CHAPTER 3
MIGRATION
GEOGRAPHY & MIGRATION
• HGs look at:
1. From where people
migrate
2. To where people
migrate
3. Why people migrate
MIGRATION cont.
EMIGRATION
• From a location
IMMIGRATION
• To a location
- Three years ago I emigrated
from Malvern to Downingtown
- When I was 12 I immigrated
to Malvern from Exton
Net Migration – difference between E and I
(know positive/negative; net-in/net-out)
ISSUE #1
Why do People Migrate?
REASONS FOR MIGRATING
• Most people migrate for
economic reasons
• Also migrate due to cultural
and environmental factors
• Don’t forget the role of
distance decay in this
matter!!! (why more
Mexican workers than
Argentinean?)
D
I
S
T
A
N
C
E
D
E
C
A
Y
PUSH/PULL FACTORS: ECONOMIC
– Better job opportunities may
pull/bad economy may push
– Certain resources attract
certain professions
(petroleum may attract
miners/engineers)
– Area with rapid population
growth will pull in service
workers (construction
workers, restaurant workers)
Scene from The Grapes of Wrath
The Dust Bowl in the 1930s led to forced migration from the Great Plains to
California and elsewhere.
PUSH/PULL FACTORS: CULTURAL
-
Cultural factors such as slavery and
political instability
-
Creation of new countries with new
boundaries (people on wrong side
of the border – ex. India/Pakistan
in late 1940s)
-
Wars create refugees (ex. Sudan)
-
Hope of democracy may pull
people in (Cubans coming to
America)
Refugees: Sources & Destinations
Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal
refugees. KNOW THIS MAP!!!!!!
PUSH/PULL FACTORS: ENVIRONMENTAL
– Pull towards attractive areas
(warm climates, mountains,
beaches…)
– Health concerns may force
them to seek a new climate
– Water issues/disasters force
many to move (Hurricane
Katrina)
– Droughts causes others to
leave (Sahel region of
northern Africa)
Hurricane Katrina Migrants
A major natural disaster represents an environmental push factor for forced
migration.
INTERVENING OBSTACLES
• Before modern
transportation they were
mostly environmental (ex.
Gold Rushers had a hard
time getting to
California……why?)
• More modern IOs include
such things as government
regulations (ex. Quotas)
INTERNAL MIGRATION
• Permanent movement within the
same country
• Two types
1. interregional – from one
region of a country to another
(ex. NE to West)
- historically, the main type has
been from rural to urban areas
(why?)
2. intraregional – movement
within one region (ex. Florida to
Georgia)
- historically, the main type has
been within urban areas
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
•
Permanent movement from one
country to another
•
Two types
1. Voluntary – person chose to move
for economic improvement
2. Forced – compelled to move due
to cultural factors, felt they didn’t
have a choice
*** be aware of migration transition
(p.87)
*** you are responsible for
“Characteristics of Migrants” on your
own (pp. 87-88)
ISSUE #2
Where are Migrants Distributed?
GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS
• Net Out = Asia, Latin
America, Africa
• Net In = North America,
Europe, Oceania
• Pattern of migration from
LDCs to MDCs
• Highest percentage of
immigrants is found in the
Middle East (why?, doesn’t
seem to make sense)
Global Migration Patterns
Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more
developed countries.
Net Migration (per population)
Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of
immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.
NET IMMIGRATION
NET EMIGRATION
U.S. IMMIGRATION PATTERNS
• 3 main eras of
migration:
1. colonial period
2. mid-1800s-early 1900s
3. 1970s-today
COLONIAL IMMIGRATION
• Came from Europe (voluntary) and Africa
(forced)
• Prior to 1840, 90% of European immigrants
came from G.B.
• 400,000 slaves before 1808; 250,000 after
Mid-1800s – EARLY 1900s
• U.S. offered the greatest hope of economic
success (almost all during this Era were from
Europe, the most from which country?)
