Advanced Human Trafficking
In the State of Texas
Course # 3271
Texas Commission on Law Enforcement
Officer Standards and Education
Revised
June 2013
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Advanced Human Trafficking
In the State of Texas
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and
Education (TCLEOSE) approved course, Advanced Human Trafficking in the State of Texas,
is to increase the law enforcement communities awareness of the issues of human
trafficking through the exposure of informational materials and research.
It is the responsibility of the training coordinator to ensure that copies of this
curriculum and their lesson plans are up to date and on file at your individual
departments or academies. This procedure should be completed per guidelines
obtained from the rules section of the commission website at:
http://www.tcleose.state.tx.us.
Target Population: Texas peace officers seeking to gain knowledge and proficiency in the
area of human trafficking and the response resources of governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations and victim service providers.
Prerequisites: Hold a Basic Texas Peace Officer License or higher
Prerequisites for Topic Instructors: At least one of the following must be completed
prior to instructing any TCLEOSE approved Human Trafficking Course:
 Completion of TCLEOSE Course #1014, Basic Instructor Course, and
 Documented experience in training persons in topic area per contract provider
approval.
Hours: Four minimum/Sixteen maximum
Evaluation Process and Procedures: Interaction with instructor and students, oral and
written participation through case overviews, discussion and written tests as instructor
and/or department deems appropriate.
Reference Materials: See next section to follow
Note to Training Coordinator/Instructor: It is highly recommended that subject matter
experts are obtained as guest speakers for a quality learning experience. These experts
could include: representatives from governmental or non-governmental providers, subject
specific instructor trained peace officers, as well as volunteers from coalition and advocacy
organizations.
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George D. Little, C.C.P.S. – TCOLE Advanced Certified Instructor
George D. Little has 43-years of diverse law enforcement experience, in which he
has worked a myriad of assignments working literally in every aspect of law
enforcement. He holds an Associate of Science Degree in Criminal Justice from
Central Texas College, a Bachelor of Science in Occupational Education
Criminology/Sociology from Wayland Baptist College and Associates of Science in
Criminal Justice, a Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice & Criminology and
Master’s degree in Criminology and Human Services and Counter-Terrorism from the
University of the State of New York. In addition George received his Basic,
Intermediate, Advanced and Masters (Peace Officer) Law Enforcement certifications
from the Texas Commission On Law Enforcement (TCOLE). George is a retired U.S.
Army Military Police (ABN) First Sergeant/E-8 who served his country from Vietnam
through Desert Storm for 21-years of honorable service. During his active duty
service George served as a Military Policeman (95BV5MXH3 MOS) Patrol, Traffic and
Tactical operations. He is a former U.S. Army Criminal Investigations Division (CID)
Special Agent and Section Chief Military Police Investigations (MPI). George worked
as an under-cover Drug and Narcotics investigator with the U.S. Drug Enforcement
Administration (D.E.A.) overseas European operations. He is an experienced veteran
Physical Security and Crime Prevention specialist with expertise in Force Protection,
and Counter-Terrorism, in addition to being a MP Special Operations Operator
(Counter-Terrorism for 1988 Olympics in Seoul South Korea) and a former Military
Police School Drill Sergeant and Master Instructor. George served as a Deputy
Provost Marshal USFK Area II, South Korea and as a First Sergeant for several MP
units ending his military career as the Operations Sergeant (NCOIC) for the U.S.
Army Joint Counter Drug Operations Element (JCOE) providing federal, state and
local military assistance for an 8-state area of responsibility. He retired from the
Bexar County Sheriff’s Office San Antonio, Texas (2008) where he was a Deputy
Sheriff, School Resource Officer and the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)
Coordinator for Bexar County and was the 2004 National D.A.R.E. Officer-Of-TheYear (and former D.A.R.E. America- Texas D.A.R.E. State Coordinator). George has
over 20 years veteran experience working in a school district environment. He has
authored and co-authored numerous articles on Counter Terrorism and Law
Enforcement serving as a college adjunct professor teaching criminal justice and
counter-terrorism undergraduate courses. He has a passion for teaching; in addition
to being a Texas Certified Crime Prevention Specialist (C.C.P.S.). George is the
former Director of Institute for Criminal Justice Studies (ICJS) – Texas State
University where he developed the first comprehensive School-Based Law
Enforcement Officer (SBLE) holistic certified training program, a state-wide TCOLE
certified Crime Prevention certification curriculum; as well as authored, researched
and developed numerous state-of-the art, scientific and researched-based, “Best
Practices” specialized law enforcement curriculums. He is currently the Deputy Chief
for INTEL, Homeland Security and Training for the Bexar County Constable Office,
PCT#4. George was the 2011 TCOLE Professional Achievement Award recipient, and
has received numerous U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Awards and
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recognitions; recipient of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation - Directors
Community Leadership Award; and American Society for Industrial Security –
Business Crime Council Award. George is an appointed member of the U.S.
Department of Justice – National Institute of Justice Technical Working Group for
School Safety in addition to being a certified Honorary Tennessee and Kentucky
Colonel.
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Instructor Guide Cover Sheet
Course Title: Advanced Human Trafficking
TCLEOSE Course Number: 3271
Course Goal:
To increase law enforcement awareness of the crime of human trafficking, through the
exposure of information including:






victim identification
investigation
rescue and prosecution considerations
referral and service providers availability
the critical need for development of a coordinated community response
the inter-connectivity of state, federal and global human trafficking concerns
Target Population: Texas peace officers seeking to gain knowledge and proficiency in the
area of human trafficking and the response resources of governmental agencies, nongovernmental organizations and victim service providers.
Evaluation Process and Procedures: Classroom interaction with instructor and students,
oral and written participation through case overviews, discussion and written tests as
instructor and/or department deems appropriate.
Prerequisites for class participation:

Hold a Basic Texas Peace Officer License or higher
Instructor Materials:


Instructor Guide
PowerPoint
Equipment and Supplies:






Laptop computer with MS PowerPoint
PowerPoint
LCD Projector with remote
Screen
Speaker Hook-up accessibility
Flipchart/Markers/Easel
Classroom Set-up


Chairs and tables set for easy viewing of visuals
Room size dependent on student attendance.
