T a v i XI
feradi liTonebi da Senadnobebi
11.1. alumini da misi Senadnobebi
11.1.1. aluminis daxasiaTeba. msubuqi liTonebidan alumins yvelaze meti samrewvelo
mniSvneloba gaaCnia. aluminis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas mcire simkvrive (=2,7 g/sm3) da dabali
dnobis temperatura (6600C) miekuTvneba. amitom alumini da misi Senadnobebi farTod gamoiyeneba
warmoebis iseT sferoebSi, sadac dabali simkvrive da maRali xvedriTi simtkice (σmaqs/) umTavresia.
alumini xasiaTdeba gazrdili plastikurobiT da dabali simtkiciT. maRali sisufTavis civadglinuli
da momwvari aluminis simtkicis zRvari gaWimvaze σmaqs=60 mgpa, δ=40%, ψ=85%, HB 25. ar
gaaCnia alotropiuli modifikaciebi, kargi siTbo da eleqtrogamtari masalaa.
minarevebi
da
malegirebeli
elementebi
sxvadasxva
xarisxiT
amcireben
aluminis
eleqtrogamtarobas. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT Zlier moqmedeben manganumi, vanadiumi,
qromi da titani.
alumini qimiurad aqtiuri liTonia. miuxedavad amisa, igi haerze da zogierT agresiul garemoSi
metad sustad ganicdis korozias. amis mizezia aluminis zedapirze warmoqmnili oqsidis (Al2O3)
mkvrivi furCi, romelic liTons Semdgomi Jangvisagan icavs.
mwarmoebeli qarxnebi alumins uSveben sxvadasxva masis zodebisa da mrgvali an brtyeli
formis sxmulebis saxiT. pirveladi (teqnikuri) aluminis marka aRiniSneba A asoTi, romlis Semdeg
iwereba ricxvi. igi miuTiTebs aluminis sisufTaves mZimis Semdeg. magaliTad, A995 Seicavs
99,995% alumins. gansakuTrebuli sisufTavis aluminia A999; maRali sisufTavisa - A995; A99; A97;
A95, xolo teqnikuri sisufTavis – A85; A8; A7; . . . A0.
teqnikuri aluminisagan amzadeben furclebs, Zelakebs, mavTuls.
11.1 naxazze warmodgenilia sxmuli aluminis tipuri mikrostruqturebi.
11.1.2. aluminis Senadnobebis klasifikacia da niSandeba. sasurveli Tvisebebis misaRebad
awarmoeben aluminis legirebas sxvadasxva elementiT. malegirebel danamatebad yvelaze farTod
gamoiyeneba spilenZi, magniumi, TuTia
da siliciumi.
143
naxevarfabrikatebis miRebis xerxis mixedviT ansxvaveben aluminis samsxmelo da
deformirebad Senadnobebs. TiToeuli maTgani, Tavis mxriv, or jgufad iyofa: pirveli jgufis
Senadnobebi ar eqvemdebarebian Termul ganmtkicebas, xolo meore jgufis Senadnobebis TvisebaTa
Secvla SesaZlebelia wrTobiTa da Semdgomi bunebrivi an xelovnuri daZvelebiT.
aluminis Senadnobebis niSandebis principi ar aris iseTi sistemuri, rogoric foladebis
SemTxvevaSi. aluminis Senadnobebis marka aRiniSneba asoebiT, romlebic zogadad miuTiTeben
Senadnobis tips, Tvisebas, daniSnulebas an mdgomareobas. magaliTad, aso Д (deformirebadi)
aRniSnavs duraluminis tipis Senadnobebs, B – maRalmtkice Senadnobebs, AK - Wedad Senadnobebs,
АЛ – samsxmelo
Senadnobebs. asoebis Semdeg iwereba Senadnobis pirobiTi nomeri, romelsac
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs masalis SedgenilobasTan an mis TvisebebTan. pirobiT nomers SeiZleba
mosdevdes simbolo, romelic miuTiTebs Senadnobis mdgomareobas. magaliTad,MM - rbili, Т Termulad damuSavebuli (wrToba+daZveleba), H – mopirsalebuli, П – naxevradmopirsalebuli.
yvela samrewvelo aluminis Senadnobi SeiZleba daiyos agreTve aluminisa da im ZiriTadi
malegirebeli elementebis sistemebis mixedviT, romlebic Senadnobis Tvisebebs gansazRvravs.
magaliTad, Al-Mg, Al-Cu, Al-Cu-Mn, Al-Mg-Si-Cu da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi Senadnobis markas
xSirad aRniSnaven A asoTi, romelsac mosdevs ZiriTadi malegirebeli elementis aRmniSvneli simbolo.
magaliTad, Al-Mn sistemis Senadnobi aRiniSneba simboloebiT АMц, Al-Mg sistemisa – АMг da
a.S. Semdeg iwereba Senadnobis rigiTi nomeri da, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, Senadnobis mdgomareobis aRmniSvneli aso.
11.1.3. aluminis Senadnobebis Termuli damuSaveba. aluminis SenadnobebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba Termuli damuSavebis sami saxe: mowva, wrToba da daZveleba.
praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia mowvis sami saxeoba: sxmulis homogenizacia, deformirebuli
nakeTobis sarekristalizacio mowva da Termulad ganmtkicebuli Senadnobis mowva gasarbileblad.
144
deformirebadi naxevarfabrikatebis warmoebis teqnologiur ciklSi homogenizacia warmoadgens
pirveladi damuSavebis saxes. sahomogenizacio
mowvis mizani, garda dendrituli likvaciis mospobisa,
aris araTanabrad ganlagebuli, uxeSi
agebulebis
meoreuli CanarTebis xelsayreli formisa da liTonis
moculobaSi maTi Tanabari ganawilebis miReba. Tu
magaliTad, Al-Cu sistemis Senadnobs gavaxurebT
homogenizaciis temperaturamde (450-5200C, nax.
11.2), CuAl2 fazis uxeSi evteqtikuri CanarTebi
gaixsneba myar xsnarSi da gacivebis Semdeg
spilenZis koncentracia myari xsnaris moculobaSi
miuaxlovdeba wonasworuls. homogenizaciis Sedegad
struqturis gaTanabreba iwvevs plastikurobis zrdas
da
deformirebuli
nakeTobis
Tvisebebis
gaumjobesebas.
sarekristalizacio mowva, rogorc civad an cxlad
wneviT damuSavebis ciklSi Sualeduri operacia, farTod gamoiyeneba mrewvelobaSi. rig SemTxvevebSi igi warmoadgens deformirebuli naxevarfabrikatebis saboloo Termuli damuSavebis operacias.
aluminis Senadnobebis sarekristalizacio mowvis temperatura aris 300-5000C. mxedvelobaSi unda
miviRoT, rom aluminisaTvis kritikuli deformaciis xarisxi 1-3%-ia, xolo misi SenadnobebisaTvis –
ramdenadme meti.
Termulad ganmtkicebuli Senadnobebis gasarbileblad mowvis reJimma
unda uzrunvelyos gadajerebuli myari xsnaris sruli daSla da oTaxis temperaturaze wonasworuli struqturis Camoyalibeba. aluminis samrewvelo SenadnobebisaTvis am
moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad gaxurebis temperatura unda Seadgendes 350-4500C. garda myari
xsnaris sruli daSlisa, mowvis dros mimdinareobs meoreuli CanarTebis koagulacia da miiReba
struqtura mcire sisaliTa da maRali plastikurobiT.
rogorc cnobilia, wrToba gamoiyeneba iseTi Senadnobebis Termuli damuSavebisaTvis,
romlebic
xasiaTdebian
fazuri
gardaqmnebiT
myar
mdgomareobaSi.
aluminis
sawarmoo
SenadnobebisaTvis cnobilia aseTi fazuri gardaqmnebis mxolod erTi saxe: gaxurebisas intermetaliduri
fazebis gaxsna aluminSi (magaliTad, CuAl2 fazisa Al-Cu sistemis SenadnobebSi, nax.11.2), xolo gacivebisas maTi xelaxali gamoyofa myari fazidan (nax.11.3, a). amdenad, wrTobis efeqti miiRweva
mxolod iseT aluminis SenadnobebSi, romlebSic Seyvanili malegirebeli elementebis xsnadobis zRvari
cvalebadia temperaturaze damokidebulebiT (Cu, Mg, Zn, Mn).
