1069 State O f f i c e Sldg., Uortlsnd, Ore. 97201
Deborzh >{il.es F i s h e r
!J.U 2x;~l-oration, Inc Il#>nver,Colorado
.
fieport prepared when a u t h o r ??as a graclucte student at Por t?.e.:!ci
State Univei-sity and a . s t u d e l l t e:L~ployec:a";Orcgon Ec;pr-Lii;x.i; c::'
G e o l o g ~a113 !.,5.rlera.l Indiistries,
1974
I n t h e pet role^.^ i n d u s t r y , e s t i x a t e s of o i l r c s e r 7 m s aye bzsxl. cr?
t h e concepts of r e s o u r c e base, e s t i r a t e d reserves, 2nd p,i17;cn r3ssr.trcse
E s t i m a t e s of geothermal r e s e r v e s can a l s o be \-ie;.rod in ti - r . i ~0:' toLa3.
m o u n t of h e a t s t o r e d vLt!lin a rc-?asonnSle depth (resource bzse),
7,;:!:3~121t
of t h e r e s o u r c e which nay be recoverable (esti?~ate:l r e s s r . z e s ) , <::.xi ::a-ti~s..l.
nieasured e n e r a r t o be derived Tram a r e s e r v e i r (prover. r z s e r ~ c : . ) .
folloiJing t a b l e i l l u s t r a t e s t h e use of t h e concept f o r
r?i?c2
!13;;:;1;1.sj
"I'i;c
C a l i f o r n i a m d sou.theastern Cregon:
----%ic Gzyst?rs
),
-.c.:a.
9. 6 , Oregon
---- - .-1
3esource
Ease2
:--
n
.? - A
-L.&T----
: 10
I>.,,..~~~
, , c ,..,(i i.-..:.:c:T'7,-.:5 2
-..- - ..- .- .- - - .....-, --, ..-
~stilnc-rted1-cserves
r*-'ILI---.I'--.-.I
~'L'U
P:'iTv
J J l C '
6.59 x fo20 BT'J
l.ll+il.d- b b l s of o i l
6.53 x
1015 2i'U
1.14 x 109 Sb2.s of' 021
1. Asswning a rnas~irnunteiqxx-ature of 5w0c i n O;.;:pn
h e a t of 0.25 c a l / p ~ i~n ~Orezon and 0.2 at
T115
an:?
2.t
SZ::: !?c:,,:..>.,.,.,..
Gey:;i:r-.s, I:.:.:.<
2
..,$
..
.
2. .,--... , .:;?.::ri-r,
of 1 0 0 " ~a t l%e Geysers, wit,!^ NO~/lm
grzdient i n @rc;.ji?n.
2.
Based on an e l e c i r i c a l
~ \ u t j > l ~of
f
f o r t h e r e s o u r c e basc n r e
1,1>(:3
I;;,.;
for.
3 0 ..-.--
,i.
t h a ; ~].j):.11.y L ~ o
2 . o ~:;<.c-ce
~
i,:;-:.r
1 2 . ~ ~ 3
l -
,,;..- n
.<'il..
.
ti';,:
:!
,3 .
;.-.
..,.i
,.t l
.
,:--G
Geothermal e.-.:;>lora.tFo~,i s j u s t beglx:in,
.
i;l Oi-:rL.i,on, s o estiz?ates
of s t o r e d energy nu-st be bascd on sp.1-se g:~z.d!~~~nt
cl:-:ide2nd cor~;;;tr.',sons
ftnob;n
. ::i?(:ii.i
,
Ih s o u t h e a s t Oregon, t h e ~,reI.lslo5l:r';e..
areas.
geotilcl.sa1 g r a d i e n t of 800Cf6;1 ( 4 .43o?//i.00 1 ) , ::i-&cii
j.5
to
XI a.vc:r;+.;e
r::;lc!i y~.;.L;e:>iirjan
.
t h e riror-ld aire rzgo of about 2 o 0 C / i ~ ~
(1,~ O ' F ~ ) O ~I t v?o:~?.ci5- advantageous
f
-i;o co:a;;u.te
the stcrec! efir'ra f o r sou.kh.2a:j.L
s.yi<i for. f:?e Gcv,ccr.,,
~
C:-c,sn
Cdiforriici, by ca1:1j~,yin::
- t h e s.c-tuct!_ eni:~-gy to be ;:r>.;d:lce5 1.12 -3,3
Tine Geysers :\rit:?