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

Access to break-out rooms for group exercises
Larger groups would require theater seating
References:
1. International Labor Organization, A Global Alliance Against Forced Labour, A
Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental
Principles and rights at Work 2005.
2. Prostituted Children in the United States: Identifying and Responding to
America’s Trafficked Youth, Serg.1. Shared Hope International and Onanon
Productions. DVD. Washington, D.C. :Shared Hope International
3. Estes, R. & Weiner, N. “Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S.,
Canada, and Mexico.” University of Pennsylvania, 2001
4. Heather J. Clawson, Nicole Dutch, Amy Solomon, and Lisa Goldblatt Grace ,
August 2009
5. Environment Strategy; John Cowdery, OVC IACP Workshop PowerPoint
6. Trafficking in Persons Report 2005, U.S. Department of State
7. International Labor Organization Report; The Hague Global Child Labor
Conference 2010
8. The cost of coercion; REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL; Global Report
under the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work; INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONFERENCE; 98th Session 2009
9. International Chiefs of Police website:
Human Trafficking
Video 1
Video 2
Video 3
Roll-Call Training Videos
Defining the Crime
identifying and Responding
Investigating and Interviewing
Videos are public domain.
http://www.theiacp.org/PublicationsGuides/ResearchCenter/Projects/ViolenceAgainstW
omen/PoliceResponsetoViolenceAgainstWomen/tabid/372/Default.aspx
Course Prepared By:
Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and Education
(TCLEOSE) staff, in combined efforts with:
Office of the Attorney General - Sgt. Tracy Weems
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INTRODUCTION STAGE
Unit 1.0: Course introduction - Understanding Human Trafficking
 Instructor will introduce themselves and provide a summary of their credentials.
 Instructor will provide a brief overview of the course.
 Instructor will begin lesson plan with a video then ask questions designed to
engage the student on the subject of Human Trafficking.
Unit 2.0: Human Trafficking Defined
2.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the two types of trafficking that
comprise human trafficking.
2.2
Learning Objective: The student will be able to define sex trafficking.
2.3
Learning Objective: The student will be able to define labor trafficking.
2.4
Learning Objective: Student will recognize that movement of a victim is not
required for human trafficking to occur.
2.5
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the differences between human
trafficking and smuggling.
2.6
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify two examples of persons who
could be human traffickers.
2.7
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain how exploitation of the victim is
a key element in human trafficking.
Unit 3: Identifying the elements of Human Trafficking
3.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to list the three methods of control of
human trafficking.
3.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three examples of force used
against human trafficking victims.
3.3
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three examples of fraud used
against human trafficking victims.
3.4
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three examples of coercion
used against human trafficking victims.
3.5
Learning Objective: Student will be able to list examples of bonded labor.
3.6
Learning Objective: Student will be able to list examples of forced labor.
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3.7
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify examples of child labor.
Unit 4.0: Role of Local Law Enforcement in Human Trafficking
4.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to list which laws are used to prosecute
human trafficking.
4.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the Trafficking Victims
Protection Act as the federal legislation used to prosecute human trafficking.
4.3
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the three key components of
the TVPA utilized to combat human trafficking.
4.4
Learning Objective: Student will be able to discuss the removal of the TVPA
knowledge-of-age requirement involving minors.
4.5
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify additional elements of the
TVPA regarding sentencing, restitution and/or forfeiture of assets, witness
protection and access to benefits and services.
4.6
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the elements of the State of
Texas Penal Code Section 20A.02 Trafficking of Persons.
4.7
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the Texas Penal Code offense
classification if the trafficking victim is younger than 18 years of age at the time of
the offense.
4.8
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain why the Penal Code charge of
Compelling Prostitution is considered an underlying charge to Human Trafficking.
Unit 5.0: Indicators of Human Trafficking
5.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three visual indicators of a
human trafficking victim.
5.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain why victims may be reluctant to
provide information about their traffickers.
5.3
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain characteristics of domestic
victims affecting their cooperation in human trafficking investigations.
5.4
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain characteristics of international
victims affecting their cooperation in human trafficking investigations.
Unit 6.0: Communicating with Human Trafficking Victims
6.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain two of the communication
barriers associated with Human Trafficking Victims.
6.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three considerations when
interviewing human trafficking victims.
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6.3
Learning Objective: Students will be able to identify examples of questions
designed to reveal a Human Trafficking Victim.
6.4
Learning Objective: Student will be able to recognize the victim’s immediate needs
when encountering a Human Trafficking Victim.
Unit 7.0: Texas Human Trafficking Case Summaries
7.1 Learning Objective: Student will explore case summaries through class discussion.
Unit 8.0: Non- Governmental Organizations role in Human Trafficking
8.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify examples of non-governmental
organizations that can assist victims through collaboration with law enforcement.
8.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain why working with NGO’s is
essential in meeting the needs of human trafficking victims.
8.3
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the medical needs of victims
that NGO’s can provide.
Unit 9.0: Non-Governmental Victim resources
9.1
Learning Objective: Student will research NGO resources in their departmental
locale.
Unit 10.0: Conclusion
10.1 Learning Objective: Review your role as law enforcement
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PRESENTATION STAGE
PLAY VIDEO PART I
Length: 8 Minutes 00 Seconds
Unit 1.0: Course Introduction: Understanding Human Trafficking
To understand how to combat human trafficking officers must understand what human
trafficking is and how to recognize if the indicators are present. There are many myths and
misconceptions that surround human trafficking. We must look past the obvious; learn to
look beneath the surface, probe with direct questions, and to realize many victims are
suffering in plain sight.
Topics covered in this training will include:
A. What is human trafficking?
Human trafficking has been described as a new modern day form of slavery. It
involves the exploitation of humans for sexual gratification of others or the
exploitation of humans for labor. It generates billions of dollars in profits each
year and operates on the same scale as the illegal sale of weapons and drugs.
B. Are there differences between human trafficking and human smuggling?
Human smuggling requires the movement across international borders and is a
crime against a nation’s sovereignty. Human trafficking is the exploitation of a
person for labor or services and may occur domestically where victims are held
against their will.
C.Who are human traffickers?
Human traffickers are people who obtain a financial gain by exploiting humans
for labor or services through the use of force, fraud or coercion.
D. If I come in contact with a suspected victim of human trafficking, who should I
contact?