145
wrToba da daZveleba aris aluminis Senadnobebis ganmamtkicebeli Termuli damuSaveba.
wrToba xdeba 450-5200C–dan wyalSi gacivebiT, ris Sedega-dac oTaxis temperaturaze fiqsirdeba
sakmaod maRali xarisxiT gadajerebuli myari xsnari (nax. 11.3, b).
magaliTad,
Al+4%Cu
Sedgenilobis Senadnobis
wrTobis temperaturamde gaxurebis, dayovnebisa da wyalSi gacivebis Semdeg
dafiqsirdeba  myari xsnari spilenZis SemcvelobiT 4%. radgan wonasworul
pirobebSi spilenZis xsnadobis zRvari aluminSi ar aRemateba 0,2% (nax. 11.2), myari xsnari spilenZiT
20-jer gadajerebuli aRmoCndeba.
wrTobis Semdeg aluminis Senadnobebi xasiaTdebian momwvar mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT
gazrdili simtkiciT, magram SenarCunebulia maRali plastikurobac (wrTobamde σmaqs=200 mgpa,
δ=25%; wrTobis Semdeg σmaqs=250-300 mgpa, δ=23%).
wrTobidan 4-5 dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi daZvelebis Sedegad simtkicis zRvari
gaWimvaze 450 mgpa-mde matulobs. ganmtkicebis efeqti daZvelebis pirvel saaTebSi umniSvneloa,
Semdeg ki izrdeba maqsimalur mniSvnelobamde (nax. 11.4). daZvelebis sawyis periods, romelic
146
xasiaTdeba simtkicis umniSvnelo matebiT, sainkubacio periodi ewodeba. mas didi teqnologiuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia, radgan am momentSi SesaZlebelia mravali saxis formis Secvlis (Runva, moqimva,
moqlonva da a.S.) operaciis Catareba.
Tu bunebrivad daZvelebul Senadnobs 200-2500C temperaturaze 20-60 wamis ganmavlobaSi
davayovnebT, igi kargavs simtkices, Rebulobs axlad nawrTobi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs da unars xelaxali daZvelebisadmi (nax.11.5). am movlenas gamobruneba ewodeba.
aluminis Senadnobebis daZvelebis procesi metad rTuli gardaqmnebiT
xasiaTdeba da ramodenime etapad mimdinareobs. wrTobiT miRebul  myar xsnarSi spilenZis
atomebi usistemodaa ganlagebuli. daZvelebis procesis pirvel etapze iwyeba spilenZis atomebis
aRmavali difuzia, ris Sedegadac isini Tavs iyrian garkveul kristalografiul sibrtyeebze da
warmoiqmneba spilenZiT gamdidrebuli zonebi, sadac atomebi kanonzomieradaa ganlagebuli. maT
ginie-prestonis I (gp I) zonebi ewodeba. es zonebi sisqiT 5-10Å rigisaa,
xolo diametri – 40-100 Å-s aRwevs da koherentulia (mikedlebulia) deda
147
xsnarTan. spilenZiT gamdidrebuli zonebis warmoqmna kristalSi did daZabulobebs warmoqmnis, ris
Sedegadac imsxvreva mozaikis blokebi da izrdeba Senadnobis simtkice.
bunebrivi
daZvelebis
Semdgomi
ganviTareba
iwvevs
zonebis
zomaTa
gadidebas.
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba maTSi spilenZis atomebis koncentraciac da uaxlovdeba CuAl2 (θ) fazis
Sedgenilobas, romelic unda gamoiyos gadajerebuli myari xsnaridan fazuri wonasworobis
Sesabamisad. mas gp II zonebs uwodeben, xolo process – zonur daZvelebas. igi oTaxis temperaturaze
mimdinareobs da gasalebis maqsimalur efeqts iZleva. simtkicis zRvari gaWimvaze aRwevs 450 mgpa,
plastikuroba ki mcirdeba 18%-mde.
1000C temperaturaze zonuri daZveleba
fazuriT icvleba, anu xdeba axali, θ' fazis
gamoyofa. es procesi gadajerebuli myari xsnaris
daSlis sawyis stadias miekuTvneba. 1300C-dan
θ' faza gardaiqmneba stabilur θ (CuAl2) fazad,
wydeba koherentuli kavSiri deda fazasTan da
iwyeba gamonayofis koagulacia. Senadnobis
simtkicis maxasiaTeblebi mcirdeba.
gp_is zonebis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia
optikur mikroskopSi dakvirvebiT maqsimaluri
gamadideblobis
SemTxvevaSic
ki.
isini
mJRavndeba mxolod rentgenostruqturuli da
eleqtronuli
mikroskopiis
meTodebiT.
11.6
naxazze warmodgenilia Al+4%Cu Senadnobis
mikrostruqtura wrTobisa da daZvelebis Semdeg,
sadac aluminis  myari xsnaris fonze mkveTrad Cans CuAl2 fazis orientirebuli gamonayofi.
148
11.1.4. aluminis samsxmelo Sena-dnobebi. aluminis samsxmelo Senadnobebidan yvelaze
gavrcelebulia silumini. igi miekuTvneba evteqtikuri an qveevteqtikuri Senadnobebis ricxvs (nax. 11.7). misi
struqtura Sedgeba an evteqtikisagan (+Si, Senadnobi АЛ4), an evteqtikasTan erTad Seicavs  fazis
pirvelad Kkristalebsac (АЛ5, АЛ9). erTaderTi xerxi, romelic siluminis simtkicisa da plastikurobis
gazrdis saSualebas iZleva, aris evteqtikaSi Semavali siliciumis kristalebis dawvrilmaneba. amas
aRweven SenadnobSi tute liTonebis (natriumis, liTiumis, stronciumis) mcire raodenobis damatebiT, anu
modificirebiT. praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba siluminis modificireba natriumiT. silumini Seicavs
12_13% siliciums da struqturis mixedviT igi zeevteqtikur Senadnobs miekuTvneba (nax. 11.7). aseTi Senadnobis struqtura Sedgeba nemsisebri agebulebis uxeSi evteqtikisagan da pirveladi siliciumis
CanarTebisagan (nax. 11.8, a). uSualod Casxmis win SenadnobSi 0,01%_is raodenobiT natriumis an sxva
modifikatorebis (magaliTad, 2/3 NaF+1/3 NaCl_is narevis) damatebiT mkveTrad mcirdeba evteqtikuri
siliciumis kristalebis zomebi. garda amisa, evteqtikuri wertili gadaadgildeba siliciumis ufro meti
koncentraciis ubnebisaken. modifikatoris Setana aZnelebs siliciumis kristalizacias, ris gamoc
siliciumis gamoyofisa da evteqtikis kristalizaciis temperatura dabla iwevs (ix. nax. 11.7). Sedegad
Camoyalibdeba SedarebiT wvrildispersiuli agebulebis produqtebi, xolo zeevteqtikuri Sedgenilobis
Senadnobi qveevteqtikuri xdeba da misi struqtura Sedgenili iqneba Ria feris pirveladi aluminis
kristalebisa da wvrildispersiuli evteqtikisagan
(nax. 11.8, b).
149
aramodificirebuli siluminisaTvis σmaqs=140 mgpa, δ=3%, modificirebis Semdeg ki σmaqs=180
mgpa, δ=8%.
silumini gamoirCeva Zalian maRali samsxmelo TvisebebiT, magram sxmuli forovania. amitom
igi gamoiyeneba mxolod rTuli moyvanilobis iseTi detalebis dasamzadeblad, romlebsac maRali
meqanikuri Tvisebebi ar moeTxoveba.
gazrdili meqanikuri maxasiaTeblebiT, Tumca gauaresebuli samsxmelo
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba Al-Mg (АЛ13, АЛ8, АЛ23, АЛ27, АЛ28 da a.S.) da ufro rTuli sistemis (AlCu-Mg da Al-Zn-Mg) Senadnobebi, rogoricaa АЛ1, АЛ21, АЛ19, АЛ23 mxurvalmtkice da АЛ24
Senadnobebi, romlis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba mis TviTwrTobaSi mdgomareobs.
11.1.5. deformirebadi Senadnobebi. deformirebad Senadnobebs, romlebic
Termul ganmtkicebas ar eqvemdebarebian, miekuTvneba Al-Mn (АМц) da Al- Mg
(АМг) sistemis Senadnobebi.
АМц Senadnobebi magniums Seicaven 1-dan 6%-mde. isini praqtikulad mravalkomponentian
Senadnobebs miekuTvnebian, radgan yovelTvis Seicaven rkinas da siliciums garduvali minarevebis
saxiT. mrewveloba naxevarfabrikatebs uSvebs rbil (АМцM) da naxevradmopirsalebul (АМцП)
mdgomareobaSi.
150
naxevradmopirsalebul furcels ori xerxiT Rebuloben: a- momwvari furclis arasruli civWedviT da bcivnaWedi furclis arasruli mowviT. pirveli xerxi mizanSewonilia saSualo sisqis (1,0-4,5 mm), xolo
meore – Txeli (0,6-0,8 mm) furclebis warmoebaSi.
