Anemone acutiloba (A.P. deCandolle) G. Lawson (Sharp-lobed hepatica). Native,
4/25/2010, #475
Anemone canadensis L. (Canadian Anemone). Native, 5/29/2010, #543
Anemone quinquefolia var. quinquifolia L. (Wood Anemone). Native, 4/25/2010,
#453
Anemone virginiana var. virginiana L. (Tall Anemone). Native, 6/25/2010, #590
Aquilegia canadensis L. (Columbine). Native, 5/22/2011, #671
Clematis virginiana L. (Virgin's-bower). Native, 10/3/2009, #448
Clematis virona L. (Leather vasevine). Native, 7/9/2009, 7/21/2009, #248; #249
#250; #340
82
Delphinium tricorne Michaux (Dwarf Larkspur). Native, 4/25/2010, #463
Ranunculus hispidus Michaux (Bristly Buttercup). Native, 5/5/2010, #495
Ranunculus recurvatus var. recurvatus Poiret (Hooked Buttercup). Native,
5/27/2010, #523
Thalictrum clavatum A.P. de Candolle (Mountain Meadow-Rue). Native,
5/15/2010, #518
Thalictrum dioicum L. (Early Meadow-Rue). Native, 5/30/2009, 7/21/2009,
4/25/2010, 5/29/2010, #15; #298; #467; #555
Rosaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Rose Family)
Agrimonia rostellata Wallroth (Wood Agrimony). Native, 7/21/2009, #325
Amelanchier arborea (Michaux) Fernald (Serviceberry). Native, 5/27/2010,
#536
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medikus (Eastern Service Berry). Native,
5/22/2011, #674
Aronia prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder (Black Chokeberry). Native, 5/15/2010,
5/27/2010, 5/15/2011, #505; #542; #665
Crataegus macrosperma Ashe (Hawthorn). Native, 7/22/2010, #614
Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch (Frosted Hawthorn). Native
5/15/2010, 5/27/2010, #510; #540
Crataegus punctata Jaquin (Dotted Hawthorn). Native, 7/9/2009, #254; #255;
#256; #257
Geum canadense Jacquin (Avens). Native, 7/21/2009, #309
*Geum radiatum Michaux (Appalachian Avens). Native, 7/22/2010, #605,
(photo)
Gillenia trifoliata (L.) Moench (Mountain Indian-physic). Native, 6/10/2010,
#562
Physocarpus opulifolius var. opulifolius (L.) Maximowicz (Common Ninebark).
Native, 7/14/2009, 7/21/2009, #280; #281; #336
Potentilla canadensis var. canadensis L. (Dwarf Cinquifoil). Native, 5/30/2009,
#18
83
Potentilla canadensis L.var. villosissima Fernald (Hairy Five-fingers). Native,
7/21/2009, #342
Prunus pensylvanica L. (Pin cherry). Native, 7/14/2009, 7/21/2009, #290; #291;
#319
Rosa carolina ssp. carolina L. (Carolina Rose). Native, 5/22/2011, #673
Rosa multiflora Thunberg ex Murray (Multiflora Rose). Exotic, 5/30/2009,
5/29/2010, #13; #558
Rubus argutus Link (Southern Blackberry). Native, 6/10/2010, #566
Rubus canadensis L. (Thornless Blackberry). Native, 5/27/2010, #539
Rubus odoratus L. (Purple flowering raspberry). Native, 6/23/2009, #144; #145
Rubus trivialis Michaux (Southern Dewberry). Native, 7/21/2009, #341
Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Ainton) Rydberg (Mountain-cinquefoil). Native,
6/16/2009, #124; #125
Sorbus americana Marshall (American Mountain Ashe). Native, 7/14/2009,
7/21/2009, #296; #297; #334
Rubiaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Madder Family)
Galium latifolium Michaux (Wideleaf bedstraw). Native, 6/30/2009, #210; #211;
# 212
Galium triflorum Michaux (Sweet-scented Bedstraw). Native, 7/21/2009,
5/27/2010, #305; #524
Houstonia caerulea L. (Common Bluet). Native, 8/30/2009, #393
Houstonia montana Small (Roan Mountain Bluet). Native, 8/30/2009, #389.
U.S. endangered, N.C. endangered.
Houstonia purpurea var. purpurea L. (Summer Bluet). Native, 5/30/2009,
5/29/2010, 6/10/2010, 6/13/2011, #9; #559; #564; #691
Houstonia pusilla Schoepf (Tiny Bluet). Native, 4/25/2010, #478
Mitchella repens L. (Partridge-berry). Native, 9/12/2010, #635
Salicaceae de Mirbel 1815 (Willow Family)
84
Salix humilis Marshall (Upland Willow). Native, 8/30/2009, 9/13/2009,
5/22/2011, #392; #431; #672
Sapindaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Soapberry Family)
Acer pensylvanicum L. (Striped Maple). Native, 5/30/2009, 6/6/2009, 5/5/2010,
#1; #2; #3; #43; #44; #501
Acer rubrum L. (Red Maple). Native, 6/23/2009, 5/15/2010, #154; #155; #156;
#507
Acer saccharum Marshall (Sugar Maple). Native, 5/29/2010, 7/22/2010, #547;
#617; #618
Acer spicatum Lamarck (Mountain Maple). Native, 6/6/2009, #75; #76; #77; #78
Aesculus flava Solander (Yellow Buckeye). Native, 5/5/2010, #491
Saxifragaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Saxifrage Family)
Heuchera villosa var. villosa Michaux (Hairy alumroot). Native, 7/9/2009,
7/21/2009, #252; #253; #335
Micranthes caroliniana (A. Gray) Small (Carolina Saxifrage). Native,
6/10/2009, #81; #82; #83; #84, NC Rare
Micranthes micranthidifolia (Haworth) Small (Lettuceleaf). Native, 5/5/2010,
#492
Micranthes petiolaris (Rafinesque) Brouillet (Michaux's saxifrage). Native,
6/16/2009, 7/14/2009, 7/19/2010, 7/21/2009, #126; #127; #277; #278;
#279; #338; #600
Mitella diphylla L. (Two-leaf miterwort). Native, 4/25/2010, #466
Tiarella cordifolia L. var. collina Wherry (Heartleaf Foamflower). Native,
5/5/2010, 5/27/2010, #498; #530
Scrophulariaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Snapdragon Family)
Scrophularia marilandica L. (Eastern figwort). Native, 6/30/2009, #205; #206;
#207; #208; #209
Urticaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Nettle Family)
Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell (Canadian Woodnettle). Native, 6/29/2009,
#183; #184
85
Violaceae Batsch 1802 (Violet Family)
Viola blanda Willdenow (Sweet White Violet). Native, 4/25/2010, 5/27/2010,
#457; #529
Viola canadensis var. canadensis L. (Canadian White Violet). Native,
4/25/2010, 5/27/2010, #458; #521
Viola cucullata Aiton (Blue Marsh Violet). Native, 4/25/2010, #455
Viola pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula Schweinitz ex Torrey
(Downy Yellow Violet). Native, 4/25/2010, #456
Vitaceae A.L. de Jussieu 1789 (Grape Family)
Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis Michaux (Summer Grape). Native, 6/10/2010,
#571
86
Appendix B
Index of Similarity Matrix
Below is the matrix used to generate the Sørrenson’s Index of Similarity for the
floristic studies conducted in the Amphibolite Mountains Macrosite (A.M.M.). The
matrix was compiled from data from Tucker (1972), Lacy (1979), Poindexter (2006),
Denslow (2009) and Palmer (2011), and is composed of 1,145 taxa.
The table is organized with the family name to the right arranged by phylum with
Equisetophya, Lycopodiophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta, and Magnoliophyta (Liliopsida
and Magnoliopsida). Following the family, the native status of the taxon is indicated
with an “N” for native and an “E” for exotic. The genus name is in the next column
followed by the specific epithet. The following four columns are labeled “M”, “T”, “B”,
and “P” which are abbreviations that stand for Mount Jefferson, Three Top Mountain,
Bluff Mountain, and Phoenix Mountain, respectively. A “1” was used to indicate that
specific taxon was documented at that site, while a “0” was used to indicate the taxon
was not documented. The notes column was used to indicate if any synonyms exist, if
varieties of species were found at a particular site, or if the voucher for a specific taxon
was not found in the Appalachian State University Herbarium.