Law enforcement may contact assets within their department and/or state and
federal agencies to assist with the investigation and prosecution of human
trafficking.
E. What are the main elements of trafficking?
The three main elements are force, fraud and coercion.
F. Are there domestic trafficking victims in the United States?
Trafficking victims may be citizens of the United States who are
labor or services.
exploited for
G. What type of person is most commonly victimized?
It is estimated more than half of trafficking victims are women and children from
economically impoverished communities.
Common Myths about Human Trafficking
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A. MYTH: Human trafficking and smuggling are the same.
FACT: Smuggling is based on a consensual agreement between smuggler and
client while trafficking is a result of fraud, force or coercion by a suspect
on a victim. Smuggling may become trafficking.
B. MYTH: Traffickers are always strangers.
FACT: Anyone who receives something of value for the exploited services can
be a trafficker. This includes parents, family members, or friends, as
well as unknown persons or strangers.
C. MYTH: Human trafficking investigations/prosecutions are only handled by the
federal government.
FACT: Human trafficking cases may be investigated and prosecuted by the state
(PC 20A.02) or at the federal level.
D. MYTH: Trafficking victims always seek help to escape their exploitation.
FACT: Trafficking victims will not always self-identify or seek help. They may
be too traumatized and need additional time to reveal their
victimization.
E. MYTH: Movement is required for trafficking to occur.
FACT: Trafficking can occur without movement. Force, fraud or coercion are
the necessary elements not movement.
F. MYTH: All trafficking victims are immigrants or foreign nationals.
FACT: Trafficking victims can be U.S. citizens or lawful residents.
F. MYTH: All trafficking victims are females.
FACT: Anyone can be a trafficking victim, regardless of age and gender.
G. MYTH: All “prostitutes” are criminals and are willing participants.
FACT: Persons involved in prostitution may have been forced or coerced into
providing sexual services, especially in the case of minors.
H. MYTH: Human trafficking is a crime that can only be prosecuted at the federal
level.
FACT: Texas has a state human trafficking law, (PC 20A.02) that may be used to
prosecute offenders.
Unit 2.0: Human Trafficking defined
Human trafficking is a new name for slave labor or involuntary servitude. It is an economic
enterprise built on a foundation of a living, breathing commodity, humans. This concept
makes it extremely profitable as the commodity does not need to be replenished once sold
or used. Human trafficking victims are exploited for commercial sex or labor purposes
with the most common involving primarily women being forced to work in the sex industry
as a prostitute, exotic dancer or entertainer. Children are most often victims of the
commercial sex trade, which operates worldwide, along with being forced into armies as
combatants, used as domestic servants or in sweatshops. Although most victims of
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trafficking are women and children, men are also victims. Men are most often forced to
labor in agricultural fields to harvest crops, but may also be forced to work in construction,
restaurants, or the sex industry.
2.1
Learning Objective: Students will be able to identify the two types of Trafficking
that comprise human trafficking.
The Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of 2000 (TVPA, 2000), categorizes
human trafficking into two primary components: sex trafficking and labor
trafficking.
2.2
Learning Objective: The student will be able to define sex trafficking.
Sex trafficking involves the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or
obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act in which a commercial
sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to
perform such an act is under the age of eighteen years old.
2.3
Learning Objective: The Student will be able to define labor trafficking.
Labor trafficking is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
or obtaining of a person for labor services, through the use of force, fraud, or
coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt
bondage or slavery. Labor trafficking may arise in situations were exploitation can
easily occur, such as domestic servitude, restaurant work, janitorial work,
sweatshop factory work, and migrant agricultural work. Although sex-trafficking
and labor trafficking has differing definitional elements, both contain three vital
components: force, fraud, and coercion.
A. Traffickers exploit their victims through the use of force, fraud, or coercion.
B. Exploitation is a key element to the crime of human trafficking.
2.4
Learning Objective: Student will recognize that movement of a victim is not
required for human trafficking to occur.
A. The physical movement of the victim is not a prerequisite of human trafficking.
B. Trafficking may occur in a home setting, generally with children being trafficked
for commercial sex.
2.5
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the differences between human
trafficking and smuggling.
Trafficking vs. smuggling
A. Trafficking is a crime against a person.
B. Smuggling is a crime against a nation’s sovereignty.
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C. Trafficking contains element of coercion (victim cannot consent to enslavement).
D. Smuggling is with consent and contact ends after entry.
E. Trafficking is subsequent exploitation with forced labor to pay debt.
F. Smuggling fees are paid in advance or upon arrival.
G. Trafficking may occur domestically.
H. Smuggling is always international in nature.
I. Trafficked individual is seen as a victim.
J. Smuggled individuals making illegal entry are seen as violators.
2.6
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify two examples of persons who
could be human traffickers.
Who are human traffickers?
A. Friends and family members
B. Organized criminal groups
1. gangs
2. drug trafficking organizations
C. Smugglers
D. Pimps / madams
E. Adult entertainment industry
F. Massage parlor operators
G. Labor subcontractors
2.7
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain exploitation of the victim is a
key element in Human Trafficking.
Stages of Human Trafficking
A. Vulnerability
The desire for a better life is one of the principle factors that make human
trafficking victims vulnerable. Poverty or poor “home” situations are generally
considered the main motivators of victims. Victims search for economic
opportunities without being aware of the potential dangers as they believe false
promises of stable employment. The victims are powerless to change their
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economic situation unless they seek work outside their local area. In the case of
domestic minor’s they are generally seeking to escape a family situation they
believe is unfit or unfulfilling.
B. Recruitment: Voluntary vs. Force
Trust is a key factor to exploiting victims. The recruiters build trust using
promises of profitable work or by establishing themselves as a friend who
deeply cares about the victim’s circumstance. In either case the recruiter uses
fraud to exploit the victim into being a trafficked person. Recruitment by force is
where the victim is abducted or coerced into being a human trafficking victim.
C. Exploitation
Exploitation usually begins once the victim is isolated from support networks,
either physically or emotionally. Traffickers will seize identification documents
and limit the victim’s ability to communicate with anyone other than traffickers.
Victims will be told they have incurred a debt that must be repaid by working
under the trafficker’s rules in either a labor or sex trade. Freedom is promised
but seldom obtained since the debt will grow as the trafficker provides housing
and food for amounts that exceed the victim’s “wages”.
