EU Research and Innovation Strategies:
Lessons for Thailand and Emerging
Economies
25-26 April 2007 Bangkok
Choosing national research priorities
in Sweden
VINNOVA - Swedish Governmental Agency for
Innovation Systems
Lena Gustasson
Deputy Director General
R&D as part of GDP
Statistics – SCB, Sweden
Choosing national research
priorities in Sweden:

How are research priorities
selected (specific characteristics at national,
regional, local levels)?
 What factors are taken into
account?
 How are these research
priorities managed in practice?
R&D expenditure in relation to GDP
Ireland
New Zealand
Norway
Canada (2002)
Universities & colleges
Government organisations
United Kingdom
Business sector
Netherlands
How does the
Belgium
France (2002)
Swedish R&D
system look?
Denmark
Germany (2002)
Switzerland
United States (2003)
Korea
Japan
Finland
Sweden
Israel (2002)
0,0%
0,5%
1,0%
1,5%
2,0%
2,5%
3,0%
3,5%
4,0%
4,5%
5,0%
Per cent of GDP
Source: OECD MSTI, 2004
Swedish National Innovation System Characteristics:
•
The big international companies dominates the R&Dsystem
•
The economy is strongly internationally linked
•
SME invest very little in R&D
•
•
•
Universities dominates the public R&D-system and they
have a third task, to cooperate with companies and society
Small sector of Research-institutes
Government invests very little R&D-money in companies
outside the military sector

How are research priorities selected?
– who are involved in the process?
•
•
At the national level the Swedish government is organized within the
Government Office - a politically controlled entity. Sweden is
currently organized according to 13 ministries that influence the
direction of the Swedish research and innovation policy. All
ministries support research activities in their sector of
responsibility
= POLICYFORMING MINISTRIES
The Swedish institutional system is characterised by relatively
small ministries. This implies that functions held by ministries
in other countries fall under the responsibility of government
agencies in Sweden
= IMPLEMENTING AGENICIES
Major public actors in Swedish research and
innovation policy formulation 2006 – NATIONAL
LEVEL!
Selected Groups of National Key Actors
General policy
Policy intelligence (Budget: MSEK 75 )
ITPS = The Institute for Growth Policy Studies
The Government
Policy Intelligence
(ITPS, GPC, RPC)
Municipalities and
County councils
(R&D)*
R&D financing
IPC = Globalization Policy Council
Two
policy councils
RPC = Research Policy Council
forCouncils
innovation
Research
(Budget: MSEK 3 634)
VR = The Swedish Research Council
governance:
FAS = The Swedish Council for Working Life
and Social Research
FORMAS = Swedish Research Council for
Environment etc.
The
Research policy
Defence oriented agencies (Budget:
Research councils – Sector Agencies – Foundations
MSEK 4 183)
council
(RPC) and the
Civ mission ori. R&D agencies (Budget:
MSEK 2 716)
Civil mission oriented R&D
Globalization
policy
Research councils
Defence oriented
VINNOVA = The Swedish Gov. Agency for
agencies
(VINNOVA,
(VR, FAS, FORMAS)
R&D agencies
Innovation Systems
council
(GPC): RPC
STEM, SNSB)
STEM = The Swedish Energy Agency
Semi Public R&D was
R&D performers
established
SNSB = The
Swedish National Space Boardin
Foundations
Universities (Budget: MSEK 10 794)
1962
and plays a
Institutes (Budget: MSEK 339)
Business Development Agencies (Budget:
significant
role in the
MSEK 2 200)
NUTEK = The Swedish Agency for Economic
Universities
Institutes
preparation
of the R&D
and Regional Growth
= ALMI Business Partner
billALMIevery
fourth year.
R&D – R&I Performers
