Independent advice to government
on building a low-carbon economy
and preparing for climate change
Monitoring and evaluating the
National Adaptation Programme
Infrastructure theme:
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Design and location of new infrastructure
Resilience of infrastructure services
Infrastructure interdependencies
Last updated: 20 June 2017
Introduction
This slidepack:
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Serves as a technical annex to Chapter 5: Infrastructure
in the ASC’s second statutory report to Parliament on the
National Adaptation Programme, available at
www.theccc.org.uk/publications
Provides the latest trend information on indicators of
exposure, vulnerability, action and realised impacts that
informed the ASC’s assessment.
Will be updated periodically as new data becomes
available.
Highlights indicators that would be useful but where the
necessary datasets have not yet been identified.
Follows the structure of the infrastructure chapter in the
ASC’s progress report, which is based on the ‘adaptation
priorities’ the ASC identified for infrastructure.
This annex sets out the underlying data by adaptation
priority.
2
Infrastructure adaptation
priorities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Design and location of new infrastructure
Resilience of infrastructure services
Energy
Public water supply
Ports and airports
Road and rail
Digital and ICT
Infrastructure interdependencies
3
1. Indicators for design and
location of new infrastructure
Measure
Trend
Implication
Change in
RAG score
since
2015?
Number of NSIP applications
a)approved contrary to EA
objection b) not carrying out a
satisfactory FRA c) not
satisfactorily applying the
sequential test.
No granted project from the list of register of applications was
approved with outstanding objections from the EA. Of the 48
approved, 45 contained details of a Flood Risk Assessment
(FRA), majority of which the EA was satisfied with the method,
scope and findings.
N.A.
N.A
Number of NSIPs approved
with EA conditions
Additional EA requirements which specifically on flood risk
were identified in 12 of the 48 approved applications. The
requirements from the EA vary considerably.
NSIP applications – progress
Number of NSIP applications
a)approved contrary to EA
objection b) not carrying out
a satisfactory FRA c) not
satisfactorily applying the
sequential test.
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No granted project from the list of
register of applications was approved
with outstanding objections from the EA.
Of the 48 approved, 45 contained details
of a Flood Risk Assessment (FRA),
majority of which the EA was satisfied
with the method, scope and findings.
As of January 2017 there were 75 projects listed on the ‘register of applications’ going back to August 2010.
Of these 48 were in England and have been granted.
ADAS reviewed the Examining Authority’s Recommendation Reports of these.
No granted project was approved with outstanding objections from the EA.
45 of 48 contained an FRA, majority of which the EA was satisfied with the method, scope and findings.
The sequential test was provided in 33 of 45 applications.
Details of exception tests were provided in 19 of the 45 applications.
In certain cases, suitable information was not available in the Examining Authority’s Recommendation
report.
Source: ADAS (2017) for the ASC. Research to provide updated indicators of climate change risk and adaptation
action in England.
Notes: The Sequential test ensures that a sequential approach is followed to steer the location of a new
development to areas with the lowest probability of flooding. A planning authority should demonstrate, through
evidence, that it has considered a range of options in the site allocation process, using the Strategic Flood risk
Assessment to apply the sequential test. If the sequential test demonstrates that there is no reasonably alternative
site for a project in Flood Zones 1 or 2, a Project can be located in flood zone 3 subject to an Exception Test.
NSIP applications with EA
conditions - progress
Number of NSIPs
approved with EA
conditions.
Additional EA requirements which specifically
on flood risk were identified in 12 of the 48
approved applications. The requirements from
the EA vary considerably [examples from
spreadsheet when we have it].
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A consent by a Minister for a NSIP will take the form of a Development Consent Order 9DCO)
which includes a range of other separate consents.
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The EA determine any conditions to attach to the DCO – however most EA consents are not part
of the DCO and are decide separately.
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Additional requirements which specifically on flood risk were identified in 12 of the 48 granted
applications.
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The EA requirements vary considerably.
Source: ADAS (2017) for the ASC. Research to provide updated indicators of climate change risk and
adaptation action in England.
2. Indicators for energy
generation, transmission and
distribution
Measure
Number of major electricity
substations located in areas at
high river/coastal flooding with
site-level protection measures
implemented and number of
customers at reduced risk –
previously no. of customers
reliant on major electricity
substations in areas of very
high/high flood risk…
Amount of actual and planned
investment in resilience
measures by electricity
transmission and distribution
companies
IN6. Total abstraction of water
(surface, groundwater,
estuarine and sea) for energy
Number of customer minutes
lost due to severe weather
Trend
Implication
Change in
RAG score
since
2015?
Likely to mean less chance of electricity supply disruptions due
to flooding of major substations.
N.A.
Planned investment is continuing since we reviewed the
programme in 2014. Since 2010 £73million has been invested
with a further £100 million planned to 2023.
N.A.
The overall trend in abstraction for electricity supply from
2000-2015 shows a decreasing trend, however abstraction rose
in 2015.
N.A.
Unable to assess trend as data was not available year on year.
N.A.