Physical and psychological abuse and torture are used to gain the compliance of
the victim. Once compliance is obtained the victim has resolved that their
situation will not change until they have met the “terms” of their debt. The abuse
becomes a part of the victim’s routine so they come to see it as “normal”. The
abuse may include living and working in the same space, loss of personal
documents and identity, crowded conditions with no personal space or belongings
and being monitored by guards or surveillance systems.
D. Resolution
Resolution may come in several forms; rescue, escape or death. Rescue will
result in the victims being discovered, extricated and provided the support
resources to resume a life they control. Escaping from traffickers is the result of
the victim taking advantage of an opportunity to get away but may not provide
the victim with the resources to recover, physically or psychologically, into a life
better than the one they left. Death for a victim may be the only way out due to
factors of location, trafficker’s resources and physical condition of the victim.
Unit 3.0: Elements of Human Trafficking
3.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to list the three methods of control in
human trafficking.
The methods used to control victims are force, fraud and coercion
3.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three examples of force used
against human trafficking victims.
Examples of force used by traffickers to control their victims are:
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A. Beating
B. Torture
C. sexual assault
D. burning
E. drug addiction
F. branding or tattooing
G. confinement
3.3
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three examples of fraud used
against human trafficking victims.
Traffickers may employ fraud to control their victims. Examples include:
A. false promises of marriage or employment
B. deceitful enticing and affectionate behavior, “the boyfriend”
C. withholding wages
D. misrepresentation of working conditions
E. misrepresenting the promise of a “better life”
3.4.
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three examples of coercion
used against human trafficking victims.
A. Traffickers control their victims by coercion with the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
threats of serious harm or restraint
intimidation/humiliation
emotional abuse
control of daily lives and brainwashing
threats to family members
deportation threats
confiscation of documents such as passports, drivers license
B. Who are the victims?
The International Labor Organization estimated more than 2.4 million people
are victims of forced labor as a result of human trafficking. More than half are
women and girls. The estimated cost to victims when lost wages, fees and
overtime is considered is $20.9 Billion (US)
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C. Texas Trafficking Estimates
Bureau of Justice Administration human trafficking task forces reported:
1.
2.
3.
4.
456 Texas based incidences or investigations
133 arrests
511 identified victims
Reports are from January 1, 2007 to August 12, 2010 (Austin, Dallas, Fort
Worth, Houston and San Antonio)
D. Innocence Lost Task Forces in Texas reported the rescue of 109 minor victims in
FY 2010 (October 2009 to August 2010)
E. The National Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline indicates 12% of calls
came from Texas in 2009 (highest % of calls)
F. Sex Trafficking
1. Sex trafficking is a commercial sex act induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or
sex act in which the person performing the act is under the age of 18.
a. Prostitution is the most common form of trafficking in the United States
b. May be working in massage parlors, brothels, strip clubs, escort services,
bars, modeling studios or street corner
c. Domestic minor sex trafficking victims
 100,000 to 300,000 American children are victimized through the
practice of child prostitution every year (commercial sexual
exploitation)
 30% of shelter youth and 70% of street youth are victimized through
commercial sexual exploitation
 Organizations and agencies working with domestic minors involved in
prostitution estimate 70-80% of the minors they serve are runaways
with a history of childhood abuse and sexual abuse
G. Labor Trafficking
1. Labor trafficking is using force, fraud, or coercion to recruit, harbor,
transport, obtain, or employ a person for labor or services in involuntary
servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.
2. Labor trafficking may be separated into three distinct categories which are
used to exploit victims of human trafficking.
a. Bonded labor
b. Forced labor
c. Child labor
3.5
Learning Objective: Student will be able to list examples of bonded labor.
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Victims become bonded laborers when their labor is demanded as a means of
repayment for a loan or service in which its terms and conditions have not been
defined or in which the value of the victims’ services, as reasonably assessed, is not
applied toward the liquidation of the debt. The value of their work is greater than
the original sum of money “borrowed.” Examples include:
A. Migrant farm workers
B. Labor camps
C. Sweatshops
D. Domestic servitude
3.6
Learning Objective: Student will be able to list examples of forced labor.
Victims of forced labor are compelled to work against their will, under the threat of
violence or some other form of punishment, their freedom is restricted and a degree
of ownership is exerted. Examples include:
A. Domestic servitude
B. Agricultural labor
C. Sweatshop factory labor
D. Janitorial services
E. Food service
F. Magazine sales
G. Begging
3.7
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify examples of child labor.
A. Child labor defined:
Work likely to be hazardous to the health and/or physical, mental, spiritual,
moral or social development of children and can interfere with their education.
B. The International Labor Organization estimates worldwide there are 215 million
children between 5 and 17 involved in child labor. Of those, more than 115
million are involved in the “unconditional worst forms of child labor” including
debt bondage, forced recruitment for armed conflict, prostitution, pornography,
the illegal drug trade, the illegal arms trade and other illicit activities around the
world.
B. Trafficking victims are exploited in many locations:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Restaurants
Nail Salons
Factories
Private Residences
Cantinas / Bars
Massage Parlors
Escort Services
Sexually Oriented Businesses
C. Victims services are being marketed via:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
internet ads*
Personal ads
business cards and flyers
marriage bureaus
social networking sites
*Internet ads and pages are continually adapting. Pressures from citizens, Attorney
General’s and other organizations have forced some sites to close “Adult Services” pages.
Traffickers continue to seek internet sites to cater to their ads
Unit 4.0: Role of Local Law Enforcement
Local law enforcement is in the best position to see, interact and intervene in the rescue of
human trafficking victims and provide the tools for successful prosecution of traffickers.
This crime is one that will require officers to be acutely aware of the indicators of human
trafficking and the key questions to ask. Human trafficking may be prosecuted at both the
state and federal levels and will require the collaboration of every level of law enforcement
along with non-law enforcement agencies known as Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGO’s).
4.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to list which laws are used to prosecute
human trafficking.
A. Know and Use existing Federal and State laws to interdict Human Trafficking
1. Trafficking Victims Protection Act - Federal Law (Title 8 USC Chapter 77
Section 1581)
 TVPA protects both U.S. citizens and non-citizens
2. Enforcement of Texas Penal Code Section 20A.02
B. Begin building partnerships with non governmental organizations and other
public agencies
A. Look “beneath the surface” to determine if human trafficking is occurring within
your jurisdiction
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4.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the Trafficking Victims
Protection Act (TVPA) as the federal legislation used to prosecute human
trafficking.
Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA)
A. Prior to 2000, there was no comprehensive federal law to protect victims of
trafficking or to prosecute traffickers
B. TVPA was signed into law October 2000 and has been re-authorized every three
years by Congress (2003/2005/2007)
C. TVPA made human trafficking a federal crime
4.3
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the three key components of
the TVPA utilized to combat human trafficking.
There are three key components of TVPA
A. Prevention – through public awareness and education by working with NonGovernmental Organizations (NGO’s) who provide research and educational
support materials and personnel.
B. Protection – through services and benefits to help victims rebuild their lives
such as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
temporary residency
financial assistance
health care
job training
reintegration into main stream society.
C. Prosecution – through new law enforcement tools and efforts which:
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.4
define Human Trafficking as a crime
set appropriate sentencing terms for traffickers
require restitution by traffickers
provide witness protection for victims
Learning Objective: Student will be able to discuss the removal of the TVPA
knowledge-of-age requirement involving minors.
TVPA permits prosecution
A. where non-violent coercion is used to force victims to work
1. Threats to harm family in home country
2. Threats to have victim deported
3. Threats to harm 3rd person
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4. any other plan or scheme designed to convince the victim physical harm or
restraint will be used against the victim or another
B. where victim’s service is compelled by confiscation of their personal
identification documents such as:
1. Immigration papers / Passport
2. Visa’s
3. state issued Driver’s License or ID card
C. in sex trafficking cases involving minors TVPA removed the requirement of the
government to prove the suspect (trafficker or “john”) knew the victim was
under 18 years of age.
4.5
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify additional elements of the
TVPA regarding sentencing, restitution and/or forfeiture of assets, witness
protection and access to benefits and services.
TVPA provides:
A.
Increased prison terms for all slavery violations up to 20 years; adds life
imprisonment if it involves death, kidnapping, or the sexual abuse of victim
B. Restitution and/or forfeiture of assets upon conviction
1. payment of lost wages and overtime (FSLA Standards)
2. forfeiture of property bought by the trafficker using victim’s lost income
C. Witness protection, legal immigration status
1. Victim and family members may be included in Witness protection programs
if needed
2. Issuance of State Department “T” visa
D. Access to Federal public benefits and services
1. T Visa determines status to receive social services
2. Benefits considered appropriate by US Attorney General based on
4.6
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the elements of the State of
Texas Penal Code Section 20A.02 referencing Trafficking of Persons.
Texas Penal Code 20A.01
Chapter definitions
(1) "FORCED LABOR OR SERVICES” means labor or services, including conduct
that constitutes an offense under section 43.02, that are performed or provided
by another person and obtained through an actor’s:
(A) causing or threatening to cause bodily injury to the person or another
person or otherwise causing the person performing or providing
labor or services to believe that the person or another person will
suffer bodily injury;
Page 20 of 33
(B) restraining or threatening to restrain the person or another person in
a manner described by Section 20.01(1) or causing the person
performing or providing labor or services to believe that the person
or another person will be restrained;
(C) knowingly destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating, or
withholding from the person or another person, or threatening to
destroy, conceal, remove, confiscate, or withhold from the person or
another person, the person's actual or purported:
(i) government records;
(ii) identifying information; or
(iii) personal property;
(D) threatening the person with abuse of the law or the legal process in
relation to the person or another person;
(E) threatening to report the person or another person to immigration
officials or other law enforcement officials or otherwise blackmailing
or extorting the person or another person;
(F) exerting financial control over the person or another person by
placing the person or another person under the actor's control as
security for a debt to the extent that:
(i) the value of the services provided by the person or another
person as reasonably assessed is not applied toward the
liquidation of the debt;
(ii) the duration of the services provided by the person or another
person is not limited and the nature of the services provided by
the person or another person is not defined; or
(iii) the principal amount of the debt does not reasonably reflect
the value of the items or services for which the debt was incurred;
or
(G) using any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause the person to
believe that the person or another person will be subjected to serious
harm or restraint if the person does not perform or provide the labor
or services.
(2) "Traffic" means to transport, entice, recruit, harbor, provide, or
otherwise obtain another person by any means.
4.7
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the Texas Penal Code offense
classification if the trafficking victim is younger than 18 years of age at the time of
the offense.
Trafficking of persons, Texas Penal Code Sec. 20A.02
(a) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly:
(1) traffics another person with the intent or knowledge that the
trafficked person will engage in forced labor or services; or
(2) benefits from participating in a venture that involves an activity
described by Subdivision (1), including by receiving labor or services
the person knows are forced labor or services.
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(b) Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, an offense under this
section is a felony of the second degree. An offense under this section is a
felony of the first degree if:
(1) the applicable conduct constitutes an offense under Section 43.05
or 43.25 and the person who is trafficked is a child younger than 18
years of age at the time of the offense, regardless of whether the actor
knows the age of the child at the time the actor commits the offense;
or
(2) the commission of the offense results in the death of the person
who is trafficked.
(c) If conduct constituting an offense under this section also constitutes an
offense under another section of this code, the actor may be prosecuted
under either section or under both sections.
4.8 Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain why the Penal Code charge of
Compelling Prostitution is considered an underlying charge to Human Trafficking.
A. Compelling prostitution, Texas Penal Code Sec. 43.05
(a) A person commits an offense if the person knowingly:
(1) causes another by force, threat, or fraud to commit prostitution; or
(2) causes by any means a child younger than 18 years to commit
prostitution, regardless of whether the actor knows the age of the child
at the time the actor commits the offense.
(b) An offense under this section is a felony of the second degree.
B. Often traffickers violate other state laws such as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Kidnapping, Unlawful Restraint
PC 20.01
Murder
PC 19.02
Assault Offenses
PC 22.01
Aggravated Sexual Assault
PC 22.021
Sexual Assault
PC 22.11
Extortion
PC 20.04
Compelling Prostitution
PC 43.05
Organized Criminal Activity (Brothels)
PC 71.02
Seizure of Assets
CCP Chapter 59
CCP Art. 59.01 (2) "Contraband" means property of any nature, including
real, personal, tangible, or intangible, that is:
(A) used in the commission of:
(i) any first or second degree felony under the Penal Code
CCP Art. 59.02. FORFEITURE OF CONTRABAND. (a) Property that is
contraband is subject to seizure and forfeiture under this chapter.
