Mapping the capacity of landscapes to
deliver Ecosystem Goods and Services
across Europe
Felix Kienast1
Janine Bolliger, Marion Potschin,
Peter H. Verburg, Roy Haines-Young
1
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Landscape dynamics WSL/ETHZ
Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Problem
Problem
• Lack of spatially explicit service assessments at the
regional, national and continental scale
• Only few studies analyze the capacity of landscapes
to deliver services
• Resource managers need easy spatially explicit tools
for priorizing management decisions (trade offs) at large
scales
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Topics of the presentation
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Topics of the presentation
The conceptual frameworks
Lessons learned from recent service and function
mappings
A rapid assessment
Method
Examples
Quality assessment
Scenario analysis
Discussion / Outlook
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Discussion
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Topics of the presentation
The conceptual frameworks
Lessons learned from recent service and function
mappings
A rapid assessment
Method
Examples
Quality assessment
Scenario analysis
Discussion / Outlook
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Discussion
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Topics of the presentation
The conceptual frameworks
Lessons learned from recent service and function
mappings
A rapid assessment
Method
Examples
Quality assessment
Scenario analysis
Discussion / Outlook
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Discussion
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Topics of the presentation
The conceptual frameworks
Lessons learned from recent service and function
mappings
A rapid assessment
Method
Examples
Quality assessment
Scenario analysis
Discussion / Outlook
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Discussion
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
The concept of landscape functions
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Discussion
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
The concept of landscape functions
Natural, social and
cultural capital (stock)
Landscape
structure or
process
(e.g. woodland
habitat or net
primary
productivity)
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Discussion
adapted from Haines-Young
and Potschin 2009
Landscape services: Termorshuizen &
Opdam, prominently proposed at the
World Congress of the InternationalAssociation-for-Landscape-Ecology
(IALE), 2007; Landscape Ecology 2009
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
The concept of landscape functions
Natural, social and
cultural capital (stock)
Landscape
structure or
process
(e.g. woodland
habitat or net
primary
productivity)
Landscape
function
(capacity)
(e.g. commercial
forest production
or cultivated
products)
Landscape services: Termorshuizen &
Opdam, prominently proposed at the
World Congress of the InternationalAssociation-for-Landscape-Ecology
(IALE), 2007; Landscape Ecology 2009
Ecosystem
service (flow)
(e.g. timber or
food)
Benefit
(Value)
(e.g. willingness
to pay for
woodland
protection, or
harvestable
products)
adapted from Haines-Young and
Potschin 2009
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
The concept of landscape functions
Natural, social and
cultural capital (stock)
Landscape
structure or
process
(e.g. woodland
habitat or net
primary
productivity)
Landscape
function
(capacity)
(e.g. commercial
forest production
or cultivated
products)
Landscape services: Termorshuizen &
Opdam, prominently proposed at the
World Congress of the InternationalAssociation-for-Landscape-Ecology
(IALE), 2007; Landscape Ecology 2009
Ecosystem
service (flow)
(e.g. timber or
food)
Limit
pressures
via policy
action
Benefit
(Value)
(e.g. willingness
to pay for
woodland
protection, or
harvestable
products)
Pressures
adapted from Haines-Young and
Potschin 2009
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
The concept of landscape functions
Natural, social and
cultural capital (stock)
Landscape
structure or
process
(e.g. woodland
habitat or net
primary
productivity)
Landscape
function
(capacity)
(e.g. commercial
forest production
or cultivated
products)
Landscape services: Termorshuizen &
Opdam, prominently proposed at the
World Congress of the InternationalAssociation-for-Landscape-Ecology
(IALE), 2007; Landscape Ecology 2009
Ecosystem
service (flow)
(e.g. timber or
food)
Limit
pressures
via policy
action
Benefit
(Value)
(e.g. willingness
to pay for
woodland
protection, or
harvestable
products)
Pressures
adapted from Haines-Young and
Potschin 2009
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Current mapping concepts
Type of input data for ecosystem service /
landscape function assessment
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Current mapping concepts
Type of input data for ecosystem service /
landscape function assessment
Representative measurements
(e.g. forest
yield)
Assembling
data from
case studies
(e.g. recreation
behavior)
Expert
judgments
(e.g.