Al-Mg sistemis Senadnobebs miekuTvneba: АMг1, АMг2, АMг3, АMг5 da АMг6.
magniumis Semcveloba 11-12%-mde umniSvnelod zrdis aluminis simtkices, xolo fardobiTi
wagrZeleba sakmaod maRal donezea SenarCunebuli. Senadnobebs farTod iyeneben SenaduRi
konstruqciebis
dasamzadeblad.
TvisebaTa
gasaumjobeseblad
damatebiT
utareben
legirebas
manganumiT, qromiT, titaniT da vanadiumiT.
Al-Mg sistemis Senadnobebis dadebiT mxares miekuTvneba damakmayofilebeli simtkicis,
maRali plastikurobis, koroziamedegobisa da SeduRebadobis kargi urTierTSexameba.
deformirebad Senadnobebs, romlebic eqvemdebarebian Termul ganmtkicebas, miekuTvneba
Al-Cu-Mg (duraluminebi), Al-Mg-Si, Al-Zn-Mg, Al-Cu-Mn da ufro rTuli sistemis Senadnobebi.
yvela duralumini, romelic mrewvelobaSi gamoiyeneba, SeiZleba oTx jgufad daiyos:
1- klasikuri duralumini (Д1);
2- duralumini gazrdili simtkiciT (Д16), romelic Д1 Senadnobisgan gansxvavebiT, Seicavs ufro
met magniums;
3- duraluminebi gazrdili mxurvalmedegobiT (Д19, ВАД1 da ВД17), romlebic Д1-sagan
gansxvavdebian Mg/Cu Tanafardobis ufro maRali mniSvnelobiT;
4- duraluminebi gazrdili plastikurobiT (Д18, В65), romlebic Д1-sagan gansxvavebiT Seicaven
yvela an zogierT komponents Semcirebuli raodenobiT.
duraluminisagan damzadebul nakeTobas utareben wrTobas da bunebriv daZvelebas. Termuli
damuSavebis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa wrTobis dros gaxurebis temperaturis pirobebis mkacrad dacva: Д1,
Д19, da ВАД1 SenadnobebisaTvis - 505±50C, xolo Д16, ВД17 da Д18 SenadnobebisaTvis - 500±50C.
wrTobas awarmoeben civ wyalSi Rumelidan macivebelSi gadatanis minimaluri drois uzrunvelyofiT.
yvela duralumini, garda mciredlegirebuli Д18–isa, intensiurad ganicdis ganmtkicebas wrTobis Semdeg
bunebrivi daZvelebis gziT.
xelovnur daZvelebas Senadnobi ufro stabilur mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs. xelovnur daZvelebas
utareben Д16, Д19 da ВАД1 Senadnobebisagan damzadebul iseT nakeTobas, romelic gankuTvnilia
gazrdil temperaturaze (125-2000C) saeqspluataciod. daZvelebis temperatura Seadgens 1900C,
dayovnebis dro – 8-12 saaTs.
yvela duralumini xasiaTdeba gazrdili midrekilebiT koroziisadmi da saWiroebs misgan
specialur dacvas. mrewvelobaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia dacvis ori xerxi: plakireba teqnikuri aluminiT da
eleqtroqimiuri oqsidireba.
151
plakireba gamoiyeneba mxolod furclebis warmoebisas. duraluminis zods orive mxridan
winaswar faraven aluminis planSetebiT da Semdeg cxlad glinaven. gogirdmJavaSi anodirebis
SemTxvevaSi nakeTobis zedapirze warmoiqmneba aluminis oqsidis (Al2O3) mkvrivi damcavi firi.
Al-Mg-Si sistemis fuZeze damzadebuli Senadnobebi cnobilia saxelwodebiT `avia~. isini
gamoirCevian naklebi simtkiciT, magram maRali plastikurobiTa da koroziamedegobiT duraluminTan
SedarebiT. am jgufis Senadnobebs miekuTvneba АВ, АД31, АД33 da АД35. pirveli sami Senadnobi
bunebrivad daZvelebul mdgomareobaSi gamoiyeneba.
Al-Mg-Si-Cu mravalkomponentiani samrewvelo Senadnobebidan gamoyenebas poulobs АК6
da АК8.
АК6 xasiaTdeba maRali simtkicisa da plastikurobis kargi SexamebiT civ da cxel
mdgomareobaSi, АК8 ki miekuTvneba yvelaze mtkice Senadnobs da misgan sapasuxismgeblo
nakeTobas amzadeben. uaryofiTi mxarea misi dabali teqnologiuroba.
Al-Cu-Mn deformirebadi Senadnobebi titanis, cirkoniumisa da vanadiumis danamatebiT,
xasiaTdebian maRali meqanikuri TvisebebiT oTaxis, gazrdil (2500C) da kriogenul (-2500C-mde)
temperaturebze, kargi teqnologiurobiT da SeduRebadobiT. es Senadnobebia Д20 da 1201. orive
Senadnobs utardeba wrToba 535±50C-dan da Semdgomi daZveleba 170-1900C–ze 12-18 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi.
SedarebiT axali Senadnobi 01205, romelic 1201 Senadnobisagan gansxvavebiT, damatebiT
Seicavs kadmiums, xasiaTdeba 30-50 mgpa-iT meti simtkicis
zRvariT, magram gauaresebuli teqnologiurobiT.
rTuli formis naWedebis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba Senadnobi АК4, romelic Seicavs Cu,
Mg, Mn, Si da Ni. amave sistemas miekuTvneba АК4-1, АЛ6 da АК8 Senadnobebi.
11.1.6. gamoyenebis sfero. aluminis Senadnobebi dRemde warmoadgens dominirebul
konstruqciul masalas aviaciaSi. misgan mzaddeba TviTmfrinavis mzidi konstruqciebis umravlesoba da
iseTi Zalovani elementebi, rogoricaa garsacmi, grZivZeli (lonJeroni), Spanhouti, nerviura, saTbobis
da zeTis av-zebi. amJamad aluminis Senadnobebze modis TviTmfrinavis mSrali wonis (sawvavis
gareSe) 2/3-dan 3/4-mde. farTo gamoyenebas poulobs agreTve raketebis (`dedamiwa-haeri~, `haeridedamiwa~) korpusebisa da dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebis konstruqciebis dasamzadeblad,
gemTmSeneblobaSi, sakabelo da saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis
gamoyenebis erTerTi specifikuri sferoa atomuri energetika.
foladis Secvla aluminis SenadnobebiT satransporto saSualebebis wonas TiTqmis samjer
amcirebs, rac gadasazidi tvirTis raodenobas 2-2,5-jer gazrdis, xolo 100 kg alumini, romliTac Secvlilia
mZime liTonebisagan damzadebuli igive raodenobis saavtomobilo detalebi, iZleva sawvavis ekonomias
15%-iT. samxedro avtomobili `amfibia~ mTlianad SeduRebuli aluminis konstruqciisgan aris
damzadebuli.
152
aluminis Senadnobebis koroziamedegoba aTjer aRemateba foladis koroziamedegobas zRvis
wyalSi. amitom igi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba gemTmSeneblobaSi da did siRrmeSi momuSave
aparaturis dasamzadeblad. 1960 wels germaniis federaciul respublikaSi eqspluataciaSi gauSves tankeri
`aluminia~, romlis korpusi aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebiT aris akrefili, xolo amerikuli wyalqveSa
navi `aluminauti~ TiTqmis mTlianad aluminis Senadnobebisgan aris damzadebuli. alumini gamoiyeneba
saokeano lainerebis warmoebaSic.
11.2. spilenZi da misi Senadnobebi
11.2.1. spilenZi. spilenZi Tavisi TvisebebiT axlos dgas vercxlTan da oqrosTan. haerze sustad
iJangeba, gamoirCeva plastikurobiT, maRali eleqtro da TbogamtarobiT. kristaldeba waxnagdacentrebul
kubur kristalur gisosSi. ar axasiaTebs alotropiuli saxesxvaobebi. spilenZis dnobis temperaturaa 10830C,
simkvrive – 8,94 g/sm3.
minarevebi, romlebsac Seicavs spilenZi, amcireben mis eleqtrogamtarobas. am mimarTulebiT
gansakuTrebiT Zlierad moqmedebs fosfori, dariSxani, siliciumi, rkina, stibiumi da kobalti.
mavne minarevebs spilenZSi bismuti da tyvia miekuTvneba. es elementebi TiTqmis ar
ixsnebian spilenZSi da warmoqmnian advildnobad evteqtikas. Cu-Bi sistemaSi evteqtika Seicavs
99,8% Bi, xolo Cu-Pb sistemaSi – 99,94% Pb. amitom bismutisa da tyviis Semcveli spilenZis
kristalizacia faqtiurad aRniSnuli liTonebis dnobis temperaturebze mTavrdeba, Sesabamisad 270 da
3270C-ze. aqedan gamomdinare, spilenZis struqtura Sedgenili iqneba kristalizaciis pirvel stadiaSi
gamoyofili spilenZis kristalebisagan, romlebic garsis saxiT garSemortymuli aRmoCndeba bismutiTa
da tyviiT. amis gamo spilenZis gaxureba aRniSnuli liTonebis dnobis temperaturis zemoT iwvevs
spilenZis pirvelad kristalebs Soris kavSiris darRvevas, anu wiTelmetexobas. garda amisa, bismuti,
rogorc myife liToni, spilenZsa da mis Senadnobebs civmetexobasac aniWebs. tyvia aadvilebs
spilenZis WriT damuSavebadobas, radgan igi burbuSelas SedarebiT msxvrevads xdis. amitom Tu
maRal temperaturaze wneviT damuSavebadoba ar warmoadgens ganmsazRvrel faqtors, spilenZsa da
mis SenadnobebSi dasaSvebia tyviis gazrdili raodenoba. bismutis analogi _ stibiumi, spilenZSi
mniSvnelovani xsnadobis gamo naklebad axdens uaryofiT gavlenas spilenZis meqanikur Tvisebebze,
magram Zlier amcirebs mis eleqtro da Tbogamtarobas.