PLAY VIDEO PART II
Length: 7 Minutes 50 Seconds
Unit 5.0: Indicators of Human Trafficking
Page 22 of 33
5.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three visual indicators of a
human trafficking victim.
A. Visual environmental indicators are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Restriction of movement, such as fencing, bars on doors, locks
Building security, patrolling of location, cameras
Living conditions, lack of furniture or personal items
Living/working in same place, list address as business location
Smuggling or other debt owed to employers
Working conditions; no safety equipment
B. Visual victim indicators are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Control; lack ability to move freely or leave job
Signs of physical abuse
Intense fear/depression
Branding/tattooing
Drug addiction
Don’t speak the local language
Control of a workers documents
Recent arrival from a source/transit country
C. Indicators separating trafficker from victim:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5.2
Who is best dressed?
Who has clean shoes?
Who is holding or has control of identification documents?
Who looks most confident?
Who aggressively attempts to provide language interpretation?
Who is willing to look you in the face as you talk to them?
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain why victims may be reluctant to
provide information about their traffickers.
Trafficking victim mentality
A. May not identify themselves as a victim
B. May lie or use rehearsed stories initially
C. May change story over time
D. May be behaviorally dependent on trafficker
E. May not want family to know of his/her circumstances
F. May exhibit “Stockholm Syndrome” and show empathy for traffickers
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G. May not speak English
H. May have cultural or religious background that deter them from telling full story
I. May be reluctant to speak to someone wearing a gun, badge, or uniform
J. May be culturally conditioned to fear government employees
K. May be fearful for their families' safety in home country
5.3
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain characteristics of domestic
victims that may affect their cooperation in human trafficking investigations.
Understanding domestic victims
A. May lie about their age and use false identification
B. May not fit stereotype of a victim (juvenile delinquent, child prostitute, at-risk
youth, or runaway)
C. May think of trafficker as “boyfriend” and be reluctant to provide information
D. May be involved in juvenile gang activity
E. May have been trafficked by a family member
F. May be a runaway or reported as a missing child
G. May have been abused/sexually abused at home
5.4
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain characteristics of international
victims that may affect their cooperation in human trafficking investigations.
Mindset of trafficking victim
A. Their current situation may still be better than where they came from
B. May be unaware of their rights or have been misled
C. Often blame themselves for their situations
D. Have a loyalty to the trafficker
E. Distrust outsiders, especially law enforcement and fear deportation or arrest
F. Do not speak English and lack cultural knowledge
G. Fearful for safety of families left behind
Page 24 of 33
Unit 6: Communicating Human Trafficking Victims
Who are the victims? Officers must recognize that anyone has the potential of
becoming a Human Trafficking victim. Circumstance, lifestyle and poor choices may
provide a trafficker with the needed opportunity to victimize persons from all walks
of life.
A. Men, women, and children
B. Domestic – U.S. citizens and residents within the United States
C. International – foreign nationals across international borders
D. Desperate, vulnerable, and impoverished persons
E. Look beneath the surface
“The next prostitute, exotic dancer, illegal immigrant, runaway youth, domestic
servant, or migrant worker you encounter or take into custody may be a victim
of human trafficking.”
6.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain two of the communication
barriers associated with Human Trafficking Victims.
Communication Barriers
A. May fear deportation - The TVPA authorizes special visas and other forms of
immigration relief to certain trafficking victims.
B. May fear reunification with abusive family - Services/placement elsewhere will
be investigated.
C. Does not identify as a victim - You are a victim, not a criminal. What is
happening to you is wrong.
D. Distrust of law enforcement - We can help get you what you need. We can
protect you. You can trust us.
E. Unaware of rights - You have rights. You have the right to live without being
abused
6.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify three considerations when
interviewing human trafficking victims.
Interviewing human trafficking victims will require a revised skill set since there
may be a language barrier or the victim may present initially as a suspect in an
underlying criminal offense; i.e. prostitution. Officers must first recognize they are
talking with a potential victim and adjust their questions, demeanor and even the
setting to accommodate the needs of the victim. Patience is a must since the victims
Page 25 of 33
may initially provide practiced lies or half truths based on the trafficker’s prior
threats of deportation, relocation, or torture from the trafficker. Providing for basic
needs (Food, Clothing or Shelter) prior to interviewing, if possible, will help
establish rapport and assure the victim they can tell their story.
A. Look for comfortable space with no physical barriers
B. Depending on policy, do not videotape or audiotape initial conversation
C. Prepare questions prior to your interview
D. Use informal conversation
E. Consider using a children’s advocacy center for interviewing minors
F. Do not make promises you cannot keep
G. Keep note taking to a minimum
H. Allow victim to set length and pace, be patient
I. Watch for body language cues
6.3
Learning Objective: Students will be able to identify examples of questions
designed to reveal a Human Trafficking Victim.
A. Questioning beneath the surface
Questions should be asked in a non-threatening manner as victims may fear
authority figures and are concerned about being in the country illegally. Victims
are usually coached on what to say when asked about their immigration status.
Victims must be placed at ease and feel secure during the interview and
reassured they will get the proper resources to recover. Officers should
carefully consider the answers to these questions and be aware victims might
have been coached. The non-verbal cues of appearance and demeanor and how
those relate to the answers given in response to the questions will also help the
officer. If an interpreter is used ensure it is a disinterested third party to ensure
the correct questions and answers are being relayed.
1. How did you get here?
2. Do you know where you are?
3. Where do you live, eat and sleep?
4. Do you owe a debt or money?
5. Who controls your legal or travel documents?
6. Were you threatened if you tried to leave?
7. Who makes your travel arraignments?
8. Are you ever left alone?
9. Has your family been threatened?
10. Were you physically abused or tortured?
Page 26 of 33
11. Were you ever forced to stay in one place?
12. Who are you afraid of?
13. How many people do you live with?
14. What were you told to say to the police or immigration?
15. Who paid for their travel?
B. Investigative tools
The investigation of Human Trafficking has some similarities to both Assault FV
and to Sexual Assault (when the trafficking is commercial sex trafficking).