87
M
T
B
P
Equisetaceae
Family
N
Native
Equisetum
Genus
arvense
Specific epithet
1
1
1
1
NOTES
Isoetaceae
N
Isoetes
engelmannii
0
0
1
0
Lycopodiaceae
N
Dendrolycopodium
obscurum
1
0
1
0
(=L. obscurum)
Lycopodiaceae
N
Diphasiastrum
digitatum
1
1
1
1
(=L. flabelliforme)
Lycopodiaceae
N
Diphasiastrum
tristachyum
0
0
1
0
Lycopodiaceae
N
Huperzia
appressa
1
1
1
0
Lycopodiaceae
N
Huperzia
lucidula
1
1
1
1
Lycopodiaceae
N
Lycopodium
clavatum
0
0
0
0
Lycopodiaceae
N
Lycopodium
hickeyi
0
1
0
0
Selaginellaceae
N
Selaginella
apoda
1
0
1
1
Selaginellaceae
N
Selaginella
rupestris
1
0
1
1
Aspleniaceae
N
Asplenium
montanum
1
1
1
1
Aspleniaceae
N
Asplenium
platyneuron
1
1
1
0
Aspleniaceae
N
Asplenium
trichomanes
1
1
0
0
Dennstaediaceae
N
Pteridium
aquilinum
1
1
1
1
Dennstaediaceae
N
Dennstaedtia
punctilobula
1
1
1
1
Dennstaediaceae
N
Athyrium
asplenioides
1
1
1
1
Dennstaediaceae
N
Cystopteris
protrusa
1
0
0
1
Dennstaediaceae
N
Deparia
acrostichoides
1
1
1
0
Dryopteridaceae
N
Diplazium
pycnocarpon
0
0
0
0
Dryopteridaceae
N
Dryopteris
campyloptera
0
0
0
0
Dryopteridaceae
N
Dryopteris
goldiana
1
0
0
0
Dryopteridaceae
N
Dryopteris
intermedia
1
1
1
1
Dryopteridaceae
N
Dryopteris
marginalis
1
0
1
1
Dryopteridaceae
N
Gymnocarpium
appalachianum
0
0
1
0
Dryopteridaceae
N
Onoclea
sensibilis
0
0
1
1
Dryopteridaceae
N
Polystichum
acrostichoides
1
1
1
1
Dryopteridaceae
N
Woodsia
ilvensis
1
0
1
0
Dryopteridaceae
N
Woodsia
scopulina
0
0
0
1
Dryopteridaceae
N
Woodsia
obtusa
1
0
1
0
Ophioglossaceae
N
Botrypus
virginianus
1
1
1
0
Ophioglossaceae
N
Sceptridium
biternatum
1
0
0
0
Ophioglossaceae
N
Sceptridium
dissectum
1
0
1
1
Ophioglossaceae
N
Sceptridium
jenmanii
0
0
0
0
Osumdaceae
N
Osmunda
claytoniana
1
0
1
1
Osumdaceae
N
Osmunda
cinnamomea
0
0
1
1
Osumdaceae
N
Osmunda
regalis
0
0
1
1
Polypodiaceae
N
Polypodium
appalachianum
1
0
0
0
Polypodiaceae
N
Polypodium
virginianum
0
1
1
1
Pteridaceae
N
Adiantum
pedatum
1
1
1
1
Pteridaceae
N
Pellaea
atropurpurea
1
0
0
0
Thelypteridaceae
N
Phegopteris
hexagonoptera
1
0
1
0
(=Dendrolycopodium
hickeyi)
Woodsiaceae in
Weakley flora
(=Athyrium
thelypteroides),
Woodsiaceae in
Weakley
(=Athyrium
pycnocardon)
(=Phoenix list, no
voucher found in
BOON)
(=Botrychium
dissectum)
(=var. spectabilis),
Phoenix
(=Thelypteris)
88
Thelypteridaceae
N
Thelypteris
noveboracensis
1
1
1
1
Cupressaceae
N
Juniperus
virginiana
1
0
0
0
Pinaceae
N
Abies
fraseri
1
0
0
0
Pinaceae
N
Picea
rubens
0
0
0
0
Pinaceae
N
Pinus
pungens
0
0
0
0
Pinaceae
N
Pinus
rigida
0
1
0
0
Pinaceae
N
Pinus
strobus
1
1
1
1
Pinaceae
N
Pinus
virginiana
0
0
1
0
Pinaceae
N
Tsuga
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Pinaceae
N
Tsuga
caroliniana
1
1
1
1
Agavaceae
N
Yucca
filamentosa
0
0
1
0
Alismataceae
N
Sagittaria
latifolia
0
0
0
0
Alliaceae
N
Allium
allegheniense
0
1
1
0
Alliaceae
N
Allium
burdickii
0
1
0
0
Alliaceae
N
Allium
tricoccum
1
1
1
1
Alliaceae
E
Allium
vineale
1
0
0
0
Amaryllidaceae
E
Narcissus
jonquilla
0
0
0
0
Amaryllidaceae
E
Narcissus
×medioluteus
1
0
0
0
Amaryllidaceae
E
Narcissus
poeticus
1
0
0
0
Amaryllidaceae
E
Narcissus
psuedonarcissus
0
0
0
0
Araceae
N
Acorus
calamus
0
0
1
0
Araceae
N
Arisaema
triphyllum
1
1
1
1
Araceae
N
Symplocarpus
foetidus
0
0
1
1
Asparagaceae
E
Asparagus
officinalis
0
0
1
0
Asphodelaceae
E
Kniphofia
uvaria
1
0
0
0
Colchicaceae
N
Uvularia
grandiflora
0
1
1
1
Colchicaceae
N
Uvularia
perfoliata
1
1
1
1
Colchicaceae
N
Uvularia
puberula
1
0
1
1
Colchicaceae
N
Uvularia
sessilifolia
0
1
0
0
Commelinaceae
E
Commelina
communis
1
0
1
1
Commelinaceae
N
Tradescantia
ohioensis
0
0
0
0
Commelinaceae
N
Tradescantia
subaspera
1
1
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Bulbostylis
capillaris
1
0
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
aestivalis
1
1
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
albicans
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
albursina
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
allegheniensis
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
amphibola
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
appalachica
1
1
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
argyrantha
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
atlantica
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
austrocaroliniana
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
baileyi
0
0
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
blanda
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
bromoides
0
1
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
brunnescens
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
bushii
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
buxbaumii
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
caroliniana
0
0
1
0
Found at Three Top
(=U. pudica)
(=C. artitecta)
(=C. debilis
var.pubera, >C.d.var
rudgei)
(C. incomperta)
ssp. montana
89
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
cephalophora
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
communis
1
0
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
conoidea
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
crebriflora
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
crinita
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
debilis
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
digitalis
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
festucacea
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
gracillima
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
gracilescens
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
gynandra
0
1
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
hirsutella
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
intumescens
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
laevivaginata
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
laxiculmis
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
laxiflora
1
1
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
leptalea
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
lucorum
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
lurida
1
1
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
misera
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
muhlenbergii
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
nigromarginata
0
0
0
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
normalis
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
plantaginea
0
1
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
pensylvanica
1
0
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
prasina
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
purpurifera
0
0
0
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
roanensis
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
rosea
1
0
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
ruthii
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
scabrata
0
1
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
scoparia
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
sparganiodes
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
stipata
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
stricta
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
styloflexa
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
torta
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
tribuloides
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
virescens
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
vulpinoidea
1
1
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Carex
woodii
1
1
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Cladium
mariscoides
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Cymophyllus
fraserianus
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Cyperus
filiculmis
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Cyperus
flavescens
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Cyperus
strigosus
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Eleocharis
obtusa
1
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Eleocharis
tenuis
1
0
1
0
(=C. crinita var.
gynandra)
(=Phoenix, can't find
voucher, suspect)
Collected Three Top
(=Phoenix, can't find
voucher)
90
Cyperaceae
N
Eriophorum
virginicum
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Fimbristylis
autumnalis
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Kyllinga
gracillima
1
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Rhynchospora
alba
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Rhynchospora
capitellata
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Scirpus
atrovirens
1
0
1
1
Cyperaceae
N
Scirpus
cyperinus
0
0
0
1
Cyperaceae
N
Scirpus
expansus
0
1
0
1
Cyperaceae
N
Scirpus
hattorianus
0
1
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Scirpus
polyphyllus
0
1
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Scirpus
purshianus
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Scirpus
validus
0
0
1
0
Cyperaceae
N
Scleria
triglomerata
0
0
0
0
Cyperaceae
N
Trichoporum
ceaspitosum
0
1
0
0
Dioscoreaceae
N
Dioscorea
polystachya
0
0
0
0
Dioscoreaceae
N
Dioscorea
quaternata
1
1
1
1
Hemerocallidaceae
E
Hemerocallis
fulva
1
0
1
0
Hostaceae
E
Hosta
lancifolia
1
0
0
0
Hostaceae
E
Hosta
ventricosa
1
0
0
0
Hyacinthaceae
E
Hyacinthoides
hispanica
1
0
0
0
Hyacinthaceae
E
Ornithogalum
umbellatum
1
0
0
0
Hypoxidaceae
N
Hypoxis
hirsuta
1
0
1
1
Iridaceae
N
Iris
cristata
1
1
1
1
Iridaceae
E
Iris
germanica
1
0
0
1
Iridaceae
E
Iris
pallida
1
0
0
0
Iridaceae
E
Iris
sanguinea
0
0
0
0
Iridaceae
N
Iris
verna
0
0
0
0
Iridaceae
N
Sisyrinchium
albidum
0
0
0
0
Iridaceae
N
Sisyrinchium
angustifolium
1
1
0
0
Iridaceae
N
Sisyrinchium
atlanticum
0
0
1
1
Iridaceae
N
Sisyrinchium
mucronatum
0
0
0
0
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
acuminatus
1
0
1
0
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
brevicaudatus
0
0
0
1
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
canadensis
0
0
1
0
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
coriaceus
0
1
0
0
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
effusus
1
1
1
1
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
gymnocarpus
0
0
0
0
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
marginatus
1
0
1
0
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
scirpoides
0
0
0
0
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
subcaudatus
0
0
0
0
Juncaceae
N
Juncus
tenuis
1
1
1
0
Juncaceae
N
Luzula
acuminata
1
1
1
1
Juncaceae
N
Luzula
echinata
1
1
1
1
Liliaceae
N
Clintonia
borealis
0
0
0
0
Liliaceae
N
Clintonia
umbellulata
1
1
1
1
Liliaceae
N
Erythronium
americanum
0
0
1
1
Liliaceae
N
Lilium
grayi
0
1
1
1
Liliaceae
N
Lilium
michauxii
1
0
1
1
Liliaceae
N
Lilium
philadelphicum
0
0
1
0
(likely villosa);
(Phoenix = villosa)
(=S. mucronatum
var. atlanticum)
91
Liliaceae
N
Lilium
superbum
1
1
1
1
Liliaceae
N
Medeola
virginiana
1
1
1
1
Liliaceae
N
Prosartes
lanuginosa
1
1
1
1
(=Disporum l.)