↓
↑
↔
Major substations and customers
protected in areas at flood risk with
protection measures - progress
Number of customers
reliant on major
electricity substations
in areas of very
high/high flood risk
↓
Likely to mean less chance of electricity supply
disruptions due to flooding of major
substations.
Source: ASC (2014) Managing climate risks to well-being and the economy: ASC progress report 2014, using
data from the Distribution Network Operators’ submissions to Ofgem
Notes: The number of customers benefitting from planned flood mitigation measures delivered by 2020
includes measures taken for those substations currently located in areas of medium likelihood, but that are
projected to be in areas of high likelihood by the 2020s.
Progress with the
implementation of flood
protection measures
generally appears to be
on track with nearly 25%
of customers reliant on
major substations
located in areas
susceptible to river and
coastal flooding having
already benefitted from
protection and most of
the remainder (62%)
further on course to
have measures
implemented by 2020.
Ofgem estimate that the
percentage of GB
supplied by a substation
with a flood risk profile
of 1-in-100 year has
reduced from 59% in
2010 to 41% in 2015 and
are anticipated to reduce
further to 37% by 2020
(Ofgem, 2016).
Actual and planned investment
- action
Amount of actual and
planned investment in
resilience measures by
electricity
transmission and
distribution
companies.
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Planned investment is continuing since we
reviewed the programme in 2014. Since 2010
£73 million has been invested with a further
£100 million planned to 2023.
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A total investment of £173 million in substation flood protection and resilience measures
was agreed by the regulator between 2010 and 2023 (ENA, 2015). By 2015 £73m has
been spent.
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National Grid has also allocated £153 million to network resilience, flooding and physical
security. Investment has been initially targeted towards assets at highest risk. Protection
for all at-risk sites is planned by 2021. Approximately £3 million has been invested in
interim mobile flood defence and supporting equipment.
Source: ENA (2015) Climate change adaptation reporting power second round.
National Grid (2016) Second round adaptation response: National Grid Electricity Transmission UK.
Total abstraction of water progress
Total abstraction of
water (surface,
groundwater,
estuarine and sea) for
energy
↓
The overall trend in abstraction for electricity
supply from 2000-2015 shows a decreasing
trend.
The overall trend in
abstraction for electricity
supply from 2000-2015
shows a decreasing trend.
Over the period
investigated, abstraction
rose to a high of 3,499M
m3 in 2001, before falling
to 1,085M m3 in 2006
and 2007 before
returning to 2, 478M m3
in 2015.
Owing to a lack of a
detailed breakdown by
use category (e.g.
hydroelectric) for all years
the drivers behind these
fluctuations cannot be
accurately identified.
Source: DEFRA ENV15 – Water abstraction tables (last updated February 2017). See: ADAS (2017) for the
ASC. Research to provide updated indicators of climate change risk and adaptation action in England.
3. Indicators for public water
supply
Measure
Amount of investment in
resilience measures by water
companies
Leakage (Ml per year)
Trend
↔
↓
Implication
Change in
RAG score
since
2015?
Overall trend in investment is increasing, although there was
less spent in 2014/15 than 2013/14.
N.A.
Water companies have made progress in reducing leaks, and
leakage is down about a third from its 1994-5 high.
N.A.
Actual and planned investment
- action
Amount of actual and
planned investment in
resilience measures by
water companies
↔
Overall trend in investment is increasing,
although there was less spent in 2014/15 than
2013/14.
The dataset for the seven
year period (2008-09 to
2014-15) shows that a total
of £371.6 million has been
invested in resilience,
ranging from between
£35.7 million in 2008-09 to
£88.4 million in 2013-14.
The total amount invested
by each water company in
the seven year period
varies considerably, from
£0 up to £166.1 million.
Severn Trent, Anglian and
Wessex account for 77% of
all spend on resilience,
with total spend from
these companies (in the
time series) of £166.1
million, 60.2 million and
59.3 million respectively.
Thames, Yorkshire and
Bristol accounted for a
further 18% combined of
total investment on
resilience.
Source: Ofwat (2017), see ADAS (2017) for the ASC. Research to provide updated indicators of climate
change risk and adaptation action in England.
Leakage (MI per year) progress
Leakage (Ml per year)
↓
Water companies have made progress in
reducing leaks, and leakage is down about a
third from its 1994-5 high.
Leakage is affected by
weather, especially in
the cols winters, and so
may rise or fall from one
year to the next.
The overall trend in
leakage in England and
Wales over the past 11
years has been
downward.
The reduction has been
driven by the leakage
reduction targets set by
OFWAT, for each water
company.
Source: Ofwat (2017), see ADAS (2017) for the ASC. Research to provide updated indicators of climate
change risk and adaptation action in England.
Leakage is down about a
third from its 1994/95
high, to 3,084 megalitres
per day. However, there
has only been a small fall
in leakage (0.1% per year
on average) since
2012/13 compared to a
10% fall in 2011/12.
4. Indicators for road and rail
Measure
Amount of actual and planned
investment in road network
maintenance
Annual length of delays to a)
rail d) strategic road network
caused by severe weather
Condition of roads in England
Trend
Implication
Change in
RAG score
since
2015?
