Sphere Project & Transformative
Agenda
Roles & Responsibilities of
• the state
• the community
• Humanitarian
practitioners
• Refugees
• IDP’s
Shaped by lessons learnt
from Tsunami, Kasmir/Pak
earthquake, Myanmar
cyclone, China earthquake
• Effective advocacy & ID
gaps
• Joint preparedness
• Joint contingency
planning
• Shared leadership &
coordination at national
& Sub-national
• Transitioning to early
recovery
• Improved gender
inclusion
Sphere Charter & standards
http://www.sphereproject.org/resources/download-publications
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Cluster approach
Quality programming
Preparedness
Improved initial assessments;
RAT, CAT
• Water Safety Plan
- Risk management of water
sources
- Long term use of water supply
- cholera prevention & treatment
• Water Treatment
- treatment decision tree
- Household level
- Point of use treatment with
chlorine
• Sanitation
- appropriate facilities &
methods
- Difficult environments (floods,
high water table etc)
WASH Framework
Advocacy: to improve quality and fill gaps
Raised pump above flood level
Emergency boreholes in safe water areas.
Deeper boreholes & RO units for arsenic & nitrate
Reduce proximity of excreta disposal & water points
Waste water networks
Improve Quality:
Technical
NORMAL
Deeper boreholes
training;
Storage Capacity:
Contingency
New water points in
stocks,
safe tested locations
MONITOR
Consumables
above flood level.
and supplies in
ALERT
ASSESS
RECOVERY
Lined latrines.
good order.
UPDATE
Distribution of
Chlorinate
updated maps & lists
storage tankers
Sanitation awareness
& boreholes
EMERGENCY
raising installation of
ID safe water
sanitary units
points
Water Tankering; Open emergency boreholes
Lined septic
Chlorination of bladders & tanks
tanks
Household safe practices and treatment
Water Quality monitoring (HH & Source)
Household awareness: hygiene, vector control
Cluster Consolidated Data Sharing
WASH Disaster Management & Response Framework
WASH Disaster Response Management Cycle
Preparedness
6 months prior to preseasonal/ annual events
Acute Emergency
Immediate relief
0 - 3 months
Minimum 5 liters for drinking per
person per day for immediate
needs
Aim: Supply established for basic
hygiene practices, cooking,
laundry and bathing
15 liters per person per day
Drinking: 3 Liters
Hygiene: 6 Liters
Cooking: 6 Liters
Early Recovery Reconstruction
6- 12 months
Development
Mitigation
>12 months
Minimum 15 liters per person per
day
Minimum: 52 Liters per person per day
Aim: Increased supply to
52 Liters per person per day
Drinking: 2 Liters
Cooking: 10 Liters
Bathing: 15 Liters
Laundry: 15 Liters
Sanitation & Hygiene 10 Liters
Increase water consumption 100 liters
per person per day where possible
Bottled Water
P
This activity should only be provided during initial days of acute emergencies until alternative
supply sources can be arranged.
O
This activity should not be part of the early recovery, development or mitigation stage.
! Most suitable for disasters in the immediate aftermarth where no alternative sources are available, or are damaged by flood, drought, earthquake or landslides and require time for remediation.
Should not be sustained for long periods, particularly during floods when treatment methods would be more applicable and efficient use of resources.
Establish standby arrangement through
MoU’s with suppliers
Encourage reuse of bottles for SODIS (See WASH
Encourage reuse of bottles for SODIS
Cluster technical design guide)
Reuse old plastic bottle to make single storey retaining
walls around handpumps (see cluster technical
guidelines)
Before, After, During
• Improved baseline
awareness
• Risk Mitigation
• Strategic planning
• Better provision of
services/ Risk Mitigation
• Information flow
• Effective coordination
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Less duplication
Less ambiguity
Better partnerships
Better resourcing
“Simply providing sufficient water and sanitation facilities will
not, on its own, ensure their optimal use or impact on public
health” SPHERE, 2011
• People affected by disasters are
generally much more susceptible
to illness and death from disease,
which are related to a large
extent to inadequate sanitation,
inadequate water supplies and
poor hygiene. The most
significant of these diseases are
diarrhoeal diseases and
infectious diseases transmitted
by the faeco-oral route.
• Other water- and sanitationrelated diseases include those
carried by vectors associated
with solid waste and water
• The main objective of water
supply and sanitation
programmes in disasters is to
reduce the transmission of
faeco-oral diseases and exposure
to disease-bearing vectors
through the promotion of good
hygiene practices, the provision
of safe drinking water and the
reduction of environmental
health risks and by establishing
the conditions that allow people
to live with good health, dignity,
comfort and security. The term
‘sanitation’, throughout Sphere,
refers to excreta disposal, vector
control, solid waste disposal and
drainage
What & Who to target
Water Borne & Communicable Diseases
• 2010 over 300,000 reported AWD, of which half were within Punjab
• Women ranked health, water & hygiene as more important.