Liliaceae
N
Streptopus
lanceolatus
0
0
0
0
(=S. roseus)
Liliaceae
E
Tulipa
gesneriana
1
0
0
0
Melanthiaceae
N
Amianthium
muscaetoxicum
0
0
1
1
Melanthiaceae
N
Chamaelirium
luteum
0
0
1
0
Melanthiaceae
N
Stenanthium
leimanthoides
0
0
1
0
Melanthiaceae
N
Veratrum
latifolium
0
0
0
0
Melanthiaceae
N
Veratrum
parviflorum
1
1
1
1
Melanthiaceae
N
Veratrum
viride
0
1
1
1
Melanthiaceae
N
Veratrum
virginicum
0
0
1
0
Melanthiaceae
N
Xerophyllum
asphodeloides
0
0
0
0
Nartheciaceae
N
Aletris
farinosa
1
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Aplectrum
hyemale
1
0
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Coeloglossum
viride
0
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Corallorhiza
maculata
0
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Corallorhiza
odontorhiza
0
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Cypripedium
acaule
1
0
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Cypripedium
parviflorum
0
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Dactylorhiza
viridis
0
0
0
1
Orchidaceae
N
Galearis
spectabilis
1
1
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Goodyera
pubescens
1
1
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Goodyera
repens
1
0
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Isotria
verticillata
0
0
0
0
Orchidaceae
N
Liparis
liliifolia
1
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Listera
smallii
1
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Malaxis
unifolia
0
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Platanthera
x andrewsii
0
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Platanthera
ciliaris
0
0
0
0
Orchidaceae
N
Platanthera
clavellata
1
0
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Platanthera
flava
0
0
0
0
Orchidaceae
N
Platanthera
grandiflora
0
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Platanthera
lacera
1
0
1
0
Orchidaceae
N
Platanthera
orbiculata
1
0
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Platanthera
psycodes
1
1
0
0
Orchidaceae
N
Spiranthes
cernua
1
0
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Spiranthes
lacera
1
0
1
1
Orchidaceae
N
Spiranthes
ochroleuca
1
0
0
0
Orchidaceae
N
Spiranthes
vernalis
1
0
0
0
Orchidaceae
N
Tipularia
discolor
1
0
0
0
Orchidaceae
N
Triphora
trianthophora
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Agrostis
capillaris
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Agrostis
elliottiana
0
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Agrostis
gigantea
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Agrostis
perennans
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Agrostis
scabra
1
0
0
1
Poaceae
E
Agrostis
stolonifera
0
0
1
1
(=Zigadenus)
(=C. calceolus var.
pubescens)
(=Habenaria viridis
var. bracteata)
(=Orchis spectabilis)
(see also P.
macrophylla)
(=S. gracilis
{Bigelow} Beck.)
(=A. tenuis)
92
Poaceae
E
Alopecurus
pratensis
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Andropogon
elliottii
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Andropogon
gerardii
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
N
Andropogon
ternarius
0
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Andropogon
virginicus
1
0
0
1
Poaceae
E
Anthoxanthum
odoratum
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
N
Aristida
dichotoma
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Aristida
longespica
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Arthraxon
hispidus
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Arrhenatherum
elatius
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Arundinaria
gigantea
0
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Brachyelytrum
aristosum
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Brachyelytrum
erectum
0
1
1
0
Poaceae
N
Bromus
ciliatus
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Bromus
cartharticus
0
1
0
0
Poaceae
E
Bromus
commutatus
1
0
1
1
Poaceae
E
Bromus
hordeaceus
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Bromus
inermis
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Bromus
japonicus
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Bromus
pubescens
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
E
Bromus
sterilis
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Bromus
tectorum
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Calamagrostis
canadensis
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Calamagrostis
cinnoides
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Cinna
arundinacea
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Dactylis
glomerata
1
1
1
1
Poaceae
N
Danthonia
compressa
1
0
1
1
Poaceae
N
Danthonia
sericea
0
1
0
1
Poaceae
N
Danthonia
spicata
1
1
1
1
Poaceae
N
Deschampsia
flexuosa
1
1
0
0
(Avenella flexuosa)
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
acuminatum
1
1
1
1
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
angustifolium
0
0
0
0
(P. lanuginosum); D.
acuminatum var.
acuminatum
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
boscii
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
clandestinum
1
1
0
1
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
commutatum
1
1
0
0
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
depauperatum
1
0
1
1
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
dichotomum
1
0
1
1
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
latifolium
1
0
1
0
(=P. lat.)
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
laxiflorum
0
0
0
1
(=P. lax)
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
linearifolium
1
0
0
1
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
meridionale
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Dichanthelium
villosissimum
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Digitaria
filiformis
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Digitaria
ischaemum
1
0
1
1
Poaceae
E
Digitaria
sanguinalis
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Echinochloa
crusgalli
1
0
1
1
Poaceae
E
Eleusine
indica
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Elymus
glabriflorus
1
0
0
0
var. cartharticus
(<B. purgans); (B.
nottowayanus)
93
Poaceae
N
Elymus
hystrix
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
E
Elymus
repens
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Elymus
riparius
0
0
0
1
Poaceae
N
Elymus
virginicus
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Elymus
villosus
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Eragrostis
capillaris
1
0
1
1
Poaceae
N
Eragrostis
hirsuta
0
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Festuca
rubra
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Festuca
subverticillata
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
E
Festuca
trachyphylla
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Glyceria
laxa
0
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Glyceria
striata
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Holcus
lanatus
1
1
1
1
Poaceae
E
Hordeum
vulgare
0
0
0
1
Poaceae
N
Leersia
oryzoides
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Leersia
virginica
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Lolium
perenne
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Microstegium
vimineum
1
1
0
0
Poaceae
E
Miscanthus
sinensis
0
0
1
1
Poaceae
N
Muhlenbergia
frondosa
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Muhlenbergia
glomerata
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Muhlenbergia
mexicana
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Muhlenbergia
schreberi
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Muhlenbergia
tenuiflora
1
1
1
1
Poaceae
N
Panicum
anceps
0
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Panicum
capillare
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Panicum
dichotomiflorum
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Panicum
gattingeri
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Panicum
lithophilum
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Panicum
philadelphicum
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Paspalum
dilatatum
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Paspalum
laeve
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Paspalum
setaceum
1
0
0
1
Poaceae
N
Phalaris
arundinacea
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Phleum
pratense
1
1
1
1
Poaceae
E
Phragmites
australis
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Poa
alsodes
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Poa
annua
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Poa
autumnalis
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Poa
compressa
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
N
Poa
cuspidata
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
E
Poa
pratensis
1
1
1
0
Poaceae
N
Poa
palustris
0
0
0
1
Poaceae
N
Poa
sylvestris
0
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Poa
trivialis
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Saccharum
alopecuroides
0
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Schedonorus
arundinaceus
1
1
0
1
(Festuca elatior)
Poaceae
N
Schizachyrium
scoparium
1
1
1
1
var. scoparium
(=Hystrix patula); E.
hystrix var. hystrix &
E.h. var. bigelovianus
(=F. obtusa)
(=G. canadensis var.
laxa)
ssp. pratense
94
Poaceae
E
Secale
cereale
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
E
Setaria
faberi
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Setaria
parviflora
1
0
1
1
(=S. geniculata)
Poaceae
E
Setaria
pumila
1
0
0
1
(=S. glauca)
Poaceae
E
Setaria
viridis
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Sorghastrum
nutans
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Sorghum
halepense
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Sphenopholis
nitida
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Sporobolus
vaginiflorus
1
0
1
0
Poaceae
N
Tridens
flavus
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Triticum
aestivum
1
0
0
0
Poaceae
N
Vulpia
octoflora
0
0
0
0
Poaceae
E
Vulpia
myuros
0
0
0
1
Ruscaceae
N
Convallaria
majuscula
1
1
1
1
Ruscaceae
N
Maianthemum
canadense
1
1
1
1
Ruscaceae
N
Maianthemum
racemosum
1
1
1
1
Ruscaceae
N
Polygonatum
biflorum
1
1
1
1
Ruscaceae
N
Polygonatum
pubescens
1
0
1
1
Smilaceae
N
Smilax
glauca
1
0
1
0
Smilaceae
N
Smilax
herbacea
1
0
1
1
Smilaceae
N
Smilax
hispida
1
0
1
0
Smilaceae
N
Smilax
pulverulenta
1
0
0
0
Smilaceae
N
Smilax
rotundifolia
1
1
1
0
Tofieldiaceae
N
Triantha
glutinosa
0
0
1
0
Trilliaceae
N
Trillium
catesbaei
0
0
0
0
Trilliaceae
N
Trillium
erectum
0
1
1
1
Trilliaceae
N
Trillium
grandiflorum
1
1
1
1
Trilliaceae
N
Trillium
sulcatum
1
0
0
0
Trilliaceae
N
Trillium
undulatum
1
0
1
1
Trilliaceae
N
Trillium
vaseyi
0
0
0
0
Typhaceae
N
Typha
latifolia
0
1
1
0
Xyridaceae
N
Xyris
torta
0
0
1
0
Acanthaceae
N
Ruellia
caroliniensis
0
0
0
0
Adoxaceae
N
Sambucus
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Adoxaceae
N
Sambucus
racemosa
1
1
1
1
Adoxaceae
N
Viburnum
acerifolium
1
1
1
1
Adoxaceae
N
Viburnum
cassinoides
0
1
0
1
Adoxaceae
N
Viburnum
lantanoides
1
1
1
1
Adoxaceae
N
Viburnum
nudum
0
0
0
0
Amaranthaceae
E
Amaranthus
hybridus
0
0
0
0
Amaranthaceae
E
Amaranthus
retroflexus
1
0
0
0
Anacardiaceae
N
Rhus
copallina
0
0
0
0
Anacardiaceae
N
Rhus
glabra
1
0
1
1
Anacardiaceae
N
Rhus
typhina
0
1
1
1
Anacardiaceae
N
Toxicodendron
radicans
1
0
1
1
Anacardiaceae
N
Toxicodendron
vernix
0
0
0
0
Apiaceae
N
Angelica
triquinata
1
1
1
0
Apiaceae
N
Angelica
venenosa
1
0
1
1
Apiaceae
N
Cryptotaenia
canadensis
1
1
1
1
(=C. majalis var.