Jangbadi spilenZSi gvxvdeba Cu2O naerTis saxiT, romelic spilenZTan evteqtikas (Cu+Cu2O)
iZleva. evteqtika mdidaria spilenZiT. igi Seicavs 0,39% Jangbads da misi dnobis temperatura
(10650C) aRemateba spilenZis cxlad damuSavebis temperaturas, amitom Jangbadi ar iwvevs mis
cxladtexadobas. Cu2O uaryofiTad moqmedebs spilenZis plastikurobaze, teqnologiurobasa da koroziul
medegobaze. Tu garemo wyalbads Seicavs, mowvis procesSi misi atomebi spilenZSi difundirebs da
reagirebs spilenZis JangTan maRali wnevis mqone wylis orTqlis warmoqmniT. es ukanaskneli iwvevs
153
spilenZis ngrevas. am movlenas wyalbadiT daavadebas uwodeben. Jangbadi aZnelebs spilenZis rCilvas, SeduRebas da mokalvas.
gogirdi spilenZTan warmoqmnis Cu2S naerTs, romelic myar spilenZSi
praqtikulad ar ixsneba. amitom gogirdis mcire raodenobiT Semcvelobis SemTxvevaSic ki spilenZSi warmoiqmneba myife evteqtika Cu+Cu2S. igi Seicavs 0,77%
gogirds da ar iwvevs cxladtexadobas maRali dnobis temperaturis gamo (10670C), magram
ganapirobebs civmetexobas da adablebs teqnologiur plastikurobas cxlad wneviT damuSavebis dros.
sisufTavis mixedviT arCeven ramodenime xarisxis spilenZs. spilenZis marka aRiniSneba
asoTi M, romlis Semdeg saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iwereba misi gadadnobis xerxis aRmniSvneli aso
(МВ- vakuumSi gadadnobili, МЭ- eleqtronuli sxiviT gadadnobili) da ricxvi. igi markaSi miuTiTebs
spilenZis sisufTaves. magaliTad, M00 spilenZs Seicavs aranakleb 99,99%; M0- 99,95%; M1- 99,90;
M2- 99,7%; M3- 99,5%; M4-99%. yvelaze maRali sisufTaviT gamoirCeva spilenZi МВ da МЭ,
romlebSic minarevebis jamuri Semcveloba naklebia Sesabamisad 0,01% da 0,005%. zesufTa spilenZi
xasiaTdeba dabali simtkiciT da maRali plastikurobiT. misi droebiTi winaaRmdegoba gaglejaze
maqs=200 mgpa, denadobis zRvari den=40_80 mgpa, fardobiTi wagrZeleba =35%, fardobiTi Seviwroeba =80_95%.
rusuli asoebi б an р,
spilenZis markis aRmniSvnel simboloebs SeiZleba damatebuli hqondes
rac Sesabamisad miuTiTebs, rom spilenZi aris uJangbado an ganJanguli.
sxvadasxva markis spilenZSi maqs=220-260 mgpa, den=40_60 mgpa, =46-40%. civad
plastikuri deformacia zrdis spilenZis simtkicis zRvars 400-450 mgpa -mde, fardobiTi wagrZeleba ki
mcirdeba 2-4%-mde. aseTi damuSavebis Semdeg spilenZis eleqtruli winaRoba izrdeba 3-5%-iT.
deformirebuli
spilenZisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
deformaciis teqstura, rac iwvevs meqanikuri Tvisebebis
anizotropias. Zlierad deformirebul spilenZSi rekristalizacia iwyeba 200-2500C-ze. rekristalizaciis Sedegad
yalibdeba poliedruli struqtura mowvis oreulebis didi
raodenobiT (nax. 11.9). simtkicis maxasiaTeblebis
Semcireba iwyeba 1500C-is zemoT. sarekristalizacio
mowvis optimaluri temperatura Seadgens 500-6000C.
sufTa
spilenZsa
da
mis
mciredlegirebul
Senadnobebs didi gamoyeneba
aqvT eleqtroteqnikaSi da eleqtrotransportze. maRali
Tbogamtarobis gamo spilenZi gamoiyeneba agreTve
sxvadasxva saxis TbogadamcemebSi da kristalizatorebSi, rodesac aucilebelia siTbos intensiuri gatana
dnobis zonidan.
154
11.2.2. spilenZis Senadnobebis klasifikacia da niSandeba. spilenZis Senadnobebis
warmoebisaTvis yvelaze gavrcelebul malegirebel elementebs miekuTvneba TuTia, alumini, kala,
siliciumi, manganumi, beriliumi da nikeli. yoveli maTgani zrdis spilenZis simtkicis maxasiaTeblebs.
spilenZis Senadnobebs sam ZiriTad jgufad yofen: TiTberad, brinjaod da spilenZ-nikelis
Senadnobebad.
TiTberSi ZiriTad malegirebel elements TuTia warmoadgens. TiTberis marka aRiniSneba asoTi
Л da cifriT, romelic miuTiTebs SenadnobSi spilenZis Semcvelobas. magaliTad, TiTberi Л80 Seicavs
80% spilenZs da 20% TuTias. aseT Senadnobebs ubralo TiTbers uwodeben.
Tu Senadnobi legirebulia sxva elementebiTac, mas specialur TiTbers miakuTvneben.
specialuri TiTberis markis aRniSvnaSi miTiTebulia gamoyenebuli malegirebeli elementebis
aRmniSvneli simboloebi: С- tyvia, О- kala, Ж- rkina, А- alumini, К- siliciumi, Мц- manganumi, Нnikeli. markis boloSi iwereba ricxvebi, romlebic miuTiTeben spilenZisa da malegirebeli elementebis
saSualo Semcvelobas (TuTiis gamoklebiT). magaliTad, TiTberi ЛАЖМц66-6-3-2 Seicavs 66%Cu,
6%Al, 3%Fe, 2%Mn, danarCeni 23%Zn. Tu TiTberi gamoiyeneba fasonuri sxmulis warmoebisaTvis,
markis boloSi umateben Л asos. magaliTad, ЛАЖ60-1-1Л.
klasikur brinjaos miekuTvneba spilenZis Senadnobi kalasTan. mogvianebiT SemuSavebulia
spilenZis Senadnobebi aluminTan, siliciumTan, beriliumTan da sxva elementebTan, romlebsac aseve
brinjaoebs uwodeben.
ZiriTadi malegirebeli elementebis mixedviT brinjaoebs yofen kalian, aluminian, beriliumian da
a.S. brinjaoebad. brinjaoSi malegirebeli elementebis aRniSvnisaTvis damatebiT SemoRebulia
Semdegi simboloebi: Ф- fosfori, Б- beriliumi, Х- qromi.
brinjaos markireba xdeba asoebiT Бр, Semdeg iwereba malegirebeli elementebis aRmniSvneli
simboloebi da ricxvebi, romlebic maT procentul Semcvelobas miuTiTeben. magaliTad, brinjao БрАЖМц10-3-1,5 Seicavs 10%Al, 3%Fe, 1,5%Mn.
danarCeni spilenZia.
155
11.2.3. TiTberi. TiTberis struqtura da
Tvisebebi ganisazRvreba Cu-Zn SenadnobTa
sistemis
mdgomareobis
diagramiT
(nax.
11.10). rogorc diagramidan gamomdinareobs,
Senadnobebi,
romlebic
TuTias
39%-mde
Seicaven, erTgvarovan  myar xsnars warmoqmnian.
TiTberis
meqanikuri
Tvisebebi
damokidebulia TuTiis Semcvelobaze (nax.
