Higher Education and Research Cooperation between South Africa and
Norway – Status and Future Prospects
Paper presented at the International Education Association South Africa (IEASA) annual conference in
Port Elizabeth 20 August 2015
Ragnhild Tungesvik
Trude Holme
Sidsel Holmberg
R. Tungesvik
Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Education (SIU)
P.O. Box 1093, 5809 Bergen, Norway
E-mail: [email protected]
T. Holme
Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Education (SIU)
P.O. Box 1093, 5809 Bergen, Norway
E-mail: [email protected]
S. Holmberg
Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Education (SIU)
P.O. Box 1093, 5809 Bergen, Norway
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper examines objectives, developments and challenges in the cooperation between South Africa and
Norway on knowledge generation. Starting with a brief outline of the historical background, the paper then
examines to what extent Norwegian national objectives for international cooperation on research and
education are consistent and compatible with South African priorities. Importantly, South Africa is host to many
Norwegian students each year. The paper gives a detailed account of these students based on available
statistics and addresses the imbalances in mobility figures between the two countries. The paper also shows
how the two countries maintain their close ties within research and education through an array of bilateral
institutional agreements, national programmes for bilateral collaboration, as well as multilateral programmes.
Introduction
The past decade has witnessed a steady growth in research cooperation between Norway and
South Africa, and South Africa is a popular study destination for Norwegian students. South
Africa is also one of eight priority cooperation countries for Norway outside the EU within
the field of research and higher education. The other seven countries are the United States of
America, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Russia, India and China. These countries are among the
strongest and/or fastest growing knowledge producers in the world, and Norway (as a small
country) wants to tap into this global knowledge base with an aim to increase the quality of
our own education and research. To Norway, South Africa is also interesting due to its
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strategic role on the African continent, and in the Southern African region in particular. South
Africa may serve as a gateway to other African countries within academic cooperation as well
as business and trade.
The Norwegian Centre for International Cooperation in Education (SIU) has administered
several programmes targeted at South Africa over the years and has thus followed the
development of higher education in South Africa, although at some distance. SIU is a public
agency under the auspices of the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research (MER) that
promotes internationalisation, intercultural dialogue and international mobility at all levels of
education, and coordinate efforts on national level in line with national policies. SIU is
Norway’s agency for international programmes and a measure related to the education sector,
and is the national agency for Erasmus+. SIU provides analysis, advisory services and
information, and is responsible for promoting Norway as an attractive destination for studies
and collaboration in education.
In this paper we examine objectives, developments and challenges in the cooperation between
South Africa and Norway on knowledge generation. We also give a detailed account on the
student mobility pattern between Norway and South Africa from 2004 until 2013. Finally, we
will reflect on current instruments and future possibilities for increased academic cooperation
between our two countries.
Background
There are strong ties between South Africa and Norway and long-standing relationships
between South African and Norwegian higher education institutions. Before 1990 Norway
was providing support to the anti-apartheid movement by supporting higher education for
ANC members in exile. After 1994 Norway was involved in the rebuilding and restructuring
of South African higher education, through programmes funded by Norad, such as the South
Africa - Norway Tertiary Education Development Program (SANTED). Other programmes
were partnership based, such as the Norwegian Programme for Development, Research and
Education (NUFU) and later Norad's Programme for Master Studies (NOMA). Both
programmes were geared at building capacity in higher education institutions, as well as
promoting regional cooperation and partnerships.
The close ties are also reflected at the institutional level, as many Norwegian and South
African institutions have a long history of research collaboration formalized through bilateral
agreements and MoUs. Some of the Norwegian universities and university colleges are also
members of the Southern African-Nordic Centre (SANORD).
Over the last few years the Norwegian policies on international cooperation in higher
education and research has developed quite substantially. The earlier division between
academic cooperation with stronger partners in Europe and North America and development
cooperation with countries in Africa and Asia has been replaced by a general focus on
Norwegian political and academic interests as well as global challenges and processes as
points of departure for international collaboration in higher education and research.
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Norwegian Policies on Academic Partnerships with Selected Countries
The Norwegian policies are stated in policy documents that the government has presented
over the last few years. This year the MER will present a new strategy on cooperation with in
higher education and research with the priority countries. The Norwegian government has
identified four general principles that they want to be reflected in academic partnerships with
the selected countries: the partnerships should contribute to increased quality and relevance,
they should be mutually beneficial for the partners, and should have a long-term perspective.