montana)
(=Smilacina)
(incl. var. pubens)
(=V. alnifolium)
95
Apiaceae
E
Daucus
carota
1
0
1
1
Apiaceae
N
Ligusticum
canadense
1
0
1
1
Apiaceae
N
Osmorhiza
claytonii
1
1
1
1
Apiaceae
N
Osmorhiza
longistylis
1
1
1
1
Apiaceae
N
Oxypolis
rigidior
1
0
1
1
Apiaceae
E
Pastinaca
sativa
1
0
0
0
Apiaceae
N
Sanicula
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Apiaceae
N
Sanicula
gregaria
0
0
1
0
Apiaceae
N
Sanicula
marilandica
0
0
1
0
Apiaceae
N
Taenidia
integerrima
0
0
0
1
Apiaceae
N
Thaspium
barbinode
0
1
1
1
Apiaceae
N
Thaspium
trifoliatum
0
1
1
1
Apiaceae
N
Zizia
aptera
1
0
0
0
Apiaceae
N
Zizia
trifoliata
1
1
1
1
Apocynaceae
N
Apocynum
androsaemifolium
1
0
1
1
Apocynaceae
N
Apocynum
cannabinum
1
0
1
0
Apocynaceae
N
Asclepias
exaltata
1
0
1
1
Apocynaceae
N
Asclepias
incarnata
1
0
1
0
Apocynaceae
N
Asclepias
quadrifolia
1
1
1
1
Apocynaceae
N
Asclepias
syriaca
1
0
1
1
Apocynaceae
N
Asclepias
tuberosa
1
0
1
0
Apocynaceae
E
Vinca
minor
1
0
1
0
Aquifoliaceae
N
Ilex
montana
1
1
1
0
Aquifoliaceae
N
Ilex
opaca
0
0
0
0
Araliaceae
N
Aralia
nudicaulis
1
1
1
1
Araliaceae
N
Aralia
racemosa
1
0
0
0
Araliaceae
N
Aralia
spinosa
0
0
0
0
Araliaceae
N
Panax
quinquefolius
1
1
1
1
Araliaceae
N
Panax
trifolium
0
0
0
1
Aristolochiaceae
N
Isotrema
macrophyllum
1
1
1
1
Aristolochiaceae
N
Asarum
canadense
1
1
1
1
Aristolochiaceae
N
Hexastylis
shuttleworthii
0
0
0
0
Aristolochiaceae
N
Hexastylis
virginica
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Achillea
millefolium
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Ageratina
altissima
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Ageratina
aromaticum
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Ambrosia
artemisiifolia
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Ambrosia
trifida
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Antennaria
plantaginifolia
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Antennaria
solitaria
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
E
Anthemis
arvensis
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Anthemis
cotula
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Arctium
minus
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Arnoglossum
atriplicifolium
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Arnoglossum
muehlenbergii
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Artemisia
ludoviciana
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Artemisia
vulgaris
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Bidens
bipinnata
1
0
1
1
(incl. var. flavum)
(=I. ambiqua var.
montana)
=Aristolochia
(=E. rugosum); incl.
var. altissima & var.
roanensis
(=Cacalia); A.
reniforme
96
Asteraceae
N
Bidens
frondosa
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Bidens
tripartita
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Bidens
vulgata
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Carduus
acanthoides
1
0
0
1
Asteraceae
E
Cichorium
intybus
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
E
Cirsium
arvense
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Cirsium
discolor
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Cirsium
muticum
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Cirsium
vulgare
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Chysopsis
mariana
0
0
0
1
Asteraceae
N
Conoclinum
coelestinum
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Conyza
canadensis
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Coreopsis
major
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Coreopsis
pubescens
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
E
Crepis
capillaris
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Doellingeria
infirma
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Doellingeria
umbellata
1
1
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Elephantopus
carolinianus
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Erechtites
hieraciifolius
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Erigeron
annuus
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Erigeron
philadelphicus
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Erigeron
pulchellus
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Erigeron
strigosus
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Eupatorium
album
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Eupatorium
cordigerum
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Eupatorium
perfoliatum
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Eupatorium
serotinum
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Eupatorium
sessilifolium
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Eurybia
chlorolepis
1
1
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Eurybia
divaricata
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Eurybia
macrophylla
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Eutrochium
fistulosum
1
1
0
1
Asteraceae
N
Eutrochium
maculatum
0
0
0
1
Asteraceae
N
Eutrochium
purpureum
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Eutrochium
steelei
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
E
Galinsoga
quadriradiata
1
1
1
1
(=G. ciliata)
Asteraceae
N
Gamochaeta
pupurea
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Helenium
autumnale
1
0
1
1
(Gnaphalium p., syn.
problematic)
Asteraceae
N
Helianthus
atrorubens
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Helianthus
decapetalus
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Helianthus
divaricatus
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Helianthus
×glaucus
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Helianthus
glaucophyllus
0
0
0
0
(=Carduus
lanceolatus)
(=Heterotheca
mariana)
(var. stellata see also
C. delphifolia);C. m
var. rigida
(var. strigosus)
(Three Top) Montane
Sexual Diploid
material
(=E. rotundifolium
var. ovatum) see also
E. pubescens
(=Aster divaricatus)
(=Eupatorium
fistulosum RAB)
(=Eupatorium
maculatum RAB))
(=Eupatorium)
97
Asteraceae
N
Helianthus
microcephalus
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Helianthus
strumosus
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Helianthus
tuberosus
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Heliopsis
helianthoides
1
1
1
1
(=var. helianthoides)
Asteraceae
E
Hieracium
caespitosum
1
0
1
1
(=H. pratense)
Asteraceae
N
Hieracium
gronovii
0
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Hieracium
marianum
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Hieracium
paniculatum
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
E
Hieracium
pilosella
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Hieracium
scabrum
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Hieracium
venosum
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
E
Hypochaeris
radicata
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Ionactis
linariifolia
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Krigia
biflora
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Krigia
montana
0
1
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Krigia
virginica
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Lactuca
biennis
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Lactuca
canadensis
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
E
Lactuca
floriana
0
1
0
0
Asteraceae
E
Lactuca
serriola
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Lapsana
communis
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
E
Leucanthemum
vulgare
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Liatris
aspera
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Liatris
helleri
0
1
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Liatris
spicata
0
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Liatris
squarrosa
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Liatris
virgata
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Lonactis
linariifolius
0
0
0
1
Asteraceae
E
Matricaria
discoidea
1
0
0
0
(=M. matricarioides)
Asteraceae
N
Oclemena
acuminata
1
1
1
1
(=Aster acum.)
Asteraceae
N
Packera
anonyma
1
0
1
1
(=S. smallii)
Asteraceae
N
Packera
aurea
1
1
1
1
(=S. aureus)
Asteraceae
N
Packera
plattensis
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Packera
tomentosa
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Prenanthes
altissima
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Prenanthes
roanensis
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Prenanthes
serpentaria
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Prenanthes
trifoliolata
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Pseudognaphalium
obtusifolium
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Pyrrhopappus
carolinianus
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Rudbeckia
hirta
1
1
1
1
(=var. pulcherrima)
Asteraceae
N
Rudbeckia
laciniata
0
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Sericocarpus
asteroides
1
0
1
1
(=var. humilis, Three
Top)
(=A. paternus)
Asteraceae
N
Smallanthus
uvedalia
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Siliphium
compositum
0
0
0
0
(=Phoenix=Heliopsis
microcephalus); no
specimen found
(Three Top, Keys to
L. florida; I.D
suspect)
(=Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
ISSUE (L.
graminifolia in part,
problematic)
98
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
altissima
0
1
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
arguta
1
1
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
bicolor
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
caesia
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
canadensis
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
curtisii
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
erecta
1
0
0
1
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
flexicaulis
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
gigantea
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
juncea
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
latissimifolia
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
nemoralis
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
odora
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
patula
0
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
petiolaris
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
puberla
0
0
0
1
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
roanensis
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
rugosa
1
1
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
speciosa
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Solidago
uliginosa
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Sonchus
asper
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
E
Sonchus
oleraceus
1
0
0
1
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
cordifolium
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
dumosum
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
lanceolatum
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
lateriflorum
1
0
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
×sp.