11.11). TuTiis Semcvelobis gazrdasTan erTad
matulobs  fazis rogorc simtkice, ise plastikuroba. fardobiTi wagrZeleba maqsimalur
mniSvnelobas
aRwevs
TuTiis
30-32%
Semcvelobis zRvrebSi, xolo Semdeg mkveTrad
klebulobs struqturaSi  fazis gamoCenasTan
erTad. rodesac  faza mTlianad Seicvleba 
faziT
(45-47%Zn),
mcirdeba.
hpoves
amitom
simtkice
mkveTrad
praqtikuli
Senadnobebma
gamoyeneba
TuTiis
45%-mde
SemcvelobiT.
struqturis mixedviT TiTberebi or jgufad iyofa:
erTfaza, e. w.  Senadnobebad da orfaza, α+
Senadnobebad.
 TiTberi sakmaod plastikuri masalaa,
gamoirCeva maRali teqnologiurobiT da advilad
eqvemdebareba
civad
da
cxlad
damuSavebas.
300-7000C
wneviT
temperaturul
intervalSi iseve, rogorc spilenZSi, SeiniSneba
plastikurobis
Cavardna.
amitom
wneviT
damuSavebis dros am temperaturul intervals
unda moveridoT.
TiTberis mikrostruqtura deformaciisa da
mowvis Semdeg poliedrulia da Seicavs gaorebuli ubnebis did raodenobas (nax. 11.12, a). erTfaza TiTbers
miekuTvneba Л96, Л90, Л85, Л80. maT tompakebi ewodebaT.
156
orfaza α+ samrewvelo TiTberi
specialur Senadnobebs miekuTvneba. isini xasiaTdebian maRali simtkiciT, magram ufro myifea da
maTgan nakeTobaTa damzadeba CamosxmiT xdeba. orfaza TiTberis mikrostruqtura warmodgenilia 
fazis Ria da  fazis mu-qi kristalebiT, romlebic upiratesad  fazis sazRvrebSia ganlagebuli (nax.
11.12, b). orfaza TiTbers miekuTvneba ЛА77-2, ЛО70-1, ЛС59-1, ЛМц-58-2, ЛАЖ60-1-1.
11.2.4. brinjao. klasikur brinjaos kaliani
brinjao
miekuTvneba.
ganisazRvreba
struqtura
SenadnobTa
mdgomareobis
11.13).
misi
diagramis
rogorc
sistemis
Sesabamisad
diagramidan
Cans,
(nax.
kalis
maqsimaluri xsnadobis zRvari spilenZSi Seadgens
16%.
temperaturis
SemcirebasTan
erTad
xsnadobis zRvaric mcirdeba.
sxmul mdgomareobaSi erTfaza (Sn6%)
brinjaos struqtura Sedgeba araerTgvarovani α
myari xsnarisagan, romelic dendrituli agebulebiT
xasiaTdeba (nax. 11.14, a).
kalian brinjaoSi gansakuTrebiT viTardeba
likvaciuri procesebi, amitom
kalis
SedarebiT
mcire
raodenobiT
Semcvelobis
SemTxvevaSi
warmoiqmneba
mikromeqanikuri narevi, rac diagramaze wyvetili
xaziT aris asaxuli. evteqtoiduri daSla δ+ ar
157
realizdeba metad dabali siCqariT gacivebis SemTxvevaSic ki, amitom ukve 6%-ze meti raodenobiT
kalis Semcvelobisas araerTgvarovan myar xsnarTan erTad gvxvdeba evteqtoidi (+δ, nax. 11.14, b).
struqturaSi myife δ fazis arseboba gamoricxavs am Sedgenilobis Senadnobis wneviT damuSavebas.
amasTan, sali evteqtoidis CanarTebi uzrunvelyofs brinjaos maRal cveTamedegobas.
deformaciisa da sarekristalizacio mowvis Semdeg struqtura poliedrul agebulebaSi gadadis 
myari xsnarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaorebuli ubnebiT (nax. 11.14, g).
sasurveli Tvisebebis misaRebad
kalian
brinjaoSi
damatebiT SehyavT sxvadasxva elementi, rogoricaa nikeli, alumini, TuTia da fosfori.
arCeven samsxmelo da deformirebad brinjaoebs. daniSnulebis mixedviT samsxmelo kaliani
brinjaoebi ramodenime jgufad iyofa. pirvelSi gaerTianebulia iseTi standartuli samsxmelo Senadnobebi,
rogoricaa БрОЦСН 3-7-5-1, БрОЦС 3-12-5, БрОЦС 5-5-5.
maTgan amzadeben manqanaTa
sxvadasxva nawilebs.
meore jgufs miekuTvneba sapasuxismgeblo daniSnulebis samsxmelo ara- standartuli brinjaoebi:
БрО 19, БрОФ 10-1, БрОС 16-5 da a.S. isini xasiaTdebian maRali antifriqciuli TvisebebiT da kargi
cveTamedegobiT. maTgan mzaddeba srialis sakisrebi da xaxunis pirobebSi momuSave sxva detalebi.
mesame jgufis Senadnobebi (БХ 1, БХ 2, БХ 3) gamoirCevian kargi TxevaddenadobiT,
umniSvnelo CajdomiT da kargad avseben yalibis yvelaze rTul ubnebs. maTi gamoyenebis ZiriTadi
sferoa mxatvruli sxmulebis warmoeba.
deformirebad Senadnobebs miekuTvneba БрОЦ 4-3, БрОЦС 4-4-2,5, БрОФ 6,5-0,4 da a.S.
158
brinjaos Termuli damuSavebis ZiriTadi saxea homogenizacia da Sualeduri mowva.
homogenizacias awarmoeben 700-7500C-ze Semdgomi swrafi gacivebiT. narCeni Zabvebis
mosaxsnelad sakmarisia sxmulis gaxureba 5500C–ze 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, xolo Sualeduri mowva
civad wneviT damuSavebis dros 550-7000C-ze tardeba.
11.2.5.
aluminiani
brinjao.
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT mrewvelobaSi didi
adgili ukavia aluminian brinjaos. igi Seicavs
11%-mde alumins. alumini spilenZSi ixsneba
7,4% 10350C-ze, xolo oTaxis temperaturaze
– 9% (nax. 11.15).

struqturis
mqone
Senadnobebi
wneviT kargad muSavdebian rogorc dabal, ise
maRal temperaturaze, magram maTi simtkice
ar aris sakmarisi. 2 faza ki piriqiT, xasiaTdeba
metad
maRali
sisaliTa
da
umniSvnelo
plastikurobiT. amitom rodesac struqturaSi
Cndeba 2 faza, brinjaos sisale mkveTrad
izrdeba, plastikuroba ki iklebs.
mrewvelobaSi
gamoiyeneba
rogorc
erTfaza, ise orfaza Senadnobebi sxmul da deformirebul mdgomareobaSi. sufTa aluminiani brinjao
praqtikulad gamoiyeneba aluminis 5-7%-is SemcvelobiT (БрА 5, БрА 7) da cvlis analogiur kalian
brinjaos. rkinisa da manganumis damatebiT izrdeba aluminiani brinjaos antifriqciuli Tvisebebi, xolo
nikeli aumjobesebs simtkicis maxasiaTeblebs da koroziul medegobas.
БрАМц 10-2, БрАЖН 11-6-6, БрАЖС 7-1,5-1,5 da kidev zogierTi sxva brinjao gamoiyeneba
mxolod sxmulis warmoebaSi, xolo БрA 5 da БрA 7 – rogorc deformirebadi Senadnobebi. brinjaoebis
didi jgufi ki (БрАМц 9-2, БрАЖ 9-4, БрАЖМц 10-3-1,5, БрАЖН 10-4-4) gamoiyeneba rogorc erTi, ise
meore daniSnulebiT.
БрАЖН 10-4-4 brinjao ganicdis dispersiul ganmtkicebas. wrTobisa da daZvelebis Semdeg
misi sisale Seadgens 400HB (150 HB–s nacvlad nedl mdgomareobaSi) da maRal meqanikur
maxasiaTeblebs inarCunebs 400-5000C-mde.
aluminianma
brinjaom
yvelaze
farTo
aviamSeneblobaSi hpova.