However, if mutual cooperation between two partners shall take place, common interests must
be identified. In the following we will make a comparison between South African and
Norwegian priorities with regard to thematic areas for research as well as strategies for
international cooperation within research and higher education.
Thematic Areas of Interest for South Africa and Norway
As illustrated in table 1 below, a number of thematic areas of common interest between the
two countries can be found. In particular when it comes to climate change, environmental
research and renewable energy there are strong interests in both countries. Also within areas
related to social sciences, such as human and social dynamics, welfare, health and education it
is possible to identify common priorities and areas of interest. Furthermore, South Africa’s
position in the region provides a basis for cooperation in Norwegian interest spheres such as
peace, conflict and development research. Moreover, both countries have identified the
maritime sector as a focus area, and both countries have interests in the polar areas. Operation
Phakisa (OP) was launched by President Zuma in 2014, as a fast track to implementation of
solutions on critical development issues. Blue economy is the first topic to be implemented,
including:
-
Marine transport and manufacturing activities, such as coastal shipping, transshipment, boat building, repair and refurbishment;
Offshore oil and gas exploration;
Aquaculture
Marine protection services and ocean governance.
All these areas are of common interest between Norway and South Africa. Lately, the Nelson
Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) has been selected to host the South African
International Maritime Institute (SAIMI). Representatives from this university visited Norway
(and Finland) in June 2015, to explore areas of common interest (NMMU:2015).
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Table 1: Thematic areas of priority for South Africa and Norway
South Africa
Norway
Blue economy/Oceans economy
The oceans
An innovative, adaptable private sector
Bio economy; biotechnology and
pharmaceuticals
Enabling technologies
Space science and technology
Energy security
Oil and gas exploration
Climate change, the environment and
environment-friendly energy
Global change (i.e. climate change)
Human and social dynamics
Health
Education
Public sector renewal and higher quality,
more efficient welfare, health and care
services
Sources: Ten Year Innovation Plan 2008 – 2018 (South Africa); Operation Phakisa (2014) (South Africa); Long
term plan for research and higher education (2014) (Norway)
Norwegian and South African Priorities for International Cooperation in
Higher Education
Research projects are already identified and ongoing, and new ones may be initiated on
several of the above mentioned topics. However, for Norway it is also a priority to strengthen
the educational components in research cooperation, in terms of increased student and staff
mobility, development of joint courses, sandwich programmes, and ultimately joint degrees.
With some corresponding and some diverging priorities for international cooperation in
higher education, as illustrated in table 2 below; it is SIU’s view that there should be a firm
base for increasing the cooperation between Norwegian and South African higher education
institutions.
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Table 2: Priorities for international cooperation
South Africa
Norway
Research partnerships and student and staff
exchange can assist in strengthening SA
institutions
Linking research cooperation with educational
cooperation, and also cooperation with public
and private sector, business and industry.
Tripartite partnerships arrangements are
encouraged (Foreign universities – historically
advantaged SA universities and historically
disadvantaged SA universities)
Partnerships are encouraged with strong
institutions with mutual interests
Increase in research partnerships with African
countries and other developing countries,
including BRICs, in addition to established and
new partnerships with developed countries
Both bilateral and multilateral partnerships
encouraged; and synergies are sought.
International scholarships will be directed
towards expanding the number of blacks and
women with Masters and Doctoral degrees
The Quota programme (scholarship programme)
is being revised. Scholarships for international
mobility available through other instruments, but
not for full degrees.
A suitable policy framework for international
cooperation will be developed
Strategy for international cooperation within
higher education and development with Brazil,
India, Japan, Kina, Russia and South Africa
under development.