t i ~ i se s t 2 : ~ . . t ssad ar;*ivinz a t
F.,
' j
J-SS,TS
f z...c"sy fo:r ti12 z!:lrio?t.rli;
0;'
r2serves.
inis
TP
11i.=thod
of c ; i l c u l b l i u ~ p s s i :>' e
L,,J-
i - ~ ~ ~ ; ;.~-:? 7 -;bc,.;<::;:,8(-c
; ~ ~
L!:>-Z:>
'i"r;z iXi:s<>:?.:-~c:
1?:~:;e js tlle
lln!rno-?,n a r e a i s o f t e n used by o i . ' ~corc;!z.nries,
mar:j~~.,m
>mount of a c e r t ~ nres,Grc!:
the estirfi;?,te? ljseci
J~~
calculai;e t h e reso;:yce
at The &qse=.s,
i.rilich co?,ilc!'sc i n a c:!.i;i,sic !<lacs, viit'n
c~r.l?$e 5.t b,se:j
:?:::-;:~-,!?-iti~.n-.;,
'j?ij.s p.~,~;?lwi1-1
o n rc::L:i.iat,i.c.
bas2 foy ?"fie (&-prs 2 r:ci
. .
sou:.! !::stO-,,r::-:o?~
.; ; -t.l,::/
of 1*escryies
f'~-t.onl
$;~.~,~,?~,$?(j
! f
and -i;he pel-cent, of t h e rcsou;-i:a bz,n,~.~
whLc)!
t]l~n
i ~ s j0. 9t ~
h i s pe.-cefit.ge
2,a
2L
;l
:-a.zs-r.i:-:
.;
T . T ~ : ;-;'.::-;?
ri-:c.::r~e~,
I!
T:c oc'c;.L;..e:-r;, er: l c,?.:l.s:L~: n o s sib1.e
reserves i n Oregon.
%ne amount of s t o r e d heat is ri.l.c~i;c:! to i . i ! , ~ci:;,e G'L' -ti::,
?I><-::;tion ( A )
;
the lo+c,:cstusabl e te!ri!;ei.~,.bur*.. (T2
YOOC (19Li?), t h e gradi6:nt 5.n t h e area
(,r),
h e z t of t h e Ivck, ( C p ) in
i s 1 0 h i (6.2 r:.lesj.
ca.l/Fj.n~c,
and
'nc
+
t:-," n,.~.::fyn.7.::
rock (T ) .crilich is a3sltlad 1;o be 50'3'?C (93%-I'),
I
'-;.'
-b p ! i -;
I?
'
bn-2 :. :;.
21-i:~.
:i.n
1
; ; : L>7;-:.,c.:>: ; !
':
:
;
i
-,. i: i.zLn;..:. o;?t,tilp_
..
6.l.;;~~::
of
l j ~
,:
,
.
L:-:(?
[a),
:..rl:'i
:*-;tic
,..
r<:.:i-ci.f-ic
-.<->'r.i
...-A4.d,a
'
The s t o r e d heat (2 i s :
j-.e,, dc:scj-~s~.,-...,5-1-1_~duz t o m;.,nts e:&raction o n l y and n a t i n c r e a s i n g f r o 2
In some g e o t h e r x i l f i e l d s , k a t may be c o : ? i n ~ from
i n p ~ l t .cxt~idnI0 Icrn.
lower than 10 b, in 1lnicl-1 case t h e e s t i m t e w i l l be low, imd i n t h o s e
w i t k , szu-.ces ~ k i s l l . o ~ r ethan
r
10 k;r,, t h e e s t i m a t e will. be t o o h i g h ,
3~.tf o r
t h e a;;.zt prL, 10 kri i s reason.able.
For tl~:: area
south of l o n g i t u d e ~ + ~ 1 5 l feia, s t of X l m a t h P a l l s , :?ort'n
of the 01.c -:~n--?j:ievada-CzIif a-rnia border, and west oS t h e Oregon-Ii!zho
t h e ~ t o r c 3!:,:?at is about 6.59i;1020
(:! ,l)l)(l,'$-l+?