159
gamoyeneba
gemTmSeneblobaSi,
avto
da
11.2.6. beriliumiani brinjao. mrewvelobisaTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa beriliumiani
brinjao, romelic 2%-mde beriliums Seicavs. igi xasiaTdeba maRali simtkicisa da drekadobis, eleqtro
da
Tbogamtarobis,
winaaRmdegobisa
saukeTeso
da
daRlilobisadmi
koroziuli
SexamebiT,
SeduRebadobiT
da
WriT
medegobis
gamoirCeva
kargi
damuSavebadobiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, beriliumiani brinjao warmoadgens metad Zvirfas masalas sapasuxismgeblo
zambarebis,
membranebisa
da
xelsawyoTmSeneblobis
eleqtrokontaqtebisa
zusti
mzambaravi
da
sxva
elementebis
dasamzadeblad.
beriliumi
spilenZSi
warmoqmnis
gansazRvruli rigis myar xsnarebs. temperaturis
Semcirebisas xsnadobis zRvari mcirdeba 2,7-dan
0,16%-mde (nax. 11.16). amdenad, Senadnobi
eqvemdebareba Termul ganmtkicebas.
nawrTob
mdgomareobaSi
beriliumiani
brinjao gamoirCeva maRali plastikurobiTa da teqnologiurobiT, rac civad wneviT damuSavebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. daZvelebis dros ganmtkicebis saukeTeso efeqti miiRweva 7800C-dan wrTobisa
da 320-3400C-ze 2-5 saaTis ganmavlobaSi daZvelebis gziT. axlad nawrTob mdgomareobaSi σmaqs=540
mgpa, δ=25%, HB120. daZvelebis Semdeg ki igive maxasiaTeblebi Rebulobs mniSvnelobebs:
σmaqs=1000-1200 mgpa, δ=2-3%, HB400.
11.2.7. siliciumiani brinjao. praqtikul gamoyenebas poulobs Senadnobebi siliciumis 2-5%
SemcvelobiT, romlebic damatebiT legirebulia nikeliTa da manganumiT. es danamatebi aumjobeseben
siliciumiani brinjaos meqanikur Tvisebebsa da koroziamedegobas. samrewvelo brinjaoebia БрКН 3-1,
БрКН 1-3 da БрКН 0,5-2. ukanaskneli ori eqvemdebareba Termul ganmtkicebas.
siliciumiani brinjao gamoirCeva mzambaravi da antifriqciuli TvisebebiT, agreTve kargi
koroziamedegobiT. advilad muSavdeba wneviT cxel da civ mdgomareobaSi, duRdeba brinjaosTan da
foladTan, advilad irCileba sali sarCiliT, gamoirCeva kargi TxevaddenadobiT.
11.2.8. tyviiani brinjao.
tyviiani brinjao kargi antifriqciuli masalaa. amitom man farTo
gamoyeneba hpova iseTi mZimeddatvirTuli, sapasuxismgeblo sriala sakisrebis damzadebaSi, romlebic
sakmaod maRali xvedriTi wnevisa (2500-3000 mgpa) da gazrdili wriuli siCqareebis (8-10 m/wm)
160
pirobebSi muSaoben. aseTebia sayrdeni da barbaca sakisrebi mZlavr turbinebSi, saaviacio ZravebSi,
dizelSi da sxva swrafmaval manqanebSi. tyviiani brinjao kargi Tbogamtari masalaa, rac eqspluataciis
procesSi sakisris temperaturis 300-3200C-mde gazrdis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
sasakisre Senadnobebs miekuTvneba: БрС 30 (sasakisre), БрОС 5-25 (sakisari, milisi,
zeTsamWidroebeli rgolebi), БрОС 8-12 (maRali xvedriTi wnevis sakisari), БрСН 60-2,5 (sakisari,
fasonuri sxmuli).
orkomponentiani tyviiani brinjao dabali meqanikuri Tvisebebis gamo (σmaqs=60 mgpa, δ=4%,
HB25 БрС 30 brinjaosaTvis) gamoiyeneba danafaris saxiT, romelic SedarebiT mtkice liTonur
fuZeSreze daitaneba.
11.2.9. spilenZ-nikeliani Senadnobebi. spilenZisa da nikelis Senadnobebs uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba. spilenZis legireba nikeliT mniSvnelovnad amaRlebs mis meqanikur
Tvisebebs, koroziul medegobas, eleqtrowinaRobas da Termoeleqtrul maxasiaTeblebs.
nikeli spilenZTan iZleva ganusazRvreli rigis myar xsnarebs temperaturisa da koncentraciis
mTel diapazonSi. maqsimaluri simtkicisa da sisalis mniSvnelobebi miiRweva komponentebis
ekviatomuri Semcvelobis SemTxvevaSi. amave Sedgenilobis Senadnobs gaaCnia 30-jer maRali
eleqtruli winaRoba, ramdenime aTeuljer naklebi siTbogadacema da praqtikulad nulovani eleqtruli
winaaRmdegobis koeficienti.
mrewvelobaSi gamoyenebuli spilenZ-nikeliani Senadnobebi pirobiTad SeiZleba or jgufad
daiyos: koroziamedeg da eleqtroteqnikur Senadnobebad.
pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba melqiori, neizilberi da kuniali, xolo meores – manganini da
sakompensacio mavTulebisa da Termoeleqtrodebis Senadnobebi.
melqiori spilenZis orkomponentiani an ufro rTuli Senadnobebia. xasiaTdeba erTfaza
struqturiT, kargad muSavdeba wneviT civ da cxel mdgomareobaSi. ZiriTadi Tvisebaa maRali
koroziamedegoba zRvis wyalSi, organul mJavebSi, marilis wyalxsnarebSi da a.S. aman ganapiroba
misi farTo gamoyeneba gemTmSeneblobaSi, agreTve samedicino instrumentebis, zusti meqanikis detalebis warmoebasa da qimiur mrewvelobaSi. yvelaze gavrcelebul melqiors miekuTvneba МНЖМц 30-11 da МН19. melqioris naklia deficituri nikelis didi raodenobiT Semcveloba.
neizilberis tipis Senadnobebi miekuTvneba Cu-Ni-Zn sistemas. yvelaze farTo gamoyenebas
poulobs Senadnobi МНЦ 15-20. melqiorTan SedarebiT igi gamoirCeva gazrdili simtkiciT, rac
ganpirobebulia TuTiiT damatebiTi legirebiT. neizilberi lamazi movercxlisfro Seferilobisaa, ar
iJangeba haerze, marilebis wyalxsnarebsa da organul mJavebSi.
Cu-Ni-Al sistemis fuZeze damzadebul Senadnobebs kunials uwodeben. mrewvelobaSi
gamoiyeneba kuniali A (МНА 13-3) da kuniali B (МНА 6-1,5). xasiaTdebian maRali meqanikuri da
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drekadi TvisebebiT. Senadnobebis simtkicis maxasiaTeblebis gazrda SesaZlebelia wrTobiTa da
daZvelebiT.
МНМц
3-12
Senadnobs
manganins
uwodeben.
xasiaTdeba
metad
mcire
Termo-
eleqtromamoZravebeli ZaliT spilenZTan wyvilSi sxva SenadnobebTan SedarebiT. manganinis metad
Zvirfas Tvisebas warmoadgens agreTve maRali eleqtrowinaRoba da misi dabali temperaturuli
koeficienti. amitom aRniSnul Senadnobebs iyeneben eleqtrowinaRobis etalonuri koWebisa da zusti
eleqtromzomi xelsawyoebis warmoebaSi. manganini metad plastikuria da advilad muSavdeba rogorc
civ, ise cxel mdgomareobaSi.
11.3. magniumi da misi Senadnobebi
11.3.1. magniumis Tvisebebi. magniumi, sxva samrewvelo liTonebTan SedarebiT, dabali
simkvriviT (1,74 g/sm3) gamoirCeva, rac uzrunvelyofs magniumis Senadnobebis maRal xvedriT
simtkices. magniumis, rogorc sakonstruqcio ma-salis bedi, ZiriTadad saaviacio mrewvelobam
ganapiroba.
magniumis dnobis temperaturaa 6500C, ar gaaCnia polimorfuli modifikaciebi, xasiaTdeba
mWidro heqsagonuri gisosiT. haerze swrafad iJangeba Txeli oqsiduri (MgO) firis warmoqmniT.
6230C-ze zemoT haerze gaxurebisas aaldeba da iwvis damabrmavebeli sinaTlis gamosxivebiT.
rkina, spilenZi, kobalti, siliciumi da nikeli mkveTrad auareseben magniumis koroziul
medegobas, xolo cirkoniumi da manganumi am maxasiaTebels amaRleben. 0,02% beriliumis
damatebiT Zlier maRldeba magniumisa da misi Senadnobebis Jangvisadmi winaaRmdegoba dnobis
temperaturamde gaxurebisas.
magniumis Tvisebebs mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs masSi arsebuli minarevebis raodenoba.
minarevebis Semcvelobis mixedviT dadgenilia magniumis Semdegi markebi: Мг96 (99,96% Mg),
Мг95 (99,95% Мg), Мг90 (99,90% Мg).
sxmuli magniumi xasiaTdeba msxvilmarcvlovani agebulebiT. misi meqanikuri Tvisebebi ar
aris maRali: σmaqs=110-120 mgpa, δ=6-8%, HB30. deformaciisa da mowvis Semdeg es
maxasiaTeblebi ramdenadme umjobesdeba: σmaqs=180 mgpa, δ=15-18%, HB40, Tumca magniumis
kristaluri struqturis heqsagonurobis gamo plastikurobis maxasiaTeblebi isev dabal donezea
SenarCunebuli.