Sources: White Paper for Post-School Education and Training (2013) (South Africa). Long term plan for
research and higher education (2014), Strategy for international cooperation in higher education and research
with Brazil, India, Japan, China, Russia and South Africa (forthcoming) (Norway)
The high-level bilateral talks between Norway and South Africa in November 2013
strengthened the countries mutual desire to maintain their close relations within knowledge
generation and a couple of new instruments have been developed on the Norwegian side over
the last few years. With the new strategy being launched later this year, we hope to see
increased possibilities for cooperation between our two countries
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Student Mobility between South Africa and Norway
To increase student and staff mobility between Norway and selected partner countries is a
central element in the Norwegian policy for international collaboration in research and higher
education. The following section gives a detailed account on the student mobility pattern
between Norway and South Africa, from 2004 until 2013/4, and addresses the imbalance in
mobility numbers between the two countries.
Figure 1 below displays the mobility numbers between the two countries for the ten last years.
On average, 312 Norwegian students attend South African institutions for higher education
each year, while 30 South Africans study in Norway annually.
Figure 1 Student mobility between South Africa and Norway 2004/5 – 2013/1
Norwegian degree-students in South Africa
Norwegian exchange students in South Africa
South African students in Norway
400
350
300
250
329
200
253
230
225
60
59
297
286
278
217
242
227
150
100
50
63
60
8
10
30
47
54
41
66
75
35
36
64
34
67
32
61
29
2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
Sources: Database for Statistics on Higher Education (DBH), the Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund
The figure shows that there is some fluctuation in student mobility from year to year,
particularly among the Norwegian exchange students. The last year has witnessed a 20
percent decrease among the latter, but there is no indication that this decline will become
permanent. South Africa is still the most popular of the BRICS-countries among Norwegian
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students. This is partly due to relatively low living expenses, good academic quality and
educational programs in English. Norway also has very generous funding arrangements for
studies abroad that enable students to go virtually everywhere in the world.
For South Africans aspiring to study in Norway the situation is quite different. Although
higher education in Norway is free of charge, the cost of living is high. There are also no
public allowances available to South Africans studying abroad. Yet, the mobility flow from
South Africa to Norway increased rapidly during 2006 and 2007 (cf. Figure 1). At that time,
SIU administered a pilot programme for student exchange between Norway and South Africa.
Three universities from each of South Africa and Norway participated in the programme.1
The pilot was successful in increasing South African student exchange to Norway and helped
improving reciprocity in student mobility.
Norwegian Degree Students in South Africa
In 2013/14, the Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund registered 289 Norwegian students
in South Africa. The bulk of these, 227 individuals, were exchange students, while the rest
assumed a full degree in South Africa. The degree-seeking students are particularly interesting
because their choices are not subject to the range of existing exchange programs. In the
following we will therefore take a closer look at these students; who are they, which
institutions do they attend, and what do they study?
Over the past ten years, 276 Norwegians have studied for an academic degree in South Africa.
On average, 63 Norwegians study for a full degree in South Africa each year. Almost 60
percent of these are female, and the vast majority study in the Western Cape Province. Table
1 portrays the level of education among the Norwegian degree-students. About 60 percent of
the Norwegians currently seeking a degree in South Africa are bachelor students, while
approximately 33 percent are master students. For the last ten years overall, however, most of
the Norwegian degree students in South Africa have assumed a master’s degree.
1
These were the universities of Cape Town, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, Bergen, Oslo, and Tromsø.
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Table L Level of education among Norwegian degree-seeking students in South Africa
Year
2013/14
2004/05 –
2013/14
Bachelor
Master
PhD
n.a.
n
37
20
2
2
%
61 %
33 %
3%
3%
n
266
341
20
2
%
42 %
54 %
3%
0%
Source: The Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund
Table 2 shows which institutions these students attend. The University of Cape Town,
Stellenbosch University, and The South African School of Motion Picture Medium and Live
Performance (AFDA) are the three most popular educational institutions for those
Norwegians seeking a full degree in South Africa. Together, these five institutions account for
88 percent of the Norwegian degree students in South Africa.
Table 2 Five most popular institutions of education among Norwegian degree-seeking
students in South Africa 2004/05 – 2013/14
Number of students
per year (means)
Percentage
University of Cape Town
79
29 %
Stellenbosch University
74
27 %
AFDA*
45
16 %
University of KwaZulu-Natal
27
10 %
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
18
7%
Institution
*) AFDA -- The South African School of Motion Picture Medium and Live Performance.
Source: The Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund
By comparison, the highest number of exchange agreements between South Africa and
Norwegian institutions of education includes the University of Cape Town (4), University of
Western Cape (4), Stellenbosch University (3) and University of KwaZulu-Natal (2).