• Europeans who didn’t come to the U.S. went
mostly to temperate climates (ex. Canada,
Australia, southern Africa, southern South
America……why?)
• There have been three “peaks” of European
immigration
3 PEAKS
FIRST PEAK
SECOND PEAK
THIRD PEAK
- 1840s – 1850s
-1880s
-Late 1890s – early
1900s (1915)
- more than 95% from - most from N. and W.
N. and W. Europe
Europe
(most from Ireland and
Germany)
- increasing amount
from Scandinavian
- mostly pushed by
countries (increased
poor economic
population, as a result
conditions and/or
of the IR, was looking
political unrest
for opportunities)
- more than 90% were
European, but
primarily from S. and
SE. Europe
- most from different
places (Italy, Russian,
Austria-Hungary)
- similar to reasons in
second peak
RECENT IMMIGRATION (1970s – today)
• Immigration dropped sharply during1930s and
1940s (why?)
• Has surged since the 1970s, most from Latin
America and Asia
IMMIGRATION FROM ASIA
• 7 million from Asia in last
25 years
• China, Philippines, India,
Vietnam
• Many also go to Canada
(Canada receives a higher
% of Europeans and lower
% of Latin Americans –
what might explain this?)
IMMIGRATION FROM LATIN AMERICA
• 13 million from 1960 – 2005
(overtook Asia in the 1980s as the
leading source of immigrants)
• Most from Mexico (compare to
Germany) and The Dominican
Republic
• Significant role played by the
Immigration Reform and Control
Act (1986)
• same reason as other regions
(pushed by poor economic
situation and pulled by economic
opportunity)
Migration to U.S., by Region of Origin
Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then,
Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.
Migration from Asia to the U.S.
Fig. 3-5: The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam.
Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of immigrants to the U.S., but immigrants
have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.
U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations
Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all US immigrants; another
25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations
include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.
BIG PICTURE
• Pattern of immigration in U.S. has changed
from mostly European to mostly Asian and
Latin American
• Reasons remain the same, pushed by poor
economic/political conditions and pulled by
economic and social opportunities
review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
During the late 20th century most immigrants came from ___ and ___
One reason fewer Europeans migrate to the U.S. is due to the fact that
they have low _____ and _____ that can support the population. They
are in stage ___
Crossing the U.S./Mexican border is relatively easy (T/F)
Define “undocumented immigrant”
List the 4 states in which more than 50% of recent immigrants are
clustered
More than ¼ of all undocumented immigrants are located in this state
alone
Define Chain migration
Why have Mexican migrants recently started going to the Midwest in
larger numbers?
What was the point and impact of the enclosure movement?
review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
During the late 20th century most immigrants came from ___ and ___ (Asia and
Latin America)
One reason fewer Europeans migrate to the U.S. is due to the fact that they have
low _____ and _____ that can support the population. They are in stage ___
(natural increase rates; economies; 4)
Crossing the U.S./Mexican border is relatively easy (T)
Define “undocumented immigrant” (people who enter the country without
proper documents)
List the 4 states in which more than 50% of recent immigrants are clustered
(California, New York, Florida, Texas)
More than ¼ of all undocumented immigrants are located in this state alone
(California)
Define Chain migration (the migration of people to a specific location, because
relatives or members of the same nationality migrated there)
Why have Mexican migrants recently started going to the Midwest in larger
numbers? (take industrial jobs shunned by Americans)
What was the point and impact of the enclosure movement? (to make farms in
England more efficient. It forced millions to emigrate from rural areas)
ISSUE #3
Why do Migrants Face Obstacles?
IMMIGRATION POLICIES of HOST
COUNTRIES
• Two policies used by host
countries to control arrival
of foreigners seeking work:
1. Quota system
2. Temporary Work
QUOTA LAWS
• Quota Act (1921)
• National Origins Act (1924)
– These two remained relatively
unchanged until the 1960s
– European bias ????