FDI promotion (Budget: MSEK 101)
GPC
other hand
ISA =on
Invest inthe
Sweden Agency
Venture capital bodies (Budget: MSEK 700)
is a brand new
Business development & financing
The Innovation Bridge
= R&D financing
FDI promotion
The Industrial Fund
(ISA)
constellation
with a
Municipalities & County councils (R&D)
(Estimated Budget: MSEK 7 000)
competitiveness
focus.
Business development
Venture capital bodies ( The
agencies (NUTEK &
ALMI)
Innovation Bridge & The
Industrial Fund
Based on data from
Statistics Sweden
and the agencies.
Modified by
P.Sandgren,
VINNOVA, 2006
Semi Public R&D Foundations (Budget:
MSEK 1678)
Major R&D flows in the Swedish system 2003 (MSEK)
Swedish financers
Business
financing
63
A heavy
concentration to
business and
universitites
Public
financing
24
Large
companies
dominates
R&D
PNP Org.
financing
2
Business
Sector
72
Financing from Abroad
7
Universities
21
Performing sectors
Statistics Sweden, 2005. Modified by P.Sandgren VINNOVA, 2006.
Gov. Agencies
3
R&D in Swedish industry 2003 by product
field
A few industries (no more
than 20 companies perform
nearly 70% of total business
R&D in Sweden) dominates
R&D and thereby their focus
influences R&D
– but it is not that simple!
Källa: SCB
Actual priority process for Swedish research and
innovation policy, 2007
EC Commission, Trend Chart - Annual Innovation Policy Trends and Appraisal Report. P.Sandgren, VINNOVA, 2006
Research priorities in the latest national research
bill for Sweden, 2005
Improved possibilities
for the Universities
to work with
commercialization
International Competitive
Research Environments
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
= National Innovation Strategy
Prioritized research areas:
•Life Sciences
Improved supply of
seed financing
•Engineering
•Sustainable Development
Graduate Schools
Source: Prop 2004/2005:80, p.147
Improved transfer of knowledge
between the universities, the
industrial institutes and the
business community
= Policy Framework for R&I Policy
Note: The figure has been slightly modified by Patrik Sandgren, VINNOVA, 2005
M
a
r
k
e
t
Systems Biology
Nanotechnology
CARS Microscopy
Sweden has and is
focussing on
hightechnology
MC2 - Chalmers
Major public R&D-funding organizations in
Sweden and their budgets 2006
Gross Domestic Product: 2826 GSEK (304 G€) Government R&D-funding: 0.94% of GDP = 26,4 GSEK (2,8 G€)
Ministry of
Education and
Research
Universities
1160 M€
41 % of
Gov.
Swedish
Research
Council
(Vetenskapsrådet)
300 M€
Ministry
of the
Environment
Ministry Ministry of Enterprise, Energy
of
and Communications
Health and
Social
Affairs
Research
Council for
Environment
Spatial
Planning and
Agricultural
Sciences
(FORMAS)
60 M€
10 % of Gov.
Research
Council for
Working
Life and
Social
Sciences
(FAS)
30 M€
Swedish
Agency for
Innovation
Systems
VINNOVA
150 M€
1 % of Gov.
2 % of Gov.
Mainly curiosity driven/
free research
Swedish
Energy
Agency
(STEM)
85 M€
Swedish
National
Space
Board
55 M€
3 % of
Gov.
2 % of
Gov.
Other
civilian
agencies
390 M€
14 % of
Gov.
Ministry
of
Defence
Public
research
found.
165 M€
6 % of
Gov.
Defence
agencies
445 M€
16 % of
Gov.
5 % of Gov.
Mainly needs-driven/
mission oriented research
VINNOVA, Division for Strategy Development, 2007
The Research and Innovation cycle:
Research:
Money transformation to
Knowledge & Competence
Innovation: Knowledge & Competence
transformation to Money
Developing innovation system is to make above efficient, i.e. to make
investment in R&D profitable. Identify bottlenecks and possibilities.
Choosing national research priorities in
Sweden:

What factors are taken into account?
- Sustainable growth of the country in a global
perspective (innovation and growth)!
- The scientist’s individual driving force to
solve scientific questions (scientific curiosity)!
Curiosity driven and needs-driven research
Yes
Goal
Scientific
progress
Curiosity driven
Basic research
(Bohr)
Eg. VR –
Curiosity
driven - 60%
Eg. VINNOVA
- Mission
orientied –
-40%
Needs-driven
Basic research
(Pasteur)
Applied not
Scientifically basic research
(Edison)
No
No
Goal
Economic or social
use
Yes
Eg. wood
Eg. Social science
Eg. Biotech
tools
Eg. medicine
Eg. Nano materials
Eg. ICT
There is a clear trend for
national R&D programmes
to focus on a number of
STRONG R&I
ENVIRONMENTS!
1) Financial support - in
competition – from
different R&I financiers!
- this results in selected
profiles!
2) In addition, R&D
focuses are selected at
different levels (ministries
etc.) – after
national/global etc.
“analyses”!
Type of Centre and
financier:
1) Different types of
R(&I) Excellence
Centres
WIN-GROWTH
2) Regional “WIN-Growth
Centres
Experience and research
shows that geographic
proximity and density
brings competitive
advantages as regards
collaboration, learning,
access to competence
in collaboration and
business exploitation.
Effective innovation systems
Sustainable growth requires interaction between
business, university and government/public sector
The interaction results in new products, services,
and processes.
Triple Helix Interaction
• Business
• University
• Government/Public Sector
VINNVÄXT (WIN-Growth) –
Implementing “Triple Helix”
on the regional level
Kiruna
Pajala
Gällivare
Jokkmokk
Övertorne
å
Arjeplog
Överkalix
Kalix
Luleå
Sorsele
Arvidsjaur
Storuman
Skellefte
å
Lycksele
Vilhelmina
Strömsund
Umeå
Åre
Örnsköldsvik
Kramfors
Östersund
Sundsvall
Härjedalen
Hudiksvall
Ljusdal
Bollnäs
Mora
Söderhamn
Malung
Gävle
Falun
Vansbro
Avesta
Ludvika
Uppsala
Fagersta
Västerås
Köping
Eskilstuna
Örebro
Stockholm
Katrineholm
ROBOTICS VALLEY
Nyköping
Lidköping
öping
Norrk
Linköping
Skövde
Tranås
Västervik
Borås
Jönköping
Vimmerby
Gotland
Nässjö
Värnamo
Oskarshamn
Växjö
Ljungby
Kalmar
Älmhult
Karlshamn
Karlskrona
Kristianstad
“Controlled”
development
?
“Spontaneous”
development?
Universities/University
colleges in Sweden
Nanoteknikföretag i Nanotechnology
Sverige
Companies
Områden:
Elektronik
Material- och Ytbehandling
Typ av företag:
Kursiv text: Företag som
använder sig
av nanoteknik
Fet text:
Nanoteknikföretag
Bioteknik
Instrument och Utrustning
Grundad på forskningskompetens från:
C
Chalmers Tekniska Högskola
K
Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan
Li
Linköpings Universitet / Linköpings Tekniska Högskola
L
Lunds Universitet / Lunds Tekniska Högskola
S
Stockholms Universitet
Uppsala Universitet
U
Chromogenics Sweden U
Gyros
Nanologica S
Piezomotor Uppsala
Vg Scienta U
Åmic U
Anderberg och Modéer Accelerator
Biacore
Gammadata
Ge Healthcare Bio-Sciences
Sandvik
Seco Tools
Källa: Göteborgs-Posten 2004-02-29
Cellectricon C
Layerlab C
Nanofactory Instruments C
Nanoxis C
Promimic C
Sindre C
Smoltek C
Q-Sense C
Goceram
Midorion
Nobel Biocare
Stormled
VOLVO Technology
Kvaerner Pulping
Camurus L
Epigress L
Genovis L
Nanofreeze Technologies L
Nems L
Nquip L
Qumat Technologies L
Qunano L
Tetra Pak
Active Biotech
Erysave
Höganäs
Uponor Innovation
c
Eka Chemicals
c
Pilkongton Floatglas
c
Celanese Emulsions
Astrazeneca
ABB
Saab Barracuda
Pergo
Obducat
Aimpoint
Air Liquide Gas
Biora
Roxtec
Micromuscle Li
Thin Film Electronics
Appliedsensor
Impact Coatings
Saab
Accelerator
Bactiguard
Micronic Laser Systems K
Nanoradio
Nanosep L
Nanospace U
Nm Spintronics K
Replisaurus Technologies L
Silex Microsystems
Akzo Nobel
Alphabeta
Attana
Biosensor Applications
Biovitrum
Carmeda
Emerson Network Power Energy Systems
Flir Systems
Infineon Technologies
Lightlab Sweden
Medivir
Micromy
Nilsson Intelligence Systems
Pfizer
Pondus Instruments
Syntune
Ericsson
Wallenius Marine
Xcounter
Zarlink Semiconductor
Funding structure for
Swedish universities
0
20
40
60
80
X
All universities
Royal Institute of
Technology
X
X
Karolinska Institutet
Basic government funding for education
Other income for education
Basic government funding for research and PhD-studies
Research councils and other government agencies
Local and regional governments
EU
Public and private foundations
Swedish and foreign firms
Other income
Source: Högskoleverket Årsrapport 2006
%
100
Choosing national research priorities in
Sweden:

What factors are taken into account?
- Quality– overall principle!
(research/competence)
- Renewal
- Collaborations – different Actors!
- Composition of Teams (female/male, age ….,
international recruitment….)
- Geographic proximity
- Competence density
- Equipment …….
Regional, national,
European, bilateral
collaborations!
Is Sweden at all
seen???
Above all – GLOBAL
competition,
challenge and
possibilities!

Choosing national research priorities in
Sweden:
How are research priorities selected (specific characteristics
at national, regional, local levels)?
 What factors are taken into account?
 How are these research priorities managed in practice?
 I said something ….
Evaluation:
Before project start: Peer review …
During and after..:
-Evalutation (international…)
- “Follow-research”
-CAUSE FEED-BACK LOOPS!
Thank you for your
attention!