biodiversity-rich
habitat types)
After Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Eigenbrod et al., J. Applied Ecology, 2010
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Current mapping concepts
Type of input data for ecosystem service /
landscape function assessment
Type of proxy for
spatial extrapolation
Land use / land cover
pattern
Additional proxies
(e.g. population, NPP)
Representative measurements
(e.g. forest
yield)
Assembling
data from
case studies
(e.g. recreation
behavior)
Expert
judgments
(e.g.
biodiversity-rich
habitat types)
Process models /static models /
lookup tables
After Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Eigenbrod et al., J. Applied Ecology, 2010
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Current mapping concepts
Type of input data for ecosystem service /
landscape function assessment
Type of proxy for
spatial extrapolation
Land use / land cover
pattern
Additional proxies
(e.g. population, NPP)
Representative measurements
(e.g. forest
yield)
Assembling
data from
case studies
(e.g. recreation
behavior)
Expert
judgments
(e.g.
biodiversity-rich
habitat types)
?
?
Process models /static models /
lookup tables
?
?
After Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Eigenbrod et al., J. Applied Ecology, 2010
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Current mapping concepts
Type of input data for ecosystem service /
landscape function assessment
Type of proxy for
spatial extrapolation
Land use / land cover
pattern
Additional proxies
(e.g. population, NPP)
Representative measurements
(e.g. forest
yield)
Egoh et al. 2009
Eigenbrod et al. 2010
Eigenbrod et al. 2010
Assembling
data from
case studies
(e.g. recreation
behavior)
Expert
judgments
(e.g.
biodiversity-rich
habitat types)
Troy and Wilson 2006
Nelson et al. 2010
Burkhard et al. 2010
Naidoo et al. 2008
DeGroot 2006
Kienast et al. 2009
Metzger et al. 2005
Eigenbrod et al. 2010
Nelson et al. 2010
After Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Eigenbrod et al., J. Applied Ecology, 2010
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Mapping studies at the regional scale
deGroot 2006, Landscape
and Urban Planning
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Mapping studies at the regional scale
Natural Capital Project
2005ff.
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Mapping studies at the regional scale
Nelson et al.,
Front. Ecol.
Environ 2009.
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Mapping studies at the regional scale
Nelson et al.,
Front. Ecol.
Environ 2009.
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Mapping studies at the regional scale
Eigenbrod et al.,
J. Applied
Ecology, 2010
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Mapping studies at large scales
Naidoo et al. 2008, PNAS;
--> global maps for 4 ecosystem services (Carbon
sequestration, Grassland production of livestock, Water
provision, Carbon storage --> mostly simple models
combined with land use data; often look-up tables)
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Discussion
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Mapping studies at large scales
Naidoo et al. 2008, PNAS;
--> global maps for 4 ecosystem services (Carbon
sequestration, Grassland production of livestock, Water
provision, Carbon storage --> mostly simple models
combined with land use data; often look-up tables)
Egoh et al. 2008, Agricult., Ecosystem and Environm.;
Æ maps for South Africa: 5 ecosystem services (Surface
water supply, Water flow regulation, Soil retention, Soil
accumulation, Carbon storage --> run-off models combined
with look-up tables involving land-use)
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
A rapid assessment
• Climate
• Parent material
• NPP
• Land-cover type
• Functional urban areas
• Nationally and internationally
designated conservation areas
• Soil degradation
• irrigation
Administrative mapping units of EU-25+
after Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management; Renetzeder & Wrbka, 2006, EU report
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Habitat diversity and protection
A rapid assessment
Expert-generated
look-up tables
indicate..