– Led to a decline in immigration
• By 1968 national quotas were
replaced with “hemisphere” quotas
• Hemisphere quotas were replaced by
global quotas in 1978
– breakdown of what type of people are
permitted? (most are to reunite
families)
– Does this apply to refugees?
– Asians have very effectively used the
family preference strategy, leading to a
great deal of chain migration
BRAIN DRAIN
• Effects of U.S.
immigration policies on
countries with a lot of
emigrants
– Some are unhappy that
they are losing this
“brain power” to Europe
and the U.S.
• Should the U.S. care?
TYPES OF TEMPORARY WORKERS
GUEST WORKERS
• Citizens of poor countries who obtain
jobs in Europe and the ME
• Take low-skilled, low-status jobs that
locals don’t fill
TIME-CONTRACT WORKERS
• Workers from Asia recruited for a
fixed period for a specific job
(railroads, mines, plantations…)
• Benefits home and new country in
different ways such as….?
• Many stayed after that time expired
• What protects them from
exploitation?
• Many Chinese living in other Asian
nations
• Most in Europe come from NA, ME,
EE/SE and Asia
– A lot of Turks in Germany
ECONOMIC MIGRANT OR REFUGEE?
(why does it matter?)
Cuban emigrants are seen as
political refugees since the ’59
revolution
- concentrated in Florida
Haitians were considered
economic, not political refugees in
the ‘80s until changed by a lawsuit
by the Haitian people
Surge of Vietnamese to U.S. after 1975 created some issues (boat
people)
-2nd surge in late ‘80s to other Asian nations
- about 800,000 have ended up in the U.S.
CULTURAL PROBLEMS FACED WHILE
LIVING IN OTHER COUNTRIES
U.S. Attitudes toward
Immigrants
Europe & Guest Workers
• 19th century – immigrants were often
viewed with suspicion but helped
settle new territories and extend U.S.
control
• Isolated (usually arrive alone,
send most money back home,
experience language & cultural
barriers)
• Opposition increased in early 20th
century as the frontier “closed”
• Some natives dislike/fear guest
workers (why?)
• Recent issues about things such as
allowing/denying undocumented
immigrants access to public services
such as schools, day-care centers,
health clinics…
• Recent efforts in Europe and ME
to reduce the # of guest workers
due to lower economic growth
• Troubles in Fiji?
ISSUE #4
Why do People Migrate Within a Country?
TYPES OF INTERNAL MIGRATRION
(WITHIN THE SAME COUNTRY)
INTERREGIONAL
INTRAREGIONAL
(between regions)
(within the same region)
• Usually between rural and
urban areas
• Usually from older cities to
suburbs
MIGRATION BETWEEN REGIONS
WITHIN THE U.S.
• Interregional was more prevalent in the past
(why?)
• Most famous example of large-scale internal
migration in U.S. history? (interregional or
intraregional?)
• Population center has changed over the past 200
years (how? Why?)
Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2003
Intraregional Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the
U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.
CHANGING CENTERS OF POPULATION
IN U.S.
EARLY SETTLEMENT
OF THE INTERIOR
SETTELEMENT OF
THE GREAT PLAINS
- See worksheet
RECENT GROWTH
OF THE SOUTH
Center of Population in the U.S.
Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the
migration of people to the west. It has also begun to move southward
with migration to the southern sunbelt.
MIGRATION WITHIN ONE REGION
(WITHIN THE SAME COUNTRY)
• Much more
intraregional than
interregional migration
today
• Usually from rural to
urban areas
• Today nearly ½ of
world’s population lives
in urban areas, in 1800
it was about 5%
MIGRATION FROM RURAL TO URBAN
• Industrialization in 1800s
led to larger urban
populations
• ¾ of current U.S. population
lives in urban areas (5% in
1800)
• In LDCs this has skyrocketed
and accounts for 50% of
population increase in those
areas (ex. Sao Paulo, Brazil)
Brasilia, Brazil
Brasilia was created as Brazil’s new capital in 1960 and since then has attracted
thousands of migrants in search of jobs.