Techniques and protocols from both those offenses can, and should, be used
when conducting an investigation. Tools or protocols to consider:
1. Take a statement as soon as possible
2. Take photos of the victim and any tattoos (branding)
3. Identify and capture any social network (internet) used to traffic the victim
and archive the pages
4. Determine who is renting any rooms used by the victim
5. Take all cell phones for phone numbers and to determine who is paying the
bill
6. Get sexual assault exam if possible for commercial sex trafficking
6.4
Learning Objective: Student will be able to recognize the victim’s immediate needs
when encountering a Human Trafficking Victim.
A. Victims may have little or no personal items with them when contacted. If the
victims are being held in a secured facility they may not even have clothes as
they are being held in their underwear to discourage escape. Traffickers have
little incentive to feed the victims well, usually providing minimal nourishment
leaving the victims in poor health.
1. Clothing
2. Food – possibly malnourished
3. Housing – safe and secure, culturally and linguistically appropriate, age
and gender appropriate
 What exists – emergency shelters, homeless shelters, youth shelters,
domestic violence shelters, hotel vouchers, good Samaritans
B. Supporting victims
1. Additional basic needs
 Medical, safety and security, language interpretation and legal services
2. Mental health assistance
 Counseling
3. Income assistance
 Cash, living assistance
4. Legal status
 T visa, immigration, certification, guardianship issues
Page 27 of 33
C. Law Enforcement Collaboration
Once a Human Trafficking victim is identified the need for law enforcement to
begin reaching out for assistance is critical. Federal agencies can support the
investigation and prosecutions while the local community and NGO’s can
support the victim with both immediate and longer term needs. Turf wars
between any or all the partners can result in the loss of valuable time, evidence
and eventually the prosecution meaning the victim will become a victim once
again.
1. Human Trafficking cases are complex and can quickly overwhelm an
agencies ability to:
 Respond
 Investigate / Prosecute
 Support victims
2. Cooperation between Local, State and Federal Law Enforcement is essential
3. Community and NGO support for victims should occur at the onset
Unit 7.0: Trafficking in Texas
Human trafficking cases evolve in the same fashion as any other investigation; a reactive
response to a call for service or a proactive operation based on input that lacks anything
other than the most general information. Current cases illustrate the need to be observant
and look beyond the “common” charges and be willing to ask probing questions about
motivation and circumstance. By questioning beyond the basic elements of the underlying
crime, i.e. prostitution or a wage dispute, officers may find that the call is much broader
than initially anticipated.
Case summaries illustrate the need to remain open to broader possibilities.
7.1
Learning Objective: Students will explore case summaries through class
discussion.
1. Case Overview: “Assist Outside Agency” (included in PowerPoint)
Investigators from the OAG Criminal Investigations Division were assisting TABC in conducting a
bar check. As the Agents arrived a Hispanic male was seen running from a fenced area on the
property. The subject saw the Agents arrive while he was looking over a tall, solid fence. The
Agents went inside and made contact with a Hispanic female working behind the bar and told her
TABC would be conducting a bar check. The agents entered an area located behind the bar but only
accessible from inside the bar. An officer safety check was conducted (based on prior experience of
TABC finding weapons on the premises) on the area inside the fence (outside the building) for the
subject who ran as the agents arrived then the bar was reentered. The officer safety check was
continued once the agents reentered the bar and a second fenced area was located. As the agents
looked over another fence, inside the original fenced area, a couple (Hispanic male and female)
were seen walking towards the agents. The agents asked the couple to open the gate and once
admitted to the area the couple admitted to having sex inside the building. The couple took the
agents inside the structure which contained approximately 20 rooms (inside 2 buildings) with only
mattresses on wooden frames.
Page 28 of 33
A Spanish speaking officer was requested and after interviewing several other females in the bar it
was determined one of the victims had been kidnapped in Mexico 3 years prior and had been forced
into prostitution at the bar. The victim was 14 years old when abducted and had a child 14 months
old, the trafficker is suspected of being the father. The trafficker maintained control of the child
during the day to compel the mother to work as a prostitute. The victim did not have access to
keys, vehicles or housing.
Interview statements were requested by the DA (contacted while still on scene) along with photos.
Attempts were made to locate the child and support services for the victim were notified and
responded. Police escorted the victim to the shelter location to ensure the trafficker or his agents
did not follow the victim and attempt to re-abduct her. The child was located and rescued later in
the evening.
Charges were filed against the trafficker for Compelling prostitution and Assault/ Family Violence
initially. Trafficking in Persons charges will also be pursued.
The case also resulted in undercover operations being conducted against the bar targeting human
trafficking for prostitution.
Initial Contact:
Bar check assisting TABC
HT Indicators:
 Little or no personal possessions in work space
 Poor working conditions (location with 20 beds in small space)
 Did not speak English
 Working inside secured area (fenced area with limited access points)
 No documents for 9 of the 10 girls eventually contacted
Initial Actions:
Requested 3rd party language interpreter to assist with interviews. Outside agencies contacted for
support once scope of case exceeded on-site capabilities (ICE and DA). NGO support contacted once
trafficking victim located and needs identified. Appropriate charges filed for initial, underlying
violations (Compelling Prostitution and Assault/FV) and plans formulated for pursuing in-depth
investigation of Trafficking in Persons charges.
2. Case Overview: “Outcry By Victim” (included in PowerPoint)
The Attorney General’s Office; CID/North Texas Human Trafficking Task Force received
this case as a victim outcry. The victim was able to escape, along with her three children
after being held captive for over 2 years.
The victim arranged for her and her children to be smuggled into the U.S. using a Juarez to
El Paso smuggling route. Once inside the U.S. border the smugglers demanded more money
making the victim call her family in Mexico and ask for the additional cash. The family was
unable to pay the additional money and the victim was placed into forced labor at a
residence in El Paso. During the time they were at the residence, the victim and her
daughter were forced to keep the house clean and were not paid for this service. The
victim and her daughter were told they would be killed if they told anyone about their
situation. They escaped from the residence and have been living in El Paso since that time.
Page 29 of 33
Two suspects were identified and charged with 2 counts of Trafficking of Persons. Both
suspects are suspected of being back in Mexico. Warrants are outstanding for their arrest
after being indicted by the local Grand Jury.