..whether or not land
characteristics support
landscape function
Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Examples
mean importance (index)
Habitat diversity & protection
120
500km
15
10
0.5
5
00
High potential
Low potential
1
2
3
Urban
dense
areas
Dispersed
urban
areas
Broad
pattern
intensive
agriculture
4
5
6
7
Rural
Forested Open
Compomosaic landsemisite landscape
and
natural or scape
pasture
natural
landslandcape
scape
Dominant landscape type
Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Haines-Young et al. 2010, unpubl EEA report
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Examples
Commercial forest products
500km
High potential/sensitivity
Low potential/sensitivity
no data
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Haines-Young et al. 2010, unpubl EEA report
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Examples
Recreation and tourism
500km
High potential/sensitivity
Low potential/sensitivity
no data
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Haines-Young et al. 2010, unpubl EEA report
Problem
Examples
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Multifunctionality (15 Lf)
Recreation and tourism
500km
500km
Many functions
Few functions
High potential/sensitivity
no data
Low potential/sensitivity
no data
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Haines-Young et al. 2010, unpubl EEA report
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Quality assessment – trying the impossible
Recreation and tourism
500km
Independent spatial
representations of
environmental data used as
surrogates for ecosystem
services (sources: European
Environmental Agency)
Metzger and others (2006)
Verburg and others (2007)
High potential/sensitivity
Low potential/sensitivity
no data
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
9 out of 15 functions yield
medium to high coincidence
with independent data
Kienast et al. 2009, Environmental Management
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Looking back in time with LEAC data
Habitat diversity & protection
500km
Degrative ?
Supportive ?
High potential
Low potential
Kienast et al. 2009 Environmental Management
Haines-Young et al. 2010, unpubl EEA report
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Looking back in time with LEAC data
Habitat diversity & protection
Relative area (%) per
dominant landscape type
4.5
WSL
degrative (percent area)
4
3.5
supportive (percent area)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
2
Urban
dense
areas
Dispersed
urban
areas
3
Broad
pattern
intensive
agriculture
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
4
5
6
7
Rural
Forested Open
Compomosaic landsemisite landscape
and
natural or scape
pasture
natural
landslandcape
scape
Kienast et al. 2009
Environmental
Management
Haines-Young et al.
2010, unpubl EEA
report
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Looking ahead using scenario analysis
Verburg et al. 2008, Ann Reg Sci
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Problem
Scenario analysis
more landscape
functions supported
in 2030
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
EURURALIS A1 scenario, year 2030
25 EU member states
unstable
current set of
landscape functions
supported in 2030
less landscape
functions supported
in 2030
stable
total area: 4.29
mio. km2
Cut-off threshold: 0
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
after Kienast et al. 2009, Environ. Manage.
Problem
Concepts
Review
Rapid assessment
Discussion
Discussion & Conclusion
• Service or function mapping is the big challenge: only few studies yield
satifactory results and have a bias towards provisioning functions Æ
challenge: information functions
• Rapid growth of geo-referenced data but links to processes / functions /
services need research
• expert rules (look-up tables) are o.k. for a rapid assessment. However
they need to be empirically supported
• trade-offs, spatial interdependencies rarely incorporated
• Implementation into management guidelines rapidly growing but -Æ
CAUTION: expectations from practitionners high
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Thank you..
Persons:
Institutions:
Niklaus Zimmermann
Janine Bolliger
Marcel Hunziker
Iris Heller
Michael Lütolf
Harald Bugmann
Christian Glenz
Antoine Guisan
Armin Peter
WSL-Land use dynamics division
ETHZ D-UWIS
EAWAG
EPFL-GECOS
University Bern - Inst. of Botany
Université de Lausanne - Inst. of Botany.
Universität Zürich- Geography
BAFU (ex-BUWAL, ex-BWG)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
EU-Projects BIOSCENE, PINE, ELCAI
ECOCHANGE, SENSOR
Various NF-Projects
und many
collaborators
PhD studens
Master students
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Scenario analysis: Potential impact of land abandonment
and reforestation on landscape function “Cultural and aesthetic
information”
Projected relative change in forested area
2000 - 2030 (A1 scenario of EURURALIS 2.0)
Kienast et al. in prep.
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
Scenario analysis
Percolation theory
low
Visual preference
high
Largest forest patch
100%
20-50%
0%
low
(var. publ. Kienast, Hunziker)
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics
0%
100%
Percentage forest
after Turner et al. 2001, Springer
Scenario analysis
Projected relative change in forested area
2000 - 2030 (A1 scenario of EURURALIS 2.0)
Predicted critical zones for strong change in
landscape character (>5% forest cover
change, presently 20-50% forested)
critical
potentially
critical
Percolation
Theory &
visual preference
ratings
Kienast et al. in prep.
WSL
felix kienast wsl/ethz - landscape dynamics