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
novae-angliae
0
0
0
1
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
patens
0
0
0
1
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
pilosum
1
1
1
0
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
prenanthoides
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
puniceum
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
retroflexum
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Symphyotrichum
undulatum
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
E
Taraxacum
laevigatum
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
E
Taraxacum
officinale
1
0
1
1
Asteraceae
E
Tussilago
farfara
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Verbesina
alternifolia
1
1
1
1
Asteraceae
N
Verbesina
occidentalis
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Vernonia
gigantea
1
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Vernonia
glauca
0
0
0
0
Asteraceae
N
Vernonia
noveboracensis
1
0
1
1
Balsaminaceae
N
Impatiens
capensis
1
1
1
1
Balsaminaceae
N
Impatiens
pallida
1
1
1
1
Balsaminaceae
E
Impatiens
walleriana
1
0
0
0
Berberidaceae
E
Berberis
thunbergii
1
0
0
0
Berberidaceae
N
Caulophyllum
giganteum
1
1
0
0
Berberidaceae
N
Caulophyllum
thalictroides
1
1
1
1
Berberidaceae
N
Diphylleia
cymosa
1
1
1
1
(=var. altissima)
(> var. pubens)
(=var. aspera)
(=A. cordifolius)
(S. lateriflorum ×S.
prenanthoides fide
Semple)
(=A. curtisii)
(=V. altissima)
99
Berberidaceae
E
Mahonia
bealei
0
0
0
0
Berberidaceae
N
Podophyllum
peltatum
1
1
1
1
Betulaceae
N
Alnus
serrulata
0
1
1
0
Betulaceae
N
Betula
alleghaniensis
1
1
1
1
Betulaceae
N
Betula
lenta
1
1
1
1
Betulaceae
N
Carpinus
caroliniana
1
1
1
1
Betulaceae
N
Corylus
americana
1
0
1
0
Betulaceae
N
Corylus
cornuta
1
0
1
1
Betulaceae
N
Ostrya
virginiana
1
1
1
1
Boraginaceae
N
Cynoglossum
virginianum
1
0
1
1
Boraginaceae
E
Echium
vulgare
1
0
1
1
Boraginaceae
E
Myosotis
scorpioides
0
0
1
0
Brassicaceae
E
Alliaria
petiolata
1
0
0
1
Brassicaceae
N
Arabis
canadensis
0
0
0
1
Brassicaceae
N
Arabidopsis
lyrata
1
0
1
0
Brassicaceae
E
Arabidopsis
thaliana
0
0
0
0
Brassicaceae
E
Barbarea
verna
1
0
1
0
Brassicaceae
E
Barbarea
vulgaris
1
0
1
1
Brassicaceae
N
Boechera
canadensis
1
0
1
0
Brassicaceae
N
Boechera
laevigata
1
0
1
0
Brassicaceae
N
Brassica
juncea
0
0
0
1
Brassicaceae
E
Brassica
rapa
1
1
1
0
Brassicaceae
E
Capsella
bursa-pastoris
1
0
1
1
Brassicaceae
N
Cardamine
angustata
0
0
0
0
Brassicaceae
N
Cardamine
clematitis
0
0
0
0
Brassicaceae
N
Cardamine
concatenata
1
1
1
1
Brassicaceae
N
Cardamine
diphylla
0
0
0
0
Brassicaceae
E
Cardamine
hirsuta
1
0
0
0
Brassicaceae
N
Cardamine
pensylvanica
1
0
1
1
Brassicaceae
E
Draba
verna
1
0
0
0
Brassicaceae
E
Erysimum
cheiranthoides
0
0
0
1
Brassicaceae
E
Lepidium
campestre
0
0
1
0
Brassicaceae
N
Lepidium
virginicum
1
0
1
1
Brassicaceae
E
Lunaria
annua
1
0
0
0
Brassicaceae
E
Raphanus
raphanistrum
0
0
1
0
Brassicaceae
E
Sisymbrium
officinale
1
0
1
0
Brassicaceae
E
Thlaspi
arvense
0
0
1
0
Calycanthaceae
N
Calycanthus
floridus
0
0
0
1
Campanulaceae
N
Campanula
divaricata
1
1
1
1
Campanulaceae
N
Campanula
rotundifolia
0
1
0
0
Campanulaceae
N
Campanulastrum
americanum
1
1
1
0
Campanulaceae
N
Lobelia
amoena
0
0
0
0
Campanulaceae
N
Lobelia
cardinalis
0
0
0
0
Campanulaceae
N
Lobelia
glandulosa
0
0
0
0
Campanulaceae
N
Lobelia
inflata
1
1
1
1
Campanulaceae
N
Lobelia
puberula
0
0
0
0
Campanulaceae
N
Lobelia
siphilitica
1
1
1
1
Campanulaceae
N
Lobelia
spicata
0
0
0
0
Campanulaceae
N
Triodanis
perfoliata
1
0
1
0
(=B. lutea)
(>B. v. var. arcuata)
(see also B. napus)
(=var. laevigatus)
(=Campanula
americanum)
(=var. silphitica)
(=Specularia)
100
Cannabaceae
N
Celtis
occidentalis
0
0
0
0
Caprifoliaceae
N
Lonicera
dioica
1
0
1
0
Caprifoliaceae
E
Lonicera
japonica
1
0
1
0
Caprifoliaceae
N
Symphoricarpos
orbiculatus
0
0
1
0
Caprifoliaceae
N
Triosteum
aurantiacum
1
0
1
0
Caryophyllaceae
E
Arenaria
serpyllifolia
1
0
1
0
Caryophyllaceae
E
Cerastium
fontanum
1
0
1
0
Caryophyllaceae
E
Cerastium
glomeratum
1
0
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
E
Cerastium
semidecandrum
1
0
0
1
Caryophyllaceae
E
Dianthus
armeria
1
1
1
1
Caryophyllaceae
E
Dianthus
barbatus
1
0
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
N
Minuartia
glabra
0
1
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
N
Minuartia
groenlandica
0
0
0
1
Caryophyllaceae
E
Myosoton
aquaticum
1
0
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
N
Paronychia
argyrocoma
1
1
1
1
Caryophyllaceae
N
Paronychia
canadensis
1
0
0
1
Caryophyllaceae
N
Paronychia
fastigiata
0
0
1
0
Caryophyllaceae
E
Saponaria
officinalis
1
0
1
0
Caryophyllaceae
N
Silene
antirrhina
1
0
1
0
Caryophyllaceae
E
Silene
dichotoma
0
0
1
0
Caryophyllaceae
E
Silene
latifolia
0
0
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
N
Silene
ovata
0
0
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
N
Silene
stellata
1
1
1
1
Caryophyllaceae
N
Silene
virginica
1
1
1
1
Caryophyllaceae
E
Silene
vulgaris
1
0
1
0
Caryophyllaceae
N
Stellaria
corei
0
1
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
E
Stellaria
graminea
1
0
0
1
Caryophyllaceae
E
Stellaria
media
1
0
1
1
Caryophyllaceae
E
Stellaria
neglecta
0
1
0
0
Caryophyllaceae
N
Stellaria
pubera
1
0
1
1
Celastraceae
E
Celastrus
orbiculatus
1
0
0
0
Celastraceae
N
Euonymus
americanus
0
0
0
0
Celastraceae
E
Euonymus
fortunei
0
0
0
0
Chenopodiaceae
E
Chenopodium
album
1
0
1
0
Chenopodiaceae
N
Dysphania
anthelmintica
0
0
0
0
Cistaceae
N
Lechea
minor
0
0
0
0
Cistaceae
N
Lechea
racemulosa
1
0
0
1
Cistaceae
N
Crocanthemum
bicknellii
1
0
1
0
Cistaceae
N
Crocanthemum
propinquum
1
0
1
0
Clethraceae
N
Clethra
acuminata
1
1
1
1
Convolvulaceae
N
Calystegia
catesbeiana
0
0
0
0
Convolvulaceae
N
Calystegia
sepium
1
0
1
1
Convolvulaceae
E
Convolvulus
arvensis
0
0
0
0
Convolvulaceae
N
Cuscuta
compacta
0
0
0
0
Convolvulaceae
N
Cuscuta
gronovii
1
1
0
0
Convolvulaceae
N
Cuscuta
rostrata
0
0
1
1
Convolvulaceae
N
Ipomoea
pandurata
0
0
0
0
Cornaceae
N
Cornus
alternifolia
1
1
1
1
Cornaceae
N
Cornus
amomum
1
0
1
0
(=C. holosteoides
var. vulgare)
(<Lychnis alba)
(C. ambrosioides)
101
Cornaceae
N
Cornus
florida
1
1
1
1
Crassulaceae
N
Hylotelephium
telephioides
1
1
1
1
Crassulaceae
E
Sedum
sarmentosum
0
0
0
0
Crassulaceae
N
Sedum
ternatum
1
1
1
1
Crassulaceae
E
Sempervivum
tectorum
1
0
0
0
Cucurbitaceae
E
Cucurbita
pepo
1
0
0
0
Cucurbitaceae
N
Sicyos
angulatus
1
0
0
0
Diapensiaceae
N
Galax
urceolata
1
1
1
1
Diervillaceae
N
Diervilla
lonicera
1
1
1
0
Diervillaceae
N
Diervilla
sessilifolia
0
0
0
0
Droseraceae
N
Drosera
rotundifolia
0
0
1
0
Ebenaceae
N
Diospyros
virginiana
0
0
0
0
Ericaceae
N
Chimaphila
maculata
1
0
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Epigaea
repens
1
1
1
0
Ericaceae
N
Eubotrys
recurva
1
1
1
0
Ericaceae
N
Gaultheria
procumbens
1
0
1
0
Ericaceae
N
Gaylussacia
baccata
1
0
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Gaylussacia
ursina
0
0
0
0
Ericaceae
N
Hypopitys
monotropa
1
0
1
0
Ericaceae
N
Kalmia
latifolia
1
1
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Leucothoe
fontanesiana
1
0
0
1
Ericaceae
N
Lyonia
ligustrina
1
0
1
0
Ericaceae
N
Menziesia
pilosa
1
1
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Monotropa
uniflora
1
1
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Oxydendrum
arboreum
1
0
0
1
Ericaceae
N
Pyrola
americana
0
0
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Rhododendron
calendulaceum
1
1
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Rhododendron
catawbiense
1
1
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Rhododendron
maximum
1
1
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Rhododendron
minus
0
0
0
0
Ericaceae
N
Rhododendron
periclymenoides
0
0
0
0
Ericaceae
N
Rhododendron
prinophyllum
0
0
1
0
Ericaceae
N
Vaccinium
corymbosum
1
1
1
0
Ericaceae
N
Vaccinium
erythrocarpum
1
1
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Vaccinium
pallidum
1
1
1
1
(=V. vaccillans)
Ericaceae
N
Vaccinium
simulatum
1
0
1
1
Ericaceae
N
Vaccinium
stamineum
1
0
1
1
Euphorbiaceae
N
Acalypha
rhomboidea
1
0
1
0
(=V. constablaei
RAB see also
cormybosum
(+Phoenix); No
specimen
Euphorbiaceae
N
Acalypha
virginica
0
0
0
0
Euphorbiaceae
N
Chamaesyce
maculata
1
0
1
1
Euphorbiaceae
N
Chamaesyce
nutans
1
0
1
0
Euphorbiaceae
N
Euphorbia
corollata
1
0
1
1
Euphorbiaceae
N
Euphorbia
pubentissima
0
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Amphicarpaea
bracteata
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
N
Apios
americana
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Baptisia
tinctoria
0
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Chamaecrista
fasciculata
0
0
0
0
(=Leucothoe rec.)
