UNITED STATES HISTORY
INTENSIVE REVIEW
for the
South Carolina
United States History and the Constitution
End of Course (EOC) Exam
Wren High School
May 15, 2012
DAY ONE
Table of Contents
Standard 1
P. 2-9
Standard 2
P. 10-14
Standard 3
P. 15-20
Standard 4
P. 20-25
SESSION ONE
Colonial America and the American Revolution
Standard 1.1
Comparing and Contrasting British North America
NEW
ENGLAND
MIDDLE
COLONIES
SOUTHERN
COLONIES
Key Colonies
Massachusetts, Rhode
Island
New York, Pennsylvania
Maryland, Virginia,
Carolina, Georgia
Key Figures
Roger Williams, Anne
Hutchinson, Jonathon
Edwards
William Penn
John Smith, John Rolfe,
Lord Baltimore, James
Oglethorpe
Why Settle?
Commerce
“Religious Freedoms”
Agriculture (staple crops)
Religious Tolerance
Agriculture (Cash Crops)
Economic
Activity
Fishing, Shipbuilding,
Timber, Distilling Rum
Staple Crops
(Wheat, Corn)
Cash Crops (Tobacco, Rice,
Indigo)
Predominant
Religion(s)
Congregational (Puritan)
Baptists (Rhode Island)
Church of England (NY)
Quakers (PA)
Church Of England
Catholic (Maryland)
Religious
Outlook
Fanatical
Tolerant
Casual
2
Standard 1.2
Conflict between the British Parliament and the Colonial Legislatures
When it happened?
What did it do?
How should it affect
the colonies
How did it affect the
colonies
Magna Carta
English Bill of Rights
1225
1689
No Man could be
Gave Basic Freedoms
punished except
through the law
Should have the same
These Freedoms
rights as British
should be Guaranteed
subjects in England
to the Colonist
Had separate harsher
rules and unfair
punishments
Faced unfair Taxation,
Didn’t have the
freedom to petition
the monarch with no
fear of retribution
Parliament Taxes the Colonies
1754-1763
French and Indian War
1763 Proclamation of 1763 ____________________________________________________
1764 Sugar Act
____________________________________________________
1765 Stamp Act
______________________________________ Internal Tax
1767 Townshend Acts
____________________________________________________
3
The Road to Revolution
1770 Boston Massacre
____________________________________________________
1773 Boston Tea Party
____________________________________________________
1774 Intolerable Acts ____________________________________________________
1. Boston Port Closed
____________________________________________________
2. Massachusetts Under Martial Law ________________________________________________
3. British troops to be tried in Britain ____________________________________________
4. Boston Forced to Quarter Troops___________________________________________________
5. Quebec’s Borders extended
____________________________________________________
The Revolutionary War
1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord Siege of Boston
1776 January
Publication of Common Sense
July Declaration of Independence
December Publication of The Crisis Battle of Trenton
1777 Battle of Saratoga
Turning Point
Treaty of Alliance with France
1781 Siege of Yorktown
____________________________________________________
1783 Treaty of Paris ____________________________________________________
Standard 1.3
Impact of the Declaration of Independence
and Revolutionary War on establishing the
ideals of a Democratic Republic
The Declaration’s ideas eventually formed the groundwork for the
United States Constitution. Helped ignite debate over other issues
regarding The Rights and Freedoms of citizens. Over the centuries the
Declaration of Independence has served as the foundation on which
countless crusades for Social Justice and reform have been based.
4
What impact did the Declaration of independence and the
Revolutionary war have on France?
Inspiration for the French Revolution
Standard 1.4
Dissatisfaction with the Articles of
Confederation/Constructing the Constitution
The Articles of Confederation
The first plan of government for the United States was the Articles of Confederation which were drafted
in 1776. The Articles were replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.
The Articles vs. the Constitution
Articles of Confederation
U.S. Constitution
“A Firm League of Friendship”
1 Per State
Collected by the States
“A More Perfect Union”
Population/Equal
Collected by Congress
Powers of
Congress
Permission from the states
Congress can Tax
Amendments
Agreed upon by all states
2/3 of Congress + 3/4 of States
Representation
Taxation
5
The Constitutional Convention
May-September, 1787
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
For what purpose? Fix problems with the articles of Confederation.
Conflict and Compromise at the Constitutional Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Number of Representatives based on number of free inhabitants. Large State Plan
One Vote Per State. Small State Plan
Great (Connecticut)
Compromise
Bicameral Congress, Senate Two Representatives, and House of Representatives based
on population
3/5 (“Not So Great”)
Compromise
Three Fifths of the slave population would count toward the number of
representatives for each state. The Southern States liked this.
Slave Trade
Compromise
Agreement to not tax trade for 20 years In return to regulate the slave trade after that
time.