• Nearly double the rates of diarrhoea were seen among boys and men rather than
girls and women.
• Even if source was clean, 50% of household water was contaminated
• Skin diseases ranked 2nd highest reported cases
BEFORE
• Awareness raising for men and boys
• More consultations with women for types of hygiene kits, water
point & sanitation locations
• Increase soap in hygiene kits & water for washing
• Improved safe excreta disposal (lined septic tanks)
DURING
• Close off or put signs where water sources are contaminated
• Cleaning of water tanks, jerry cans prior to filling
• Check water quality at HH & Source
• Basic sanitation to reducing vectors & protecting water quality
Baseline Public health
Hygiene and public health is not well regarded by the
population:
• 57% wash their hands before a meal,
• 66% wash their hands after using the toilet,
• 94% drink untreated water and
• 50% of the water is contaminated;
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Awareness raising
Treatment at household level
Monitoring at household level
Support & guidance in construction at household
level (SPHERE)
• 12 of the 36 districts in
Punjab are being provided
water through PHED water
supply schemes, of which
only 50% of the population
are supplied.
• Higher groundwater ratio
• Check GW quality in each
district (maps, graphs &
lists)
There are 2661 villages/locations that tested positive
for bacteriological contamination which places
24,964,595 people at risk.
• Majority of water sources used for drinking water are
motorized pumps (39%) and handpumps (32%)
• bacteriological contamination 48% motorized pumps &
41% from handpumps
• Amongst all water sources tested, the greatest rates of
bacteriological contamination was found in tubewells, 73% of
which tested positive.
RISK ANALYSIS
• Make exploratory boreholes
• Check aquifer quality & water quality at
different depths
• Review location specific options
• WHO HAVE FULL MAPPING PER VILLAGE
“Humanitarian assistance in relief phase should not be wasted
in emergency latrines construction except in organized camps
with proper management responsibility” (donor feedback)
“The main objective of water supply and sanitation programs in
disasters is to reduce the transmission of faeco-oral diseases
and exposure to disease-bearing vectors through the
promotion of good hygiene practices, the provision of safe
drinking water and the reduction of environmental health
risks” (Sphere, 2011)
Excreta Disposal
In 2010The following problems were encountered:
AIM: Reduce Transmission of water borne disease
• Latrines not raised above flood level
• Lack of distance between groundwater and latrine
• Building latrines with un-lined pits close to water points.
• Knowledge between the design of cesspits and septic tanks & associated problems
AIM: Reduce Exposure to vectors
No cover on latrine allowing vectors to enter and spread disease
Open roofs allowing more rainwater to enter latrine pit and fill up quickly
AIM: Appropriate Services
• Subsidized latrines were not accepted
• VIP or direct drop pit latrines were not accepted by community
• Females however ranked sanitation as considerably higher (15%) compared to
men (6%). Privacy, location, addressing menstrual hygiene and sufficient numbers
of latrines should be key factors to include in future responses.
Early Recovery Solutions
Septic tank vs cesspit
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Septic tank design has two chambers; one for
sedimentation treatment and settling of solids,
the second used as a liquid over-flow chamber.
A septic tank is totally enclosed and lined at the
base and sides to prevent contamination of
surrounding soil.
Effluent then flows to secondary chamber or
“leach pit” or infiltration field
Bacteriological action= no chemicals
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A Leach pit or infiltration chamber is unlined
and used only for allowing liquids to drain
away.
Can be used as a soakaway AFTER pretreament in a septic tank as in diagram.
Groundwater depth and soil percolation rates
need to be calculated to prevent
contamination of water.
Percolation & Infiltration Rates
Distance between Excreta infiltration & Groundwater (UNHCR)
Soil/Rock type
Approximate minimum distance (meters)
Silt
10*
Fine silty sand
15
Weathered basement (not fractured)
25
Medium Sand
50
Gravel
500
Fractured Rocks
Not feasible to use horizontal separation
as protection
10m is the minimum distance an infiltration system should be from a water source
Nitrate Contamination
• The total population within these locations is approximately 77,000.
However nitrate is most harmful to babies and young children, not adults,
but as there is no age disaggregated data for these locations, the actual
population (children) at risk is not known.
: Review groundwater quality maps to identify nitrate vulnerable
areas. Ensure septic tanks are lined and away from water sources.
: For areas with high concentrations ensure mothers are
advised NOT to boil water and are provided with bottled or tankered
water for children aged between 0-1 years. Adults can utlise water as
normal with chlorination.