(=L. axillaris var.
editorum)
(=P. rotundifolia var.
americana)
(=R. nudiflorum)
(=E. supina; E.
maculata)
Also (=var. ziniifolia)
102
Fabaceae
N
Chamaecrista
nictitans
0
0
1
0
Fabaceae
N
Desmodium
marilandicum
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Desmodium
nudiflorum
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
N
Desmodium
paniculatum
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
N
Desmodium
rotundifolium
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
E
Kummerowia
stipulacea
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
E
Kummerowia
striata
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
E
Lathyrus
hirsutus
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
E
Lathyrus
latifolius
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Lathyrus
venosus
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
E
Lespedeza
cuneata
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Lespedeza
frutescens
0
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Lespedeza
hirta
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Lespedeza
repens
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Lespedeza
stuevei
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Lespedeza
violacea
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
E
Medicago
lupulina
1
1
0
1
Fabaceae
E
Melilotus
albus
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
E
Melilotus
officinalis
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
N
Mimosa
microphylla
0
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Robinia
hispida
0
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Robinia
pseudoacacia
1
1
1
1
Fabaceae
E
Securigera
varia
1
1
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Senna
hebecarpa
0
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Stylosanthes
biflora
0
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Tephrosia
virginiana
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
N
Thermopsis
villosa
0
0
0
0
Fabaceae
E
Trifolium
aureum
0
0
1
1
Fabaceae
E
Trifolium
campestre
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
E
Trifolium
dubium
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
E
Trifolium
hybridum
1
0
1
0
Fabaceae
E
Trifolium
pratense
1
1
1
1
Fabaceae
E
Trifolium
repens
1
0
1
1
Fabaceae
N
Vicia
caroliniana
1
1
0
1
Fabaceae
E
Vicia
sativa
1
0
0
0
Fabaceae
E
Vicia
villosa
1
0
0
0
Fagaceae
N
Castanea
dentata
1
1
1
1
Fagaceae
E
Castanea
mollissima
0
0
0
0
Fagaceae
N
Castanea
pumila
0
0
0
0
Fagaceae
N
Fagus
grandifolia
1
1
1
1
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
alba
1
1
1
1
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
coccinea
1
0
0
1
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
falcata
0
0
0
0
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
imbricaria
0
0
0
0
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
marilandica
0
0
0
0
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
montana
1
1
1
1
(=Q. prinus)
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
rubra
1
1
1
1
(incl. var. borealis)
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
stellata
0
0
0
0
Fagaceae
N
Quercus
velutina
1
0
0
0
Fumariaceae
N
Capnoides
sempervirens
0
0
0
0
(=Lespedeza)
(=L. intermedia)
(=T. agrarium)
(=V. angustifolia)
(=Corydalis)
103
Fumariaceae
N
Dicentra
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Fumariaceae
N
Dicentra
cucullaria
1
1
1
0
Gentianaceae
N
Bartonia
virginica
0
0
1
0
Gentianaceae
N
Gentiana
austromontana
0
1
1
0
Gentianaceae
N
Gentiana
clausa
1
0
0
1
Gentianaceae
N
Gentiana
decora
0
0
0
1
Gentianaceae
N
Gentianopsis
crinata
0
0
1
0
Gentianaceae
N
Gentiana
saponaria
0
0
1
0
Gentianaceae
N
Gentianella
quinquefolia
1
1
1
1
Gentianaceae
N
Obolaria
virginiana
0
0
0
1
Gentianaceae
N
Sabatia
angularis
0
0
0
0
Gentianaceae
N
Geranium
carolinianum
1
0
1
0
Gentianaceae
E
Geranium
columbinum
0
0
0
0
Gentianaceae
E
Geranium
dissectum
1
0
1
0
Gentianaceae
N
Geranium
maculatum
1
1
1
1
Gentianaceae
E
Geranium
molle
0
0
0
0
Grossulariaceae
N
Ribes
cynosbati
1
1
1
0
Grossulariaceae
N
Ribes
glandulosum
0
0
0
1
Grossulariaceae
N
Ribes
rotundifolium
0
0
1
1
Hamamelidaceae
N
Hamamelis
virginiana
1
1
1
1
Hydrangeaceae
N
Hydrangea
arborescens
1
1
1
1
Hydrophyllaceae
N
Hydrophyllum
canadense
1
1
1
1
Hydrophyllaceae
N
Hydrophyllum
virginianum
1
0
1
1
Hydrophyllaceae
N
Phacelia
bipinnatifida
0
0
0
0
Hydrophyllaceae
N
Phacelia
purshii
0
0
0
0
Hydrophyllaceae
N
Phacelia
fimbriata
0
0
0
1
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
buckleyi
0
0
0
0
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
canadense
0
0
1
0
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
densiflorum
0
0
1
0
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
gentianoides
1
0
1
0
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
mitchellianum
1
1
1
1
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
mutilum
1
0
1
1
Hypericaceae
E
Hypericum
perforatum
1
0
1
1
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
prolificum
0
0
0
0
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
punctatum
1
0
1
0
Hypericaceae
N
Hypericum
stragalum
0
0
0
0
Juglandaceae
N
Carya
alba
0
0
1
1
Juglandaceae
N
Carya
cordiformis
1
1
1
0
Juglandaceae
N
Carya
glabra
1
1
0
1
Juglandaceae
N
Carya
ovalis
1
0
1
0
Juglandaceae
N
Carya
ovata
1
0
1
0
Juglandaceae
N
Carya
pallida
0
0
0
0
Juglandaceae
N
Juglans
cinerea
1
0
1
0
Juglandaceae
N
Juglans
nigra
1
0
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Agastache
scrophulariifolia
1
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
E
Ajuga
reptans
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Blephilia
hirsuta
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Clinopodium
vulgare
1
0
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Collinsonia
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Lamiaceae
E
Galeopsis
bifida
1
0
0
0
(=C. tomentosa)
(=Satureja vulgaris)
(<G. tetrahit)
104
Lamiaceae
E
Glechoma
hederacea
1
0
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Hedeoma
pulegioides
1
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
E
Lamium
amplexicaule
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
E
Lamium
maculatum
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
E
Lamium
purpureum
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Lycopus
americanus
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Lycopus
uniflorus
1
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
N
Lycopus
virginicus
0
0
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Meehania
cordata
0
1
0
0
Lamiaceae
E
Mentha
xpiperita
0
0
1
1
Lamiaceae
E
Mentha
×rotundifolia
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
E
Mentha
spicata
0
0
0
1
Lamiaceae
N
Monarda
clinopodia
1
1
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Monarda
didyma
1
1
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Monarda
fistulosa
0
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
E
Nepeta
cataria
1
0
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Physostegia
virginiana
0
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
N
Prunella
vulgaris
1
1
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Pycnanthemum
incanum
0
0
0
1
Lamiaceae
N
Pycnanthemum
montanum
0
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Pycnanthemum
muticum
1
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
N
Pycnanthemum
tenuifolium
1
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
N
Pycnanthemum
virginianum
0
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
N
Salvia
lyrata
1
0
1
0
Lamiaceae
N
Scutellaria
elliptica
0
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Scutellaria
incana
0
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Scutellaria
lateriflora
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Scutellaria
ovata
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
E
Stachys
byzantina
1
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Stachys
latidens
1
1
1
1
Lamiaceae
N
Stachys
tenuifolia
0
0
0
0
Lamiaceae
N
Trichostema
dichotomum
0
0
0
0
Lauraceae
N
Lindera
benzoin
1
0
1
1
Lauraceae
N
Sassafras
albidum
1
1
1
1
Lentibulariaceae
N
Utricularia
cornuta
0
0
1
0
Linaceae
N
Linum
striatum
0
0
1
0
Linaceae
N
Linum
virginianum
1
0
1
0
Magnoliaceae
N
Liriodendron
tulipifera
1
1
1
1
Magnoliaceae
N
Magnolia
acuminata
1
1
1
1