11.3.2. magniumis Senadnobebis klasifikacia. magniumis Senadnobebi or ZiriTad jgufad
iyofa:
a- deformirebad Senadnobebad, romlebic gankuTvnilia wneviT damuSavebis xerxiT
naxevarfabrikatebis misaRebad;
162
b- samsxmelo Senadnobebad, romlebic gamoiyeneba nakeTobis misaRebad
Camosxmis gziT.
deformirebadi magniumis Senadnobebis markebi aRiniSneba simboloebiT
МА, xolo samsxmelo Senadnobebisa - МЛ.
simkvrivis mixedviT magniumis Senadnobebs yofen msubuq da zemsubuq Senadnobebad.
zemsubuqs miekuTvneba liTiumiT legirebuli (МА21, МА18), xolo msubuqs – sxva danarCeni
Senadnobebi.
saeqspluatacio temperaturis mixedviT ansxvaveben:
1. Cveulebriv temperaturaze saeqspluatacio Senadnobebs;
2. mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebs (2000C-mde xangrZlivi eqspluataciisaTvis);
3. maRalmxurvalmtkice Senadnobebs (250-3000C-ze xangrZlivi eqspluataciisaTvis);
4. kriogenul Senadnobebs.
calke jgufebad aris gamoyofili Senadnobebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian Termul ganmtkicebas.
11.3.3. deformirebadi Senadnobebi. deformirebad magniumian SenadnobebSi malegirebel
elementebad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba manganumi, alumini, TuTia, cirkoniumi, neodiumi, Toriumi da
kalciumi.
winaswar deformirebuli, magaliTad, dawnexili magniumi da misi Senadnobebi maRali
plastikurobiT xasiaTdebian 350-4500C temperaturul intervalSi. SenadnobebisaTvis SesaZlebelia
wneviT damuSavebis praqtikulad yvela saxis operaciis Catareba.
malegirebeli elementebis Semcvelobis mixedviT magniumis deformirebadi Senadnobebi
ramodenime jgufad iyofa. pirvels miekuTvneba manganumiT legirebuli Senadnobebi. manganumi
magniumTan Sualedur fazebs ar warmoqmnis, amitom struqturaSi Tavisufali saxiT aris gamoyofili.
Mg-Mn sistemis Senadnobebi Termul ganmtkicebas ar eqvemdebarebian da gamoiyenebian momwvar
mdgomareobaSi. manganumiT legirebis ZiriTadi mizania koroziuli medegobisa da SeduRebadobis
gazrda.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli Senadnobia МА8. manganumTan erTad ceriumis mci-re danamatebi (0,20,5) xels uwyobs struqturis dawvrilmanebas da meqanikuri Tvisebebis amaRlebas. maRali koroziuli
medegobis misaRwevad manganumis Semcveloba unda aRematebodes 1,3%. Senadnobi gamoirCeva
agreTve kargi teqnologiuri plastikurobiT da SeduRebadobiT.
meore jgufs miekuTvneba Mg-Al-Zn-Mn sistemis Senadnobebi. aluminisa da
TuTiis Tanaarseboba ganapirobebs ganmtkicebis maRal efeqts. Senadnobebi eqvemdebarebian
wrTobasa da daZvelebas. ganmtkicebis efeqtis uzrunvelsayofad aluminis Semcveloba ar unda iyos
8%-ze naklebi. am jgufis Senadnobia MA5.
Senadnobebis mesame jgufi (MA14, MA15, MA19, MA20) miekuTvneba Mg-Zr-Zn
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sistemas. isini gamoirCevian maRali meqanikuri TvisebebiT, rac ganpirobebulia cirkoniumTan erTad
TuTiis ganmamtkicebeli zemoqmedebiT. yvelaze mtki-ce magniumis Senadnobia MA19, romelic
legirebulia TuTiiT, cirkoniumiT, neodiumiT da kadmiumiT, magram misi teqnologiuroba dabalia.
meoTxe jgufSi gaerTianebulia Senadnobebi MA11 da MA12. maT ZiriTad malegirebel
elements neodiumi (2,5-3,5%) warmoadgens. MA11 Senadnobi damatebiT Seicavs manganumsa da
nikels, xolo MA12 – cirkoniums. neodiumi magniumis Senadnobebs maRal mxurvalmtkicobas
aniWebs.
perspeqtiulia itriumiT legirebuli magniumis Senadnobi ИМВ6. igi gamoirCeva maRali
teqnologiurobiT da misgan SesaZlebelia praqtikulad nebismieri sirTulis naxevarfabrikatis miReba
deformaciis gziT. Senadnobi eqvemdebareba Termul ganmtkicebas. amdenad, igi yvelaze mtkice
samrewvelo Senadnobebis ricxvs miekuTvneba.
bolo jgufi gaerTianebulia Mg-Li sistemis SenadnobebSi. magniumis legirebam ufro msubuqi
liToniT (liTiumis simkvrive =0,53 g/sm3) SesaZlebeli gaxada kidev ufro dabali simkvrivis (=1,3-1,6
g/sm3), maRalplastikuri da teqnologiuri Senadnobis miReba.
gansaxilveli jgufis Senadnobebidan interess imsaxurebs erTfaza MA18 da orfaza MA21
Senadnobebi. MA18 yvelaze dabali simkvriviT xasiaTdeba (1,5 g/sm3), rac ganapirobebs yvelaze
maRal xvedriT simtkices sxva SenadnobebTan SedarebiT.
MA21 gamoirCeva ufro maRali simtkiciT da gazrdili koroziamedegobiT. meqanikuri
Tvisebebis stabilizaciisa da koroziuli medegobis asamaRleblad MA18, zogjer ki MA21 Senadnobsac,
utareben mowvas 150-1750C-ze 6-16 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.
11.3.4. samsxmelo Senadnobebi. magniumis samsxmelo SenadnobebSi ZiriTad malegirebel
elements warmoadgens alumini, TuTia, manganumi, ceriumi da cirkoniumi. samsxmelo Senadnobebis
meqanikuri Tvisebebi dabalia deformirebad SenadnobebTan SedarebiT. gaumjobesebis erT-erT efeqtur
xerxs struqturis dawvrilmaneba warmoadgens.
magniumis samrewvelo samsxmelo Senadnobebi ZiriTadad miekuTvnebian sam sistemas: MgAl-Zn, Mg-Zn-Zr da Mg-iSviaTi miwa liTonebi (iml)-Zr. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulia pirveli
sistemis Senadnobebi: МЛ4, МЛ4пч, МЛ5, МЛ5пч, МЛ6. markaSi simboloebi пч miuTiTebs gazrdil
sisufTaveze. yoveli maTgani damatebiT Seicavs manganums.
МЛ5 da МЛ6 Senadnobebi saukeTeso samsxmelo TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian. maT gaaCniaT mcire
Cajdoma (1,1-1,3%), kargi Txevaddenadoba, naklebi midrekileba forianobisadmi, magram sxmuli
sakmaod myifea. simyifis Sesamcireblad mimarTaven homogenizacias 415-4200C-ze 12-14 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi.
Mg-Zn-Zr sistemis Senadnobebi gamoirCeva maRali simtkicis maxasiaTeblebiT, meqanikuri
Tvisebebis mcire damokidebulebiT nimuSis sisqeze, denadobis zRvarisa da droebiTi winaaRmdegobis
164
SedarebiT
maRali
mniSvnelobiT,
meqanikuri
Tvisebebis
Semcirebuli
mgrZnobiarobiT
mikroforianobisadmi.
am jgufis tipuri warmomadgenelia Senadnobi МЛ12, romelSic ZiriTad malegirebel elements
TuTia warmoadgens (4-5%-mde). struqturis dawvrilmanebisaTvis Senadnobs cirkoniums umateben.
Senadnobi eqvemdebareba Termul ganmtkicebas – wrTobas 4000C-dan da xelovnur daZvelebas
1500C-ze 50 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. Senadnobis uaryofiTi mxarea Semcirebuli samsxmelo Tvisebebi,
cudi SeduRebadoba da midrekileba cxeli bzarebis warmoqmnisadmi.
mesame jgufis samsxmelo Senadnobebi – МЛ9, МЛ10, МЛ11 da МЛ19 gamoirCevian maRali
simtkiciTa da mxurvalmtkicobiT. maTi xangrZlivi eqspluatacia SesaZlebelia 250-3500C temperaturul
intervalSi, xolo xanmokle – 4000C-mde. sxmulebi heterogenulia da gaaCniaT naklebi midrekileba
bzarebis warmoqmnisadmi. gamoiyeneba Termulad ganmtkicebul mdgomareobaSi.