However, the institutional landscape is changing. Figure 2 illustrates how the number of
Norwegian degree-students at these institutions has varied over the last ten years.
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Figure 2 Five most popular institutions of education among Norwegian degree-seeking
students in South Africa over the last ten years
University of Cape Town
Stellenbosch University
AFDA - The South African School of Motion Picture Medium and Live Performance
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
Source: The Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund
Evidently, the UCT has lost its stronghold among Norwegian degree students over the last
decade. While the institution accommodated half the Norwegian degree students in South
Africa ten years ago, it now holds only 20 percent. The University of KwaZulu-Natal and
NMMU have also lost ground in the period. In 2013/14 there were respectively only one and
two Norwegian degree students at KwaZulu-Natal and NMMU. In contrast, the University of
Stellenbosch and AFDA have both experienced a steep increase in their percentage of
Norwegian degree students in the course of a few years.
The four most popular disciplines to study for a degree among Norwegians are social
sciences, humanities, film, and economy/business/management. Figure 3 shows how these
disciplines have developed over time. Despite some variation in popularity from year to year,
the social sciences remain the first choice among Norwegian students. Both humanities and
economy/business/administration have had negative developments overall, whilst film has
increased its portion of the students from 0 to 40 percent in just five years. Taken together, the
two most popular disciplines - film and social sciences - currently encompasses 80 percent of
the Norwegian degree-students in South Africa.
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Figure 3 Most popular disciplines among Norwegian degree-students in South Africa
Social Sciences
Humanities
Film
Economy/Business/Management
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/11 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
Source: The Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund
Instruments for Cooperation within Higher Education and Research
between South Africa and Norway
The Norwegian Research Council (NRC) and SIU preside over new instruments intended to
further strengthening the links between research and higher education and to create excellent
bilateral partnerships. Compared to previous collaboration instruments, more emphasize is
now given to efforts to improve the student and staff mobility between the two countries and
to reinforce the link between research, higher education and business/private enterprise and
innovation. In addition to initiatives financed by the Norwegian government and run by SIU,
NRC, and Innovation Norway, the new Erasmus+ programme and HORIZON2020
framework and several intergovernmental networks and portals offer funding possibilities for
collaboration on research, science and technology development between South African and
Norwegian institutions and private enterprises. In this section we will briefly outline the
current instruments for cooperation between Norway and South Africa within the field of
knowledge generation.
International Partnerships for Excellent Education and Research (INTPART)
RCN and SIU are collaborating on the new programme on International Partnerships for
Excellent Education and Research (INTPART). The programme is intended to expand
international partnerships between institutions and thus provide an opportunity for
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international exchange and experience to researchers and students. The programme seeks to
increase the number of world-class Norwegian research groups in higher education, research
and innovation and to promote long-term scientific cooperation with academics in eight
priority non-European countries: Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Russia, South Africa,
and the US. There are no restrictions as to thematic or scientific area.
The programme will issue annual funding announcements. The programme’s first call for
proposals was issued early in 2015. Five out of 47 proposals involved collaboration projects
between South African and Norwegian institutions. Final selection of projects is scheduled for
October 2015. This first call for proposals targeted institutions and research groups that either
host or are partners in various Centers of Excellence in Norway. Subsequent calls may be
directed at other target groups, with different project frameworks. Special priorities relating to
country and/or thematic area may be set in addition to the general requirements for
cooperation on higher education and research.
The UTFORSK Partnership Programme
UTFORSK is an instrument for strengthening the linkage between higher education and
research in international collaboration, and to increase cooperation between Norway and the
BRICS countries. To be eligible for support from UTFORSK, the proposal must be linked to
a research project that has or previously has had funding from the RCN, from any of the
organisation's programmes or other activities. Support is given to develop educational
activities such as student and staff mobility, joint courses, teaching and supervision, summer
schools etc. in close connection with the research project. UTFORSK pilot phase lasts from
2013 to 2016, and there is at present one UTFORSK project involving South African and
Norwegian partner institutions.