Magnoliaceae
N
Magnolia
fraseri
1
1
1
1
Magnoliaceae
N
Magnolia
tripetala
0
0
0
0
Malvaceae
E
Hibiscus
syriacus
1
0
0
0
Malvaceae
N
Malva
moschata
0
0
1
0
Malvaceae
N
Malva
neglecta
0
0
1
0
Malvaceae
N
Tilia
americana
1
1
1
1
Melastomataceae
N
Rhexia
virginica
0
0
0
0
Menispermaceae
N
Menispermum
canadense
1
0
0
0
Moraceae
N
Morus
rubra
0
0
0
1
Mollunginaceae
E
Mollugo
verticillata
0
0
0
0
Myrsinaceae
N
Lysimachia
ciliata
1
0
1
0
(incl. T. heterophylla)
105
Myrsinaceae
N
Lysimachia
lanceolata
0
0
0
0
Myrsinaceae
E
Lysimachia
nummularia
0
0
0
0
Myrsinaceae
N
Lysimachia
quadrifolia
1
1
1
1
Nyssaceae
N
Nyssa
sylvatica
1
1
1
1
Oleaceae
N
Chionanthus
virginicus
0
0
0
0
Oleaceae
E
Forsythia
viridissima
1
0
0
0
Oleaceae
N
Fraxinus
americana
1
1
1
1
Oleaceae
N
Fraxinus
pennsylvanica
1
0
0
0
Oleaceae
E
Ligustrum
sinense
0
0
0
0
Oleaceae
E
Ligustrum
vulgare
1
0
0
0
Oleaceae
E
Syringa
vulgaris
1
0
0
1
Onagraceae
N
Circaea
alpina
1
0
1
0
Onagraceae
N
Circaea
canadensis
1
0
1
1
Onagraceae
N
Epilobium
coloratum
1
0
1
0
Onagraceae
N
Gaura
biennis
1
0
0
0
Onagraceae
N
Ludwigia
alternifolia
0
0
1
0
Onagraceae
N
Ludwigia
palustris
0
0
0
0
Onagraceae
N
Oenothera
biennis
1
0
1
1
Onagraceae
N
Oenothera
fruticosa
0
1
0
1
Onagraceae
N
Oenothera
tetragona
1
1
1
0
Orobanchaceae
N
Agalinis
purpurea
1
0
1
0
Orobanchaceae
N
Agalinis
tenuifolia
0
0
0
0
Orobanchaceae
N
Aureolaria
flava
0
0
1
1
Orobanchaceae
N
Aureolaria
laevigata
1
1
1
1
Orobanchaceae
N
Castilleja
coccinea
0
0
1
0
Orobanchaceae
N
Conopholis
americana
1
1
1
1
Orobanchaceae
N
Epifagus
virginiana
1
1
1
0
Orobanchaceae
N
Melampyrum
lineare
1
0
1
0
Orobanchaceae
N
Orobanche
uniflora
1
0
1
0
Orobanchaceae
N
Pedicularis
canadensis
0
0
1
1
Oxalidaceae
E
Oxalis
corniculata
1
0
0
0
Oxalidaceae
N
Oxalis
dillenii
1
0
0
0
Oxalidaceae
N
Oxalis
grandis
0
0
0
0
Oxalidaceae
N
Oxalis
montana
0
0
0
0
Oxalidaceae
N
Oxalis
stricta
1
0
1
1
Oxalidaceae
N
Oxalis
violacea
0
0
0
0
Papaveraceae
N
Sanguinaria
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Parnassiaceae
N
Parnassia
asarifolia
0
0
0
0
Parnassiaceae
N
Parnassia
grandifolia
0
0
1
0
Paulowniaceae
E
Paulownia
tomentosa
0
0
0
0
Phrymaceae
N
Mimulus
ringens
1
0
1
0
Phrymaceae
N
Phryma
leptostachya
1
0
1
0
Phytolaccaceae
N
Phytolacca
americana
1
0
1
1
Plantaginaceae
N
Chelone
glabra
0
0
1
1
Plantaginaceae
N
Chelone
lyonii
0
1
0
0
Plantaginaceae
N
Chelone
obliqua
0
0
1
0
Plantaginaceae
N
Gratiola
neglecta
0
0
1
0
Plantaginaceae
E
Linaria
vulgaris
0
0
1
0
Plantaginaceae
N
Penstemon
digitalis
0
0
1
0
(=C. lutetiana ssp.
canadensis)
(<O. acetosella)
106
Plantaginaceae
N
Penstemon
smallii
1
0
0
0
Plantaginaceae
E
Plantago
aristata
0
0
1
0
Plantaginaceae
E
Plantago
lanceolata
1
1
1
1
Plantaginaceae
N
Plantago
major
1
1
0
0
Plantaginaceae
N
Plantago
rugelii
1
0
1
1
Plantaginaceae
N
Plantago
virginica
1
0
1
0
Plantaginaceae
E
Veronica
arvensis
1
0
1
0
Plantaginaceae
E
Veronica
officinalis
1
0
1
0
Plantaginaceae
N
Veronica
peregrina
1
0
0
0
Plantaginaceae
E
Veronica
persica
0
0
0
1
Plantaginaceae
E
Veronica
serpyllifolia
1
1
1
0
Platanaceae
N
Platanus
occidentalis
0
0
1
1
Polemoniaceae
N
Phlox
carolina
0
0
1
0
Polemoniaceae
N
Phlox
latifolia
0
0
0
1
Polemoniaceae
N
Phlox
maculata
0
0
1
0
Polemoniaceae
N
Phlox
paniculata
1
0
0
0
Polemoniaceae
N
Phlox
stolonifera
0
1
1
0
Polemoniaceae
N
Phlox
subulata
0
0
1
0
Polemoniaceae
N
Polemonium
reptans
1
0
0
0
Polygalaceae
N
Polygala
ambigua
0
0
1
0
Polygalaceae
N
Polygala
cruciata
0
0
1
0
Polygalaceae
N
Polygala
curtissii
1
0
1
0
Polygalaceae
N
Polygala
sanguinea
0
0
1
0
Polygalaceae
N
Polygala
senega
0
0
1
0
Polygalaceae
N
Polygala
verticillata
1
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
E
Fallopia
convolvulus
1
1
1
0
Polygonaceae
N
Fallopia
scandens
1
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
N
Persicaria
hydropiper
1
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
E
Persicaria
longiseta
1
0
0
0
Polygonaceae
E
Persicaria
maculosa
1
0
1
1
Polygonaceae
N
Persicaria
pensylvanica
1
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
N
Persicaria
punctata
1
1
0
0
Polygonaceae
N
Persicaria
sagittata
1
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
N
Persicaria
virginiana
1
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
E
Polygonum
aviculare
1
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
N
Polygonum
cilinode
0
0
0
1
Polygonaceae
E
Polygonum
cuspidatum
0
0
0
1
Polygonaceae
N
Polygonum
erectum
1
0
0
0
Polygonaceae
N
Polygonum
tenue
0
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
E
Reynoutria
japonica
0
0
0
0
Polygonaceae
E
Rumex
acetosella
1
1
1
1
Polygonaceae
E
Rumex
crispus
1
0
1
0
Polygonaceae
E
Rumex
obtusifolius
1
1
1
1
Polygonaceae
E
Rumex
pulcher
0
0
0
0
Polygonaceae
N
Tovara
virginiana
0
0
0
1
Portulacaceae
N
Claytonia
caroliniana
1
1
1
1
Portulacaceae
N
Claytonia
virginica
0
0
0
1
Portulacaceae
E
Portulaca
oleracea
0
0
1
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Aconitum
reclinatum
1
1
1
0
(=P. ovata)
(=P. cespitosum var.
longisetum)
(=P. persicaria)
(=Tovara)
107
Ranunculaceae
N
Aconitum
uncinatum
1
0
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Actaea
pachypoda
1
1
1
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Actaea
podocarpa
1
0
1
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Actaea
racemosa
1
1
1
1
(=Cimicifuga
americana)
(=Cimicifuga)
Ranunculaceae
N
Anemone
acutiloba
0
1
1
1
(=Hepatica)
Ranunculaceae
N
Anemone
canadensis
0
1
0
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Anemone
lancifolia
0
0
0
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Anemone
quinquefolia
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Anemone
virginiana
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Anemonella
thalictroides
0
0
0
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Aquilegia
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
E
Aquilegia
caerulea
1
0
0
0
Ranunculaceae
E
Aquilegia
vulgaris
1
0
0
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Clematis
occidentalis
1
0
1
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Clematis
viorna
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Clematis
virginiana
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Delphinium
exaltatum
0
0
1
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Delphinium
tricorne
0
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Ranunculus
abortivus
0
0
0
1
Ranunculaceae
E
Ranunculus
acris
0
0
0
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Ranunculus
allegheniensis
1
0
1
0
Ranunculaceae
E
Ranunculus
bulbosus
1
0
0
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Ranunculus
hispidus
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Ranunculus
recurvatus
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
E
Ranunculus
repens
1
0
0
0
Ranunculaceae
E
Ranunculus
sardous
1
0
0
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Thalictrum
clavatum
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Thalictrum
coriaceum
1
0
1
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Thalictrum
dioicum
1
1
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Thalictrum
pubescens
0
0
1
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Thalictrum
revolutum
1
0
1
0
Ranunculaceae
N
Trautvetteria
caroliniensis
1
0
1
1
Ranunculaceae
N
Xanthorhiza
simplicissima
0
0
0
0
Rhamnaceae
N
Ceanothus
americanus
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Agrimonia
gryposepala
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Adrimonia
microcarpa
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Agrimonia
parviflora
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Agrimonia
pubescens
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Agrimonia
rostellata
1
1
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Amelanchier
arborea
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Amelanchier
canadensis
0
1
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Amelanchier
laevis
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Aronia
arbutifolia
0
0
0
1
Rosaceae
N
Aronia
prunifolia
0
1
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Aronia
melanocarpa
1
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Aruncus
dioicus
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Crataegus
coccinea
0
0
0
1
Rosaceae
N
Crataegus
iracunda
1
0
0
0
(=T. polygamum)
(=S. arbutifolia var.