11.3.5. gamoyenebis sfero. magniumis Senadnobebis gamoyenebis sfero ZiriTadad aviaciaa.
magniumis Senadnobebisagan mzaddeba TviTmfrinavis Sasis borblebi da Canglebi, frTebis wina
nawiburebi, berketebi, xelsawyoebis, tumboebis, siCqareTa kolofisa da maSuqis korpusebi, kabinis
karebebi, TviTmfrinavis planeris detalebi. warmatebiT gamoiyeneba vertmfrenis konstruqciebSi da
saraketo teqnikaSi. misgan mzaddeba raketis korpusebi, garSemomdeni, saTbobisa da Jangbadis
avzebi, sayrdeni kvanZebi, stabilizatorebi; marTvadi Wurvebis eleqtronuli aparaturis ganlagebis
garsacmebi. magniumis Senadnobebi gamoyenebas poulobs atomur reaqtorebSi.
magniumis TboSemcveloba daaxloebiT 2,5-jer metia foladTan SedarebiT. es imas niSnavs,
rom erTi da igive raodenobis siTbos STanTqmis SemTxvevaSi magniumis Senadnobebi 2,5-jer ufro
naklebad gaxurdeba. amitom misgan damzadebuli detalebi, miuxedavad dnobis dabali temperaturisa,
xanmokle frenis procesSi ver aswreben gadaxurebas. drois mcire monakveTSi momuSave raketebSi
(magaliTad, tipi `haeri-haeri~) magniumis Senadnobebis wona konstruqciis wonis 90%-s Seadgens.
sakonstruqcio masalad magniumis Senadnobebis gamoyenebam amerikuli raketebis wona 2030%-iT Seamcira. aman ara marto mniSvnelovnad gazarda maTi frenis siSore da tvirTamweoba,
aramed yovel raketaze dazoga 500 aTasi dolari. kosmosuri xomaldis `jemini~ SemaerTebeli
samarjvebis daaxloebiT 85% magniumis Senadnobebisgan aris damzadebuli.
magniumis Senadnobebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSic. magaliTad,
firma `Volkswagen~ yoveli Zravis dasamzadeblad iyenebs 18 kg. magniums.
11.4. beriliumi da misi Senadnobebi
11.4.1. beriliumis Tvisebebi. beriliumi metad perspeqtiuli sakonstruqcio masalaTa ricxvs
miekuTvneba. misi dnobis temperaturaa 12840C, simkvrive – 1,845 g/sm3. oTaxis temperaturaze
mdgradia mSral atmosferoSi, xolo tenian garemoSi 6000C-mde igi sustad iJangeba.
165
beriliumis simtkicis zRvari gaWimvaze icvleba 300-dan 1000 mgpa-is zRvrebSi, xolo
fardobiTi wagrZeleba – 40-dan 2,5%-mde. beriliumisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SedarebiT dabali
teqnologiuroba. Zlierad deformirebul beriliumSi rekristalizaciis procesi iwyeba 7000C-ze. minarevebi
kidev ufro amaRlebs misi rekristalizaciis temperaturas.
11.4.2. Senadnobebi beriliumis fuZeze. beriliumis fuZeze Senadnobebis
warmoeba sakmaod rTul problemas warmoadgens, radgan elementebis umravlesoba xasiaTdeba an
umniSvnelo xsnadobiT beriliumSi, an saerTod ar ixsneba masSi.
mrewvelobisaTvis did interess imsaxurebs beriliumis Senadnobi aluminTan (20-40%Al). gamoirCeva maRali meqanikuri da teqnologiuri TvisebebiT, xolo simkvrive
umniSvnelod aRemateba sufTa beriliumis simkvrives.
beriliumi da alumini erTmaneTSi praqtikulad ar ixsneba, amitom Be-Al
sistemis Senadnobebis struqtura warmodgenilia myife, SedarebiT sali beriliumis CanarTebiT da rbili,
maRalplastikuri aluminis faziT. swored aluminiani faza ganapirobebs Senadnobis maRal plastikurobasa
da teqnologiurobas.
11.4.3. gamoyenebis sfero. sufTa beriliumi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba rentgenis milakis
fanjrebis dasamzadeblad, radgan igi sustad STanTqavs rentgenis sxivebs. fizikuri Tvisebebidan
gamomdinare, beriliumi friad praqtikuli masalaa atomur reaqtorebSi Semneleblebisa da amreklebis
dasamzadeblad. Semnelebelma efeqturad unda Seamciros neitronebis siCqare da imav dros ar
STanTqas isini. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba jaWvuri reaqcia Sewydes. am Tvisebebs
beriliumi srulad akmayofilebs.
beriliumis siTbogamtaroba Svidjer aRemateba foladis siTbogamtarobas, xolo TboSemcveloba
meti aqvs yvela sxva liTonebTan SedarebiT. amis gamo beriliumi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba
kosmosuri xomaldebisa da raketebis Tbodamcav konstruqciebSi. magaliTad, misgan mzaddeba im
kosmosuri aparatis Tbodamcavi Semonakeri, romelic ukan brundeba dedamiwaze, gansakuTrebiT
ekipaJiT bortze.
beriliumi Zvirfasi sakonstruqcio masalaa aviaciasa da saraketo teqnikaSi. xanmokle muSaobis
pirobebSi misi xvedriTi simtkice aRemateba dRemde cnobili nebismieri sakonstruqcio masalis igive
maCveneblebs 430-6500C temperaturul intervalSi. gamoTvlebma uCvena, rom TviTmfrinavi, romlis
detalebis
4/5
damzadebuli
iqneba
beriliumisagan,
orjer
msubuqi
aRmoCndeba
aluminis
TviTmfrinavTan SedarebiT. es ki mniSvnelovnad gazrdis mis tvirTamweobas, xolo frenis siSores –
daaxloebiT 40%. beriliumisagan ki SesaZlebelia TviTmfrinavis konstruqciis 80% damzaddes.
amJamad beriliumis Senadnobebi gamoiyeneba `boing~-is
warmatebiT
SeiZleba
beriliumis
Senadnobebis
166
tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoebaSi.
gamoyeneba
zebgeriTi
TviTmfrinavis
garSemomdenebis, marTvis sistemis berketebis, samuxruWe diskebis, cxviris konusisa da raketis
garsacmis dasamzadeblad.
zeCqarosnul aviaciaSi gamoyenebuli masalebis umTavresi moTxovnaa
konstruqciis sixiste, anu unari ar ganicados grZivi gaRunva konstruqciis minimaluri sisqis
SemTxvevaSi. am moTxovnis unikaluri kompleqsi swored beriliums gaaCnia. igi sixistes inarCunebs
rogorc maRal temperaturaze, ise vibraciis pirobebSi.
inglisSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, beriliumi saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes
dedamiwis Tanamgzavris mzidi konstruqciebis wona 35%-iT. beriliumisagan amzadeben kosmosuri
xomaldisa da Tanamgzavrebis antenis sistemas, kosmosuri aparatis saWes. kosmosuri xomaldis
`apolon~ mTvaris kabinis sakomando nakveTuri da samecniero aparaturis gadasatani konstruqciebi
beriliumis Semcveli Senadnobebisganaa damzadebuli. sainteresoa is faqti, rom beriliumiani
masalisgan damzadebuli saplanetTaSoriso `mariner-71~ avtomaturi sadguris Zravi mxolod 7,7 kg-s
iwonida.
maRali simtkicisa da dabali simkvrivis Sexamebis wyalobiT beriliumi warmoadgens
perspeqtiul masalas swrafad mbrunavi detalebis dasamzadeblad, radgan mcirdeba centridanuli Zalis
sidide. amasTan, dabali inerciuloba saSualebas iZleva SevinarCunoT an SevcvaloT detalis brunviTi
moZraoba energiis mcire danaxarjebiT. amitom beriliumis gamoyeneba metad efeqturia inerciuli
damiznebis sistemebis warmoebaSi. beriliumisgan mzaddeba raketebis, kosmosuri xomaldebisa da
dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebis orientaciisa da stabilizaciis sistemebis giroskopis detalebi.
beriliumis Senadnobebi kargad STanTqaven meqanikur vibracias, rac did upiratesobas
aniWebs mas satransporto mrewvelobaSi da, kerZod, saaviacio da saraketo teqnikaSi. igi unikaluri
saresore masalaa. foladisagan damzadebuli resori 800-850 aTas biZgs uZlebs, beriliumisgan
damzadebuli ki – 20 miliards, anu praqtikulad mudmivia.
aluminis analogiurad, beriliumic perspeqtiul masalas warmoadgens wylis siRrmeSi momuSave
aparaturis sxvadasxva konstruqciis dasamzadeblad, magaliTad, wyalqveSa gemebisaTvis, romlebic
350-400 m siRrmeSi Cadian.
aluminis, titanis, magniumisa da beriliumis gamoyeneba tankebsa da javSanmanqanebSi
mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT wonas da zrdis manevrisunarianobas.
167