,
b~::e.->~
~
nf
border,
BTU o r t h e hzat e n e r g e q u i v d e n t t o
(see J.?n?.ldi_u_ 3
for
c c l " 1 c . : ~ ~ . a < i n n s ) ,me 5ensit.y3
:;ped.i.r.ic: h e a t , cmd grariL~.nt.,<ere assuined t o Se 2.6 gc~/cm? (31ack:ielL,
persond
c o ~ ~ . r n n i c ~ t $ , o0n-)2,5 c,?l/&7"C (5irch, 3.974), and W0;3/k~n r c s p c t i v e l y .
r~
af:2ilnt of h e a t si;orcd c a i b e s t b e undcrstoo6 when corn.s~re6~ r i t h&q
oprclti.gr; ??..~.lcl, s::.ch 2 s T'cc: Geysers i n n o r t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a .
y r 1 , m . L ~ totzl.;-ng
--
l.'
,,
,
..
c7..
, . ..,-., -.;I.;
398 i.h.7 ((1974data) a r e on l i n e
c::i,ncity of 908 fbc by
?;sit:?
Wesently,
?lens c d l i n g f o r a
1977. Present e s t i x i t o e place
the n x u n ~ ~ r n
1~2tcof ?:-osiii~t;i.o.r?a t 3,000 1%- t o 5 , O O Iw3.r o r about t h e co:!foined g e n e r a t i n g
cap2cj.t;~ol' :.~.sr::i~vllie,
X?e Dalles, and j o h n Da.y darns (?over PI-annl.nr;
.
.
Cons:i:;,sxorr,
l973).
T ; ~ c LdJ~,&
~ r n 0 ~ 1of
t enerpy produced b;r a pxzr p l a n t c a n
ije cs,,!.culs~,~::i fro2 the formula which follows 2nd c ~ n v e r t e dt o e q u i v a l e n t
b2yrb?j
:; O?
:.->. i. :
->
(, .
:7
,.)eri!:.:
0:'
production (lm) x 1x2r.jod or* t i n e ( h o a r s )
- i3 ) t'k;~
.>
~ ~i ~ j e n
x load Tactor-:- x 2~lJ/hdl+{x barrels .-----cf oil.;$
RTV
'iln~s,a t t h e 1,000 K
' l e v e l , t h e f i e l d v~ou'l_dproduce i n 3 0 y e a r s
t h e same a x o m t of e l e c t r i c i t y a s 370 illi ion bctr*rels of o i l ,
A t the
3,000 &Ec: l e v e l , t h e f i e l d i n 30 y e a r s would p o d u c e e l e c t r i c i t y equi\-alent
t o 1,086 m i l l i o n b a r r e l s of o i l .
For c ~ r n ~ r i s o na ,n estirn~,t.cof t h e arr,c~~rit
of energy s t o r e d a t The Geysers was co:,rp~lted Szsed on t h e p a r m e t e r s given
in ApApendixC.
For 1,000 !,?A:,
<he s t o r e d h e a t above
i s about I . . L ~ : ~ o ' - ~ G T u
~ O O C (1?!;%)'
o r h e a t e n e r T j e q u i v a l e n t t o 21;5,000 p i l l i o n b a r r e l s of 05.1. which i s about
660
bf'U,
h e a t above 9 0 ' ~ ( 1 5 1 ~ i~s~ about
)
4,26xlO 1gTC
to
For 3, C00 :!5~7, t h e ' s t o r e d
ti17,es the energy t o be yrodu.cec! i n 3 0 y e a r s .
vd~ich i s h e e t - e i l e r g equivalent
735,000 rnillrior, b a r r e l s of o i l , ~ ~ - 3 i ci hs about
660 t i n e s t h e energy
~ d t i c hw i l l a c t u a l l j . be produced from t h e f i e l d i n 3 0 y e a r s . Therefore it i s
?out
r e a s o n a b l e t o acsume t ! ; i t ~ 0 , 1 percent of t h e c a l c u l ~ t c drzsource base is
e x t r a c t a b l e frorn a dry-sr;eam f i e l d i n 30 years.
Kost f i e l d s i'oucd will bc
hot-$;ater f i c l d s , ;tFhich xi11 probably y i e l d a hiE;her p2rcelitage of cr;:rgy
t h a n a dqr-si~em. f i e l d b u t at a slower rnt;e.
F:.r,~.sl;:e
shall
that the
h e a t w i l l be extracted aL t h e ssme r a t e .
No one r e a l l y linct:s how nuch s t o r e d h e a t i n s o u t h e a s t 3regon w i i l be
usable.