South-Africa-Norway Cooperation on Climate Change, the Environment and Clean Energy
(SANCOOP)
SANCOOP (2013-2017) is a bilateral research programme, following two earlier
programmes, the first one started in 2002. SANCOOP is addressing areas within one of
Norway’s and South Africa’s priority areas for research; climate, environment and clean
energy. The programme is run by the RCN and NRF, and co-financed by governments of
South Africa and Norway.
The main programme activity is funding of joint research projects between Norway and South
Africa. Multi- and interdisciplinary research is encouraged as well as scientific
complementarity between the South African and Norwegian Research teams. In 2013 the only
major call for proposals during the current programme period was launched. 19 projects have
been approved for funding. The projects also include funding for mobility for PhD and
Master’s students.
The Quota Scheme
This instrument has been in operation for almost three decades and is administered by SIU.
The scheme provides students from developing countries with financial support to study at
Master’s and Ph.D. level in addition to certain Professional/Bachelor’s degrees in Norway.
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The main objective is to contribute to capacity building through education that will benefit the
home country of the students when they return, and to strengthen higher education relations
between Norway and the selected countries.
South Africa is one of the countries included in the scheme, and SIU has registered more than
40 institutional collaboration agreements that include opportunities for student mobility
between Norwegian and South African institutions. However, statistics show that a very low
number of students from South Africa are enrolled into Norwegian institutions under the
scheme. The reason for this is not evident, but may partly be due to the fact that South Africa
has a range of high quality institutions of higher education. Furthermore, difficulties in
recruiting top students to South Africa’s own postgraduate programmes also reduces the
incentives for sending students abroad.
The Quota Scheme has been evaluated several times, the last time in 2013/14, and the future
of the programme is not yet decided by MER.
Erasmus+
South Africa has long been an active and important partner within the former EU programmes
for internationalization of education, in particular Erasmus Mundus. These are now replaced
by the new Erasmus+ programme, in which Norwegian higher education institutions for the
first time may participate on equal terms as institutions from EU member states. Within
Erasmus+ Norwegian higher education institutions can work with partner institutions in South
Africa through international mobility, joint degrees, and international cooperation
partnerships, including capacity building and staff development.
The Knowledge Triangle
A key concept in Norwegian educational policies is the knowledge triangle, which refers to
the interaction between research, education and innovation, and is a strategy to tie together the
key drivers of a knowledge-based society.
To this date, industrial relations between South Africa and Norway have been modest.
However, further research cooperation may open the door for expanded cooperation within
the private sector. The Research Council of Norway (2012:2) has pointed out some areas of
common interest between the two countries. Both South African and Norwegian researchers
have been well represented on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Both
countries have substantial fossil fuel resources, and invest heavily in carbon capture and
storage (CCS), hydrogen and solar energy. This has led to significant research cooperation
and also some industrial cooperation between the two countries. From the RCN’s perspective,
there is great potential for expanding this cooperation, especially cooperation within trade and
industry.
A cornerstone in the knowledge triangle approach is Innovation Norway, the Norwegian
Government's most important instrument for innovation and development of Norwegian
enterprises and industry. The interest among Norwegian enterprises for South Africa has seen
a gradual increase the last couple of years and Innovation Norway has established an office on
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the premises of the Norwegian Embassy in Pretoria, and a local office in Cape Town, to
support Norwegian businesses in finding new markets in South Africa.
The highly successful history of research cooperation between Norway and South Africa
reinforced with the new instruments for collaboration within research and higher education
and initiatives and networks for innovation and industrial development may thus foster new
relationships and synergies, also in “new” sectors and disciplines, such as the marine and the
maritime sector. South Africa’s Operation Phakisa and the Norwegian priority area the
Oceans will pave the way for increased cooperation within the maritime and marine sectors,
and possibilities for increased cooperation are currently being explored at different levels 2.
Concluding Remarks
By looking at the long history of cooperation, the current status of student mobility, and the
rather new instruments that have been introduced from the Norwegian side, we foresee the
possibilities for increased cooperation between Norway and South Africa within higher
education and research. However, true academic cooperation is rarely successful based on
top-down initiatives alone. The main driving force lays with the institutions and among
academic staff that are driven by their genuine interests for increased quality in research and
education. Through interviews with several stakeholders in South Africa in 2013 SIU
identified an interest for joint programmes, especially at the doctoral level, through sandwhich
programmes, co-tutelle arrangements and joint degrees. The new programmes that have been
launched represent opportunities for such activities at both Master’s and PhD levels.