arbutifolia)
(=S. arbutifolia var.
atropurpurea)
108
Rosaceae
N
Crataegus
flabellata
0
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Crataegus
macrosperma
1
1
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Crataegus
pruinosa
1
1
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Crataegus
punctata
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Fragaria
virginiana
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Geum
canadense
1
1
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Geum
radiatum
0
1
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Geum
virginianum
1
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Gillenia
trifoliata
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
E
Kerria
japonica
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Malus
angustifolia
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Malus
coronaria
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
E
Malus
prunifolia
0
0
0
1
Rosaceae
E
Malus
pumila
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Physocarpus
opulifolius
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Potentilla
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
E
Potentilla
indica
1
0
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Potentilla
norvegica
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
E
Potentilla
recta
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Potentilla
simplex
1
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Prunus
angustifolia
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
E
Prunus
avium
0
0
1
1
Rosaceae
E
Prunus
cerasus
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Prunus
pensylvanica
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
E
Prunus
persica
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Prunus
serotina
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Prunus
virginiana
1
0
1
0
Rosaceae
E
Rosa
alba
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Rosa
carolina
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
E
Rosa
hybrid
0
0
0
1
Rosaceae
E
Rosa
damascena
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
E
Rosa
eganteria
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
E
Rosa
gallica
0
0
1
1
Rosaceae
E
Rosa
micrantha
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
E
Rosa
multiflora
1
1
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Rosa
palustris
0
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Rubus
allegheniensis
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Rubus
argutus
1
1
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Rubus
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Rubus
flagellaris
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Rubus
hispidus
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Rubus
occidentalis
1
0
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Rubus
odoratus
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Rubus
trivalis
0
1
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Sanguisorba
canadensis
1
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Sibbaldiopsis
tridentata
1
1
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Sorbus
americana
1
1
1
1
Rosaceae
N
Spiraea
alba
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
E
Spiraea
xbilliardii
0
0
1
0
(=var. villosissima)
(=Phoenix) (R.
cathayensis c R.
Borboniana)
109
Rosaceae
E
Spiraea
henryi
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
E
Spiraea
japonica
1
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Spiraea
latifolia
0
0
1
0
Rosaceae
N
Spiraea
tomentosa
0
0
0
0
Rosaceae
N
Spiraea
virginiana
0
0
0
1
Rosaceae
E
Spiraea
xvanhouttei
0
0
1
0
Rubiaceae
E
Cruciata
pedemontana
1
0
0
0
Rubiaceae
N
Diodia
teres
1
0
1
1
Rubiaceae
N
Galium
aparine
1
0
1
1
Rubiaceae
N
Galium
circaezans
1
0
0
1
Rubiaceae
N
Galium
latifolium
1
1
1
1
Rubiaceae
E
Galium
mollugo
0
0
1
0
Rubiaceae
N
Galium
pilosum
0
0
1
1
Rubiaceae
N
Galium
tinctorium
0
0
0
0
Rubiaceae
N
Galium
triflorum
1
1
1
1
Rubiaceae
N
Houstonia
caerulea
0
1
1
1
Rubiaceae
N
Houstonia
montana
0
1
1
0
Rubiaceae
N
Houstonia
purpurea
1
1
1
1
Rubiaceae
N
Houstonia
pusilla
0
1
0
0
Rubiaceae
N
Houstonia
serpyllifolia
0
0
0
0
Rubiaceae
N
Houstonia
tenuifolia
0
0
0
0
Rubiaceae
N
Mitchella
repens
1
1
1
1
Rutaceae
N
Ptelea
trifoliata
1
0
0
0
Salicaceae
N
Populus
balsamifera
0
0
0
1
Salicaceae
E
Populus
xjackii
0
0
1
0
Salicaceae
N
Populus
grandidentata
1
0
0
0
Salicaceae
N
Populus
nigra
0
0
0
0
Salicaceae
N
Salix
humilis
0
1
0
1
Salicaceae
N
Salix
nigra
0
0
0
0
Salicaceae
N
Salix
occidentalis
1
0
1
0
Salicaceae
N
Salix
sericea
1
0
1
1
Santalaceae
N
Pyrularia
pubera
0
0
1
1
Sapindaceae
N
Acer
negundo
1
0
0
0
Sapindaceae
N
Acer
pensylvanicum
1
1
1
1
Sapindaceae
N
Acer
rubrum
1
1
1
1
Sapindaceae
N
Acer
saccharum
1
1
1
1
Sapindaceae
N
Acer
spicatum
1
1
1
0
Sapindaceae
N
Aesculus
flava
1
1
1
1
Saxifragaceae
N
Astilbe
biternata
0
0
0
0
Saxifragaceae
N
Boykinia
aconitifolia
0
0
0
0
Saxifragaceae
N
Chrysosplenium
americanum
0
0
1
0
Saxifragaceae
N
Heuchera
americana
0
0
0
0
Saxifragaceae
N
Heuchera
villosa
1
1
1
1
Saxifragaceae
N
Mitella
diphylla
0
1
1
1
Saxifragaceae
N
Parnassia
grandifolia
0
0
0
1
Saxifragaceae
N
Saxifraga
caroliniana
1
1
1
0
(=Micranthes)
Saxifragaceae
N
Saxifraga
michauxii
1
1
1
1
Saxifragaceae
N
Saxifraga
micranthidifolia
1
1
1
0
(=Micranthes
petiolaris)
(=Micranthes)
(=S. alba var. lat.)
(=Phoenix) No
Specimen in BOON
(=Phoenix) I.D.
Suspect; no specimen
in BOON
(=A. octandra)
110
Saxifragaceae
N
Tiarella
cordifolia
0
1
1
1
Scrophulariaceae
N
Scrophularia
marilandica
1
1
1
0
Scrophulariaceae
E
Verbascum
blattaria
0
0
1
0
Scrophulariaceae
E
Verbascum
thapsus
1
0
1
1
Simaroubaceae
E
Ailanthus
altissima
0
0
0
0
Solonaceae
E
Datura
stramonium
1
0
0
0
Solonaceae
N
Physalis
heterophylla
1
0
0
0
Solonaceae
N
Physalis
longifolia
1
0
0
0
Solonaceae
N
Physalis
virginiana
1
0
0
0
Solonaceae
N
Solanum
carolinense
1
0
1
1
Solonaceae
N
Solanum
ptychanthum
1
0
0
0
(<S. americanum)
Styraceae
N
Halesia
tetraptera
0
0
0
1
(=H. carolina)
Symploaceae
N
Symplocos
tinctoria
0
0
0
0
Ulmaceae
N
Ulmus
rubra
0
0
0
0
Urticaceae
N
Boehmeria
cylindrica
0
0
0
0
Urticaceae
N
Laportea
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Urticaceae
N
Pilea
pumila
1
0
1
1
Verbenaceae
N
Verbena
hastata
0
0
1
0
Verbenaceae
N
Verbena
urticifolia
1
0
1
1
Violaceae
N
Hybanthus
concolor
1
0
0
0
Violaceae
N
Viola
bicolor
0
0
0
0
Violaceae
N
Viola
blanda
1
1
1
1
Violaceae
N
Viola
canadensis
1
1
1
1
Violaceae
N
Viola
cucullata
0
1
0
0
Violaceae
N
Viola
fimbriatula
1
0
1
0
Violaceae
N
Viola
hastata
0
0
1
0
Violaceae
N
Viola
hirsutula
1
0
1
0
Violaceae
N
Viola
macloskeyi
1
0
0
0
(incl. var pallens)
Violaceae
N
Viola
palmata
1
0
0
1
(=var. sororia)
Violaceae
N
Viola
pedata
1
0
1
1
Violaceae
N
Viola
primulifolia
0
0
0
0
Violaceae
N
Viola
pubescens
1
1
1
1
Violaceae
N
Viola
rotundifolia
1
0
1
1
Violaceae
N
Viola
sagittata
1
0
1
1
(>=V. emarginata)
Violaceae
N
Viola
sororia
1
0
1
1
(>V. papilionacea)
Violaceae
E
Viola
tricolor
1
0
0
0
Viscaceae
N
Phoradendron
serotinum
0
0
0
0
Vitaceae
N
Parthenocissus
quinquefolia
1
0
1
0
Vitaceae
N
Vitis
aestivalis
1
1
1
0
Vitaceae
N
Vitis
cinerea
0
0
0
0
Vitaceae
N
Vitis
labrusca
0
0
1
1
Vitaceae
N
Vitis
vulpina
0
0
1
0
(var. canadensis),
(=Phoenix var.
rugulosa)
(=V. eriocarpa var.
leiocarpa)
(<V. baileyana)
111
VITA
Andrew P. Jenkins was born in Fairfax, Virginia on December 8th, 1982 to
Douglas S. and Anita P. Jenkins. He graduated from Herndon High School in June 2001
and enrolled in Northern Virginia Community College August 2001, where he received
an A.S. in Science in 2006. In August 2006 he transferred to George Mason University
in Farifax, Virginia, where he received his B.S. in Biology May 2008. He then began his
graduate education at Appalachian State University August 2008. He completed his
Master’s thesis in December 2011. Andrew currently resides in Boone, NC where he is
employed as a lecturer in the department of Biology at Appalachian State University.