: For longer term use, once emergency has receded identify
means of supplying reverse osmosis units
• WHO HAVE FULL MAPPING PER VILLAGE
16 Nitrate Contaminated Locations
Village
Tehsil
District
Source of water
Sgalbandai
Swari
Bunner/Rawlpindi
Spring
Kot Gullah
Talagang
Chakwal
Tube well
UC Office Dandot
Choa Syedan
Chakwal
Spring
Bhati Gujar
Kallar Kahar
Chakwal
Injector
Bharpur
Kallar Kahar
Chakwal
Hand Pump
Randheer
Kharian
Gujrat
Hand Pump
Dhriangnwali
Hafizabad
Hafizabad
Hand Pump
Hazara Colony
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi
Tube well
Chak 136/NB
Sillanwali
Sargodha
Injector
Chak72/SB
Sargodha
Sargodha
Tube well
Chak70/SB
Sargodha
Sargodha
Hand Pump
Mohallah Manzoor
park
Faisalabad
Faisalabad
Injector
S.S.P Office
Gujranwala
Gujranwala
Tube well
Mouza Pull Shah
doola
Kamokey
Gujranwala
Hand Pump
CHAK 4 BC
Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur
Hand Pump
Chak # 192/P
Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan
Injector Pump
Arsenic in Water Supply Sources
WSS
1%
tubewell
27%
motor
pump
1%
handpump
25%
injector
pump
46%
The total population of these 656 villages is 6,173,680
that are at risk from exposure to arsenic in their water
supply.
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
WHO HAVE FULL MAPPING PER VILLAGE
Water Tankering
BEFORE:
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Establish standby arrangement through MoU’s with suppliers
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Provide clear guidance and/or training for use of chlorination
•
Translate guidance into local language
•
Check pricing structure & companies used with WASH agencies to establish pricing structure and prevent
monopolisation by sole supplier
DURING:
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Try to supply as many people as quickly as possible. Fill bladders and static tanks & provie extra taps rather
than filling directly from the tanker.
•
As a minimum requirement, residual chlorine should be measured prior to each delivery and verified by
recipient/signatory.
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Source, tanker and storage points should also be tested to ensure no contamination during each stage of the
delivery process
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Inform the WASH cluster of the trucking activities
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Inform communities of tanker delivery schedules
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Inform communities when trucking is to cease and location of alternative safe drinking water sources (check
quality of water using maps and tables for arsenic, nitrate and salinity).
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Ensure water points are safe and operational prior to ceasing trucking
AFTER:
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Review effectiveness of trucking with other agencies and local government to improve efficiency.
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Review quality and functionality of water points to ensure community continues to have sufficient quality
and quantity of water from alternative sources.
What WASH Cluster can provide
CD 1
• WHO guidelines & standards for water
quality
• Arsenic high risk locations (map, graph,
list)
• WHO water quality mapping (arsenic,
nitrate, bacto per district)
• Coverage of water supply schemes (map,
list)
• Sanitation in Emergencies
Hard Copy
CD 2
• New SPHERE handbook- on CD
• Engineering in Emergencies Handbook
• IEC materials for hygiene promotion
Still to come
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List of MIRA trained focal points
Cleaning & Disinfecting of water tanks
(CDC & WHO guidance)
WHO Chlorine testing (comparator use)
guidance
Consolidated table of locations with
water quality issues
List of DDRMC’s & PHED focal points –
hard copy
Arsenic high risk locations map (map,
graph, list)
Water Trucking water quality monitoring
check list
WASH Framework- what to provide when
WASH cluster preparedness & response
strategy for Punjab
How you can help us, to help you
Per District
• Nominated (I)NGO/CBO focal points per district
• Update WASH Cluster/PDMA of changes in personnel
• Water data reporting ( List of water supply systems
installed/rehabilitated with GPS or village name)
• Examples of good designs (& BoQ)
• Donor Briefing note
Useful websites
Selecting Appropriate Designs
http://waste-dev.akvo.org/dst/sanitation/technologies/
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http://www.sswm.info/category/implementationtools/implementation-tools-introduction
Technical Notes for Emergencies
• http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/knowledge/notes_emergencies.html
Cleaning & Disinfecting Storage Tanks
• http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/List_of_Guidelines_for_Health
_Emergency_Cleaning_and_disinfecting_water_storage_tanks.pdf
Alternative Treatment
• www.sodis.ch/index_EN
• www.peacecorps.gov/resources/media/medstories/1572/
On behalf of the WASH Cluster,
NDMA, PDMA, PHED
Thank you
For more information please contact
National Cluster
• Begna Edo, WASH Cluster Coordinator
[email protected], 0345-500-6491
• Ajmal Bhaddi, NDMA, co-chair
[email protected], 030096887087
• Ali Rehmat, WASH IM/GIS Officer
[email protected], 03445323009
http://pakresponse.info/MonsoonUpdates2011/Clusters/WASH.aspx
Global WASH Cluster Rapid Response Team
• Damien Brosnan, WASH IM specialist
[email protected]
• Jola Miziniak, WASH Cluster Coordinator
[email protected]