Electoral
College
Elects the President
Amendments
Electors = Representatives + Senators
2 / 3 OF Congress + 3 / 4OF THE States
Standard 1.5
Principles of the Constitution
Federalism – power is divided between the Federal government and the State
governments.
Ordered Government
Shays Rebellion (1786)
Representative Government (Republicanism)
6
Separation of Powers
Judicial Branch
Checks on President:
Declare actions
unconstitutional
Checks on Congress:
Declare laws
Unconstitutional
Executive Branch
Checks on Congress: Veto
Legislative Branch
Checks on President:
Override Veto
Checks on Supreme
Court: Appoints Federal
Judges
Checks on Supreme
Court: Establish lower
federal courts
In addition to separation
of powers, the Framers
proposed a system of
checks and balances in
order to make sure that
the members of one
branch of government did
not become too powerful
or corrupt.
Examples:
Veto, Treaty Ratification,
Judicial Nomination and
Confirmation
7
Standard 1.6
Two Party System, Democratic-Republicans
and Federalist
The First Two-Party System
What was each party’s stance on each of these issues?
(Jeffersonian)
FEDERALISTS
Alexander
Hamilton
John Adams
DEMOCRATICREPUBLICANS
Leaders
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
Strong CENTRAL Gov.
Federalism
Strong STATE Governments
LOOSE Construction
Constitution
STRICT Construction
Government assistance for
economic development
Economy
Laissez-faire
Yes
National Bank
No
Yes
Protective Tariff
No
Yes
Federal Assumption of
State War Debts
No
Cities/Commercial Interest
Supporters
Farmers
Washington’s Farewell Address:
1. Political Parties
Washington urged Americans to avoid
2. Entangling Alliances
8
Standard 1.7
John Marshall, Marbury V. Madison
The Adams Administration
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Federalist
WHO?
WHAT?
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)
Madison and Jefferson
Deport Aliens, Crime to publish false,
scandalous, malicious writing against
the government
Constitution is a compact between the states, Protested
the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Before leaving office, John Adams appointed several midnight judges, who would
serve life terms and be able to undermine Jefferson’s Republican administration
from the bench. These included John Marshall who Adams appointed as Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court
Marbury v. Madison established the principle of Judicial Review which says that
the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution. This differed
from Thomas Jefferson’s belief that the Congress interprets the Constitution.
John Marshall vs. Thomas Jefferson
John Marshall
(Federalist)
Strong Central
Government
Pro
National Bank
Thomas Jefferson
(Democratic Republican)
Weak Central
Government
Anti
Pro-Merchant
Economic Development?
Pro-Agriculture
Loose
Strict / Loose Construction
Strict
Supreme Court
Who Interprets the
Constitution?
Congresss
Federalism
9
STANDARD 2
Movement West
Standard 2.1
Impact of Westward Movement on Democracy
Louisiana Purchase / Lewis and Clark Expedition
1803 – Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France. He sent Lewis and Clark to
explore the Purchase (WIN) and to find a Water Passage
(FAIL).
Indian Removal / Trail of Tears
TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS TIMELINE
10
Standard 2.2
Explain the Monroe Doctrine
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
NO MORE…
Describe how this
political cartoon
represents the Monroe
Doctrine’s affect on the world.
Uncle Sam Putting his hat labeled the Monroe Doctrine on America to
claim it for himself. We see other European figures that are on the
Eastern Hemisphere watching America. Left the United States in control
of the Western Hemisphere
11
Manifest Destiny
John Gast, American Progress (1872)
Explain the cartoon above in reference to Manifest Destiny.
Gods will to move west. Angel laying telegraph wire toward the west. Divine Right
to move west.
Whose Will was it that America had the Right to expand West? Gods
12
Texas Revolution
The Republic of Texas (1836-1846)
Problems with Annexation:
1. Added a new Slave State
2. War with Mexico
Standard 2.3
Sectionalism and Economic Development
NORTH
Industry
SOUTH
Agriculture
WEST
Agriculture, Railroads, Mining
13
Standard 2.4
Antebellum Reform and Sectionalism
Antebellum means “Before the War.” In U.S. History, antebellum describes the
period between 18__ and the start of the Civil War in 1861.
SECTIONALISM
NORTH
Industry
SOUTH
Agriculture
WEST
Ranching, Mining,
Railroads
Whig Party,
Business Owners
John C. Calhoun,
Democrats and
The Democrats,
Cattle Owners
Plantation Owners
Yes Slavery
Few Slaves
Economy
Political Leaders
No Slavery
Political Issues
ANTEBELLUM REFORM MOVEMENTS
Movement
Key Figures
Second Great
Awakening
Charles Grandison
Finney
Abolitionism
John Brown, William Lloyd
garrison, David walker,
Fredrick Douglas, Nat
turner, Sarah Grimke
Religious movement
Outlaw slavery
Prohibit drinking alcohol
Temperance
Women’s Rights
Information
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Lucretia
Mott
Seneca falls convention
Antebellum reform movements were strongest in the North, but did not catch
on in the more traditionally-minded South.