For Norway it is a priority that student mobility is linked to research and other academic
collaboration. SIU will thus promote increased mobility both ways, primarily within the
thematic fields that are of priority for both countries, and where an exchange period can
enhance the quality of the education for the individual student; and where the collaborative
arrangements at the same time increases the quality of the education at the participating
institutions.
We look forward to continue to explore avenues for increased cooperation together with our
partners at all levels, including IEASA, and the higher education institutions.
References
International Education Association South Africa 2012: Study South Africa 12th Edition
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (2015): Norway – Finland visit Maritime and
Marine Sciences 5 – 12 June 2015
2
For instance a delegation from Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University in Port Elizabeth visited four different
Norwegian higher education institutions in June 2015, with the aim to learn from Norwegian experiences and
explore possibilities for future cooperation.
13
Research Council of Norway (undated): South Africa – Norway Programme on Research
Cooperation, Phase II (S-AFRIKA) 2006 – 2011. Final Report.
Research Council of Norway (2014:2): “Roadmap for bilateral research cooperation.
SIU 2008: The Pilot Programme for Student Exchange between South Africa and Norway.
Final Programme Report 2006 – 2007.
SIU 2012: Mobilitetsrapport 2012
SIU 2014: Samarbeid med Sør-Afrika i høgare utdanning: Føresetnader, utfordringar og
moglegheiter. (Cooperation with South Africa in Higher Education: Preconditions, Challenges
and Opportunities) (Norwegian only)
Smith, Robert and Michael Cross 2009: Mid-Term Review of the SANTED II Programme of
Support to Tertiary Education in South Africa.
Internet resources
Department of Higher Education and Training: http://www.dhet.gov.za/
Department of Science and Technology: http://www.dst.gov.za/
Higher Education South Africa: http://www.hesa.org.za/
International Education Association South Africa: http://www.ieasa.studysa.org/
International Partnerships for Excellent Education and Research (INTPART):
http://www.forskningsradet.no/prognett-internasjonale-stipend/Homepage/1224066982949
National Research Foundation: http://www.nrf.ac.za/
Operation Phakisa (Web site of the Precedency of the Republic of South Africa):
http://www.operationphakisa.gov.za/pages/home.aspx
South-Africa-Norway Cooperation on Climate Change, the Environment and Clean Energy
(SANCOOP):http://www.forskningsradet.no/prognettsouthafrica/Programme_description/122
6994002831
UTFORSK Partnership Programme: http://siu.no/eng/Programme-information/BRICS-andEurasia/UTFORSK
Quota Scheme: http://siu.no/eng/Programme-information/Development-cooperation/QuotaScheme
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Appendix
Existing agreements between South Africa and Norway:
1. Agreement between the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the
Government of the Kingdom of Norway on Scientific and Technological Cooperation
– dated 29 May 2002
2. Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and South African Department of Science and
Technology: South Africa – Norway Research Cooperation on Climate, the
Environment and Clean Energy (SANCOOP) 2013 – 2017. Framework Document
3. More than 40 cooperation agreements between South African and Norwegian
institutions for recruitment of SA students to Norwegian universities through the
Quota Scheme (but just a handful of actual students)
4. A number of active agreements on student exchange, particularly with universities
along the SA coast: UCT, UWC, Stellenbosch University, UKZN. Basically only
Norwegian students are mobile under these agreements.
Key Policy Documents:
Department of Higher Education and Training 2012: Green Paper for Post-School Education
and Training.
Department of Higher Education and Training 2012: Strategic Plan 2010/11 – 2014/15
Department of Higher Education and Training 2013: Statistics on Post-School Education and
Training in South Africa: 2011
Department of Science and Technology 2008: Ten Year Innovation Plan 2008 – 2018
IEASA: Study South Africa. The Guide to South African Higher Education. 12th edition
(2012)
Republic of South Africa, National Planning Commission 2012: Our Future. National
Development Plan 2030
The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and South African Department of Science and
Technology 2013: South Africa – Norway Research Cooperation on Climate, the
Environment and Clean Energy (SANCOOP) (2013 – 2017). Framework Document.
15