MIGRATION FROM URBAN TO
SUBURBAN
• In MDCs most intraregional
migration is from cities to
suburbs (opposite in LDCs)
• Unlike other migration,
reasons are not related to
employment (pulled by
lifestyle)
• Consequences include
converting farms to
developments, more roads,
sewers, schools….
MIGRATION FROM METROPOLITAN
TO NONMETROPOLITAN
• New trend in late 1990s,
more people in MDCs
immigrated into rural areas
than emigrated out of
them
(counterurbanization)
• Why? – growth of suburbs,
lifestyle, less isolation with
new technologies, retirees,
leisure activities
Chapter 03: Review
03.01 Which of the following is the strongest push
factor for international migration?
1. Political instability
2. High living standards
3. Severe weather
4. Inadequate supplies of agricultural land
5. Family disagreements
03.01 Which of the following is the strongest push
factor for international migration?
1. Political instability
2. High living standards
3. Severe weather
4. Inadequate supplies of agricultural land
5. Family disagreements
03.02 In 2007, which of the following countries had
the greatest number of internal refugees?
1. Poland
2. Brazil
3. United States
4. China
5. Iraq
03.02 In 2007, which of the following countries had
the greatest number of internal refugees?
1. Poland
2. Brazil
3. United States
4. China
5. Iraq
03.03 Moving from San Francisco to Iowa would be
considered
1. International migration
2. Intraregional migration
3. Interregional migration
4. Forced migration
5. Net migration
03.03 Moving from San Francisco to Iowa would be
considered
1. International migration
2. Intraregional migration
3. Interregional migration
4. Forced migration
5. Net migration
03.04 The largest source of international migrants is
1. North America
2. South America
3. Africa
4. Asia
5. Europe
03.04 The largest source of international migrants is
1. North America
2. South America
3. Africa
4. Asia
5. Europe
03.05 The most likely destination of international
migrants is
1. North America
2. South America
3. Africa
4. Asia
5. Europe
03.05 The most likely destination of international
migrants is
1. North America
2. South America
3. Africa
4. Asia
5. Europe
03.06 In which decade was immigration into the
United States the lowest?
1. 1880s
2. 1900s
3. 1930s
4. 1970s
5. 1990s
03.06 In which decade was immigration into the
United States the lowest?
1. 1880s
2. 1900s
3. 1930s
4. 1970s
5. 1990s
03.07 Which country has been the largest source of
immigrants from Asia to the United States over the
last two decades?
1. Vietnam
2. Philippines
3. South Korea
4. Japan
5. India
03.07 Which country has been the largest source of
immigrants from Asia to the United States over the
last two decades?
1. Vietnam
2. Philippines
3. South Korea
4. Japan
5. India
03.08 The greatest number of undocumented
immigrants in the United States come from
1. Canada
2. Mexico
3. Caribbean
4. Europe
5. Asia
03.08 The greatest number of undocumented
immigrants in the United States come from
1. Canada
2. Mexico
3. Caribbean
4. Europe
5. Asia
03.09 Cuban emigrants to the United States
1. Are considered political refugees
2. Typically support Fidel Castro
3. Settle primarily in and around New York City
4. Are usually turned back at sea
5. Usually try to return to Cuba
03.09 Cuban emigrants to the United States
1. Are considered political refugees
2. Typically support Fidel Castro
3. Settle primarily in and around New York City
4. Are usually turned back at sea
5. Usually try to return to Cuba
03.10 Which of the following was a new trend in
western countries in the 1990s?
1. Urbania
2. Rural to urban migration
3. Counterurbanization
4. Urban to urban migration
5. Suburban to suburban migration
03.10 Which of the following was a new trend in
western countries in the 1990s?
1. Urbania
2. Rural to urban migration
3. Counterurbanization
4. Urban to urban migration
5. Suburban to suburban migration