I f one asswfies t h a t i n 1/1,000th of ihe a r e a t h e h e z t i s ii a
usa5l.e fern and t h a t :I. perceni; of t h i s h e a t i s ex-lractSie, t h e n e n s r i y
e q u i v a l e n t t o lll+O m i l l i o n b a r r e l s of o i l can be e;ctracJ;od. from s o u t h e a s t
Th;rs, i f Yne eneri.,. is e x t r a c t e d a t t h e rcite o f 1 psrccnt of thc
,",E,
r e s e r v e pel- y e w , thcn]erenon would p~,rodu:e h c t t f ! l ? i 7 ~
e-~livalent t o
Oregon.
11.4 m i l l i o n b a r r e l s of o i l Awryear.
This is o:il=-i- 6 percc+nt of t h e e n c r , g
d e f i c i t i n 0:-egon of 165 ~ i l f i o nbarrels of' oil., l.h?n t h e d e f i c i t i s ex?resseii
di!'f+?ren+, kerns of c n c r g , wifla5
!-,<<I y> -b
&velopnent of 0s.r gt:ot:?err-iil resou:-ces c0d.d oifzct 0r.c;;on's cuf-r.en:ener.i;y
ill
t3r;ris of' h;.,:+r+s
c.f o i l i.;is--.:?ador' s;.rc~-a,!.
A
dcf i c i t ,
I wish to thank 3r, Dan Cash f o r h i s help in obt&ning tile i'orrKLa
f o r s t o r e d h e e t , and 13. Richard 3o::ren f o r h i s advice 2nd h z l p ~4-t.h
thjs
article,
References
Birch, F r a n c i s (ed.),
1942,
, h e r . Spec. Faper
Handbook of F I I ~ s i c a 'lo i l ~ t m t s :
I;wL.
SOC,
36.
Power Plaxqing Co;?~.r;ission,1773, Reyiew of POI.:^:. ?I.a-~;ilin:;
i;l_
the Pacific
t?orth~,.rest, 1972: Facif i c l,lorthl>~est
itlver -,
i;as:.ns Co::?fi?.ssri.ons,
7 .
VJilkinson, L,arrrence E.,
*
1974, Znerrgy Eiesource Develorznent f o r
t h e '.lzst:
Lakewood, Coio., Vestern I n t e r s t a t e iliuclcar B o n d , 6 1 p.
91. p,
Append2 A
- _ _ _ _ F_a c t o r s
10,000 BTU ( o i l ) per h ~ d ~
5.8 x
lo6
3TU p e r b a r r e l of o i l
Load. f a c t o r on g e o t h e r n d p,.ier p,.lz4?ts is go,";
0.0039 3TU per c a l o r i e
Q=
C
TI
A Cp @
( ~ - )2 ~+ g
1
(ZT.2
-.
2
%2)
-
1.0k
loL5 c r 2
A
=
area
Cp
=
s p c i f l c heat
= 0.25 c ~ ? l . / ~ lOC
.
=
density
=
?here
= 102,090
.
=
2.6 @ / c d
Z T ~= d e p t h t o teriiperature To
i;T1
=
To C %
depth t o ter.1pera'i.u-e
T1
= 1 1.53.
=
6.1
5
= maLnum depth of area of interest, t ~ : ; e aas 10 ;r':
Q
=
(1.66)(10~~)cal.
=
(6.59)(10'~)
=
(1.1~+)(~0
bar-rsls
~ ~ ) of ~ i l
BTU
=
ET1
BeptA to
= depth to
=
m;rxi.aun
.i;e;nperature
t e n ~ ~ r c t wTI
e = 4'9
",
5.0 iLla
d e p t h of area of interest, taken es
Capacity of ' f i e l d
for 1003 I$:,
To . = 1 lUil
er,:;~ancd to be
LO
10 &?u':/sq. r i e , 'i,hcs
refilL!ir*cdis 100 sq, mile or (2.59) (l.O1.':)
rye>-
- 5.0 x 105 cn) 4 ..(1~)-302/!~-::j
/z - snoc(lo~05
p
3
0
2
1
0 a 105crn
4
-
1022'
c S ! ~
d
For 3030 ].F:, the c+j.val.ent
7
( 3 ) (?.ic5) (3.0.'
b~i?.
-3
-I-)
I'j ~rjul-esr.:o:~?.c! be:
= (7,.35)(1-011) barrels
of' oil
%
G::Y
(5<,9
:: 2 . ?(-,:
~
.~...,)z