N.A
↑
In 2015/16, £4.5 billion was spent on the maintenance of roads
in England. Of this, £1 billion was spent on trunk motorways
and ‘A’ roads and £3.6 billion on LA managed roads. In total
between 2015 and 2021 the Government confirmed it would
be providing £6 billion to help improve local roads.
N.A
↔
Incidents and delay times fluctuate each year ranging from ~
5,000 in 2008/9 to 150,000 in 2012/13. However, the time
series is too short to determine if the number of incidents has
been increasing or decreasing over time due to e.g. climate
change.
Condition of some major roads has improved (Motorways,
Principal A Roads) since 2007/08. No significant change in
some other road types (Trunk A Roads, Non-Principal B + C
Roads). Non-principal roads improving. Unclassified roads
deteriorated but starting to improve.
Orange to
green. Most
roads type
conditions are
improving.
↑
Actual and planned investment
road maintenance - action
Amount of actual and
planned investment in
road network
maintenance
In 2015/16, £4.5 billion was spent on the maintenance
of roads in England. Of this, £1 billion was spent on
trunk motorways and ‘A’ roads and £3.6 billion on LA
managed roads. In total between 2015 and 2021 the
Government confirmed it would be providing £6 billion
to help improve local roads.
In the Autumn
Statement 2014 the
government confirmed it
would be providing £6
billion between 2015
and 2021 to help
improve local roads.
The first £75 million from
the new competitive
Challenge Fund grant
was subsequently made
available in 2015/16. An
additional £179 million
was later granted to
those authorities with
roads most damaged by
storms Desmond and
Eva.
In the Autumn
Statement 2016
Chancellor allocated an
extra £150 million to
improve transport flood
resilience.
Source: DfT (2017) Road conditions in England: 2016, taken from DCLG and Highways England
Note: Figures may not sum to totals due to rounding.
Annual number and length of
delays - progress
Annual length of
delays to strategic
road network caused
by severe weather
↔
Incidents and delay times fluctuate each year
ranging from ~ 5,000 minutes in 2009/10 to
150,000 in 2012/13. However, the time series is
too short to determine if the number of
incidents has been increasing or decreasing over
time due to e.g. climate change.
The prominent cause of
these incidents varies year
to year, with for example
delays in 2012/13 and
2013/14 largely dominated
by flooding, whilst delays in
2008/9 and 2010/11 were
largely dominated by snow
and ice, and delays in
2007/8 and 2011/12
largely dominated by
strong winds.
Relative to the time series
available, the years of 2012
- 2014 exhibited
particularly high number of
incidents, with more than
double the number of
closures to that of each
year between 2007 and
2011. Since then there
have been less delays.
Source: Highways England (2017), see ADAS (2017) for the ASC. Research to provide updated indicators of
climate change risk and adaptation action in England.
However, the time series is
too short to determine if
the number of incidents
has been increasing or
decreasing over time due
to e.g. climate change.
Annual number and length of
delays - progress
Annual length of
delays to rail network
caused by severe
weather
↔
Incidents and delay times fluctuate each year
ranging from ~ 500,000 minutes in 2011/12 to
2,400,00 in 2013/14. However, the time series is
too short to determine if the number of
incidents has been increasing or decreasing over
time due to e.g. climate change.
The prominent weather type
that caused delays varies
from year to year. In 20082020 delays were
prominently caused by
snow. In 2007/8 and
2021/13 delays were
prominently caused by
flooding and in 2013/14 by
wind.
Relative to the time series
available, 2013/2014 a
exhibited particularly high
number of incidents. Since
then delays have been less
compared to majority of
other years.
However, the time series is
too short to determine if the
number of incidents has
been increasing or
decreasing over time due to
e.g. climate change.
Source: Network Rail (20170, and ADAS (2017) for the ASC. Research to provide updated indicators of
climate change risk and adaptation action in England.
Condition of roads in England progress
Condition of roads
in England
↑
Condition of some major roads has improved
(Motorways, Principal A Roads) since 2007/08. No
significant change in some other road types (Trunk A
Roads, Non-Principal B + C Roads). Non-principal
roads improving. Unclassified roads deteriorated but
starting to improve.
• The chart shows the change in
the percentage of the different
road networks in England that
should be considered for
maintenance for each year
compared to 2007/08 - the
earliest year in the data table.
• Conditions since 2013/14 have
not changed for trunk
motorways. Trunk ‘A’ roads have
improved in the past two years.
The trunk ‘A’ road figure was 4
per cent in 2015/16, lower than 5
percent in 2007/08. The trunk
motorway figure was 3 per cent,
3 percentage points lower than
the 6 per cent that should have
been considered for
maintenance in 2007/08.
• Principal A roads have improved
with 3 per cent considered for
maintenance in 2015/16
compared to 5 per cent in
2007/8. Non-principal B and C
roads are only continuing to
improve since a 201-2012 high.
Now 6 per cent are considered
for maintenance.
Source: DfT (2017) Road Conditions in England 2016.
• Data collected via different
methods showed that 17 per
cent of the unclassified road
network should have been
considered for maintenance in
2015/16, 2 percentage points
higher than in 2007/08 but one
per cent lower than 2014/15.
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