Initial Contact:
Victim escape and outcry. Case demonstrates common tactics used by smugglers; case
begins as smuggling then turns to extortion then into trafficking (forced labor).
HT Indicators:
 Forced to work without compensation
 Forced Labor vs. Bonded Labor
No contract or notification of paying off a debt by working for any form of
wages. Labor performed was without compensation
 Threats of death
 No documents
 Limited contact with anyone outside of traffickers
Initial Actions:
Interview of the victims and verification by follow up investigation resulted in case being
filed and suspects being indicted.
3. Case Overview “Confidential Informant Tip”:
The case originated from a confidential informant (CI) who said young girls, approximately
15 years of age, were being prostituted via a call service. The CI provided a phone number
to call to have the girls delivered and indicated to his contact he had friends who might be
interested in sex. A surveillance and undercover operation was conducted which resulted
in a trafficker being arrested and a victim being rescued.
Initial Contact:
Informant information substantiated by detailed investigation. Initial call occurred in July,
2006 and follow up began in December, 2006. Delay due to lack of detailed information
initially by CI. Once trafficker’s information confirmed investigation began in earnest.
HT Indicators:
 Forced to perform sex against will
 Forced to turn money over to traffickers
 Unable to leave
Initial Actions:
This case illustrates the need for patience and collaboration. The traffickers used cell
phones and pre-arraigned meetings to limit their exposure to law enforcement. The
traffickers also attempted to limit their client base to only “immigrants” to preclude
discovery.
Timeline:
Jul, 2006
Dec, 2006
Mar, 2007
CI calls to inform police of possible trafficking of young girls
Enough information gathered to begin investigation
Federal agencies join investigation
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Apr, 2007
Aug, 2007
Suspect arrested and found to have “business” cards for girls in his
possession,
Undercover operation conducted to arrest trafficker
Trafficking Corridors in Texas follow the state and interstate highways system. Once the
trafficker reaches a safe house or the trafficking location movement into the community
results as the victim is moved into an isolated location to begin working. Movement along
the corridors allows the trafficker to blend in with the rest of the motoring public. Human
traffickers are subject to the same discovery probabilities as the narcotics traffickers if the
Officer / Trooper / Deputy are aware of the possible human trafficking indicators and
know what questions to ask.
PLAY VIDEO PART III
Length: 7 Minutes 55 Seconds
Unit 8.0: Non-Governmental Organization’s (NGO’S) Role
What are Non-Governmental Organization’s?
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) fill many needs that law enforcement are not
equipped or funded to meet. The need to build cooperative relationships with NGO’s can
not be overstated as they are ready to support law enforcement immediately upon
discovery of a potential victim. NGO’s stand ready to fill both immediate and long term
needs of human trafficking victims once they are notified of the scope of the need. NGO’s
range in size from local church charities to nationally recognized resources. Both have a
role and should be contacted in advance to determine how each can assist in the time of
need. Waiting until the need is present will delay victim assistance so relationships should
be established and cultivated regularly.
8.1
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify examples of non-governmental
organizations that can assist victims through collaboration with law enforcement.
NGO’s are Non-Governmental Organizations that want to assist the victims through
collaboration with law enforcement. Examples are:
A. Red Cross
B. Salvation Army
C. religious organizations
D. Polaris Project
E. National Trafficking in Persons and Worker Exploitation Task Force
F. The Freedom Network
8.2
Learning Objective: Student will be able to explain why working with NGO’s is
essential in meeting the needs of human trafficking victims.
Page 31 of 33
A. Why work with NGO’s?
1. NGO’s and victim advocates can play a vital role in victim interviews.
2. Conveying a sense of safety and trust to emancipated victims is critical.
3. Successful investigation, prosecution and victim rehabilitation requires
collaboration between law enforcement and non-governmental
organizations.
B. Working with NGO’s
1. NGO’s have expertise not found in most law enforcement agencies.
2. NGO’s need information about clients to be able to effectively assist the
victims.
3. NGO’s have safety concerns such as building security and retribution from
traffickers.
4. NGO’s generally work in teams.
5. NGO’s need the trust of law enforcement and government agencies and vice
versa.
6. NGO’s priorities may differ from those of law enforcement
C. NGO/Victim safety issues
1. Why should you conduct a safety screening?
a. Concern for victim and family in country of origin
b. Law enforcement must consider whether the trafficker has been
arrested and if there are organized crime ties.
8.3
Learning Objective: Student will be able to identify the medical needs of victims
that NGO’s might provide.
NGO’s health concerns and capabilities:
A. Screen victim immediately for injury and illness
B. Victims may have physical and mental medical needs such as:
1. General physical
2. Documentation of injuries and scars
3. Tuberculosis test
4. STD/HIV screening
5. Pap smear
6. Nutrition assessment
7. Dental exam/cleaning
8. Eye test
9. Post-traumatic stress symptoms
10. Depression
11. Anxiety disorder
12. Rape trauma syndrome
13. Suicidal thoughts
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14. Paranoia
15. Spiritual disruption
16. Fatalism and Rage
17. Drug addiction
Unit 9.0: NGO Victim Resources
9.1
Learning Objective: Student will research NGO resources in their respective
departmental locals
A. Proactive development of local/regional NGO partnerships is essential for
immediate victim response needs
1.
2.
3.
4.
211 System (Statewide victim resource)
Local Charities and / or Churches
United Way
Salvation Army
B. National Human Trafficking Resource Center (24 hours) will assist in connecting
victims to services they may be eligible to receive. (Polaris Project sponsered by
DHHS)
1-888-373-7888
C. National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC 1-800-THE-LOST)
Family Service Liaison
D. For more information on human trafficking visit the Department of Health and
Human Services. www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking
Unit 10: Conclusion
10.1
Learning Objective: Review your role as law enforcement
A. Keep doing what you are doing
B. Take a closer look and look beneath the surface
C. Help build and prosecute crimes at state and federal level
D. Cooperate with prosecuting attorneys, social services, and federal authorities
E. Call the Department of Homeland Security / Immigration and Customs
Enforcement for investigative assistance such as checking immigration status
(24 hours). 1-802-872-6020
F. Language Line (pay for service: .68 -.74 per minute)
Texas Account Manager – Tom Costello
877-735-9770
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