14
The more aggressively Northerners criticized the institution of slavery, the more
the South Defended it.
Standard 3.1
Events Leading to the Civil War
Monroe
1820 Missouri Compromise
36°30′
Clay’s American System
1824 The “Corrupt” Bargain (Clay and Adams)
J.Q. Adams
1. A Tariff
2. A National Bank
1828 Tariff of Abominations
Jackson
3. Federal Subsidies
WHO LOSES?
1828-1833 Nullification Crisis
1831
Southern Plantation Owners
The Liberator published
William Lloyd Garrison
Van Buren
Tyler
Polk
1846-1848
1836
Texas Republic
1845
Texas Annexed
Mexican American War
Wilmont Proviso
Banned Slavery in any land gained from Mexico
Abolitionism vs. Free Soil
Abolitionism
Free Soil
Wanted to free the slaves
Did not want slavery in the west because it was
competition
Geographic Base: North
Taylor
Fillmore
Geographic Base: West
Compromise of 1850
1. Texas and New Mexico Split
The Great
Triumvirate
2. California Accepted as a Free State
on compromising
3. Fugitive Slave Act
4. South Refuses the Wilmont Proviso
15
Webster
Mass.
Clay
K.Y.
Calhoun
S.C.
5. Slave Trade Banned in Washington D.C.
The Crisis of the 1850s
The 1830s vs. the 1850s
Pierce
1830s
1850s
Nullification Crisis
States Rights South against
A National North
Angered the North.
1852 Uncle Toms Cabin published
Fugitive Slave Law especially
IMPACT: Horrors of Slavery unveiled
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
Republican Party Founded
PLATFORM: Not to extend Slavery
1856 “Bleeding Kansas”
Notable abolitionist involved: John Brown
Buchanan
1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford
1. Slaves are property
2. No Citizenship for Slaves
3. Nullified Missouri compromise
1859 John Brown’s Harper’s Ferry Raid
1860 Lincoln Elected President
Lincoln
1. The Confederacy: South secedes (12/1860-2/1861)
States:
South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Florida, Georgia,
Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas
16
2. Fort Sumter attacked (4/1861)
3. Lincoln’s Response: Send troops into the South.
4. The Confederate States of America-South secedes (April-June/1861)
17
Standard 3.2
Course of the Civil War,
The Civil War
(aka, “The War Between the States”)
United States of America (USA)
Confederate States of America (CSA)
“The North” or “The Union”
“The South” or “The Rebels”
Strategies
Blockade the South
Take Washington D.C. To end the war
Strengths
Industry, supplies, Navy
Highly trained officers, experienced with
weapons
Weaknesses
Not highly trained population
No industry, Blockaded
Leaders
Lincoln, Grant, Sherman
Davis, Lee, Stonewall Jackson
Turing Points
Decisive Battles of the Civil War
Battle
Victor
Year
Union
Confed.
X
Significance
1st Bull Run
1861
1st Major Battle, Shows determination of
military
Antietam
1862
X
1st battle on Northern Soil. Bloodiest Battle
Vicksburg
1863
X
North wins control of Mississippi
Gettysburg
1863
X
South’s Last attempt at foreign aid
Appomottox
1865
X
South Surrenders
The Emancipation Proclamation
EFFECTIVE DATE:
January 1, 1863
Which slaves were freed by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation? In states that left the Union
How many slaves were freed on January 1, 1863? None
18
What value did it have, then? Made the purpose of the union to free the slaves.
By what authority did Lincoln free these slaves? War powers Authority.
Lincoln defined the proclamation as a “necessary War measure.”
Why didn’t Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation sooner? Needed a significant victory for the
North
Lincoln and the Civil War
Lincoln’s primary goal in fighting the Civil War was to
Preserve the Union. To this goal, he added the emancipation of slaves as it became clear that the
war would be a long and bitter conflict.
Standard 3.3
Effects of Reconstruction
Reconstruction
By what process will the Southern states be brought back into the Union?
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right,
let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds… to do all which may achieve
and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. “
-- Abraham Lincoln
Second Inaugural Address
Presidential Reconstruction
10% Plan – Lincoln’s plan to allow Southern states back into the Union quickly and easily
Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 hardened Northern attitudes toward the
defeated South. Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson, attempted to continue Lincoln’s
generous plans for Reconstruction, but encountered resistance from Congress. Northern
Republicans also resented Southern states’ efforts to impose Black Codes, which denied basic rights of
citizenship to African-Americans.
Radical Republicans
Goals of the Radical Republicans:
1. Punish the South
2. Give former slaves full citizenship rights
Presidential Reconstruction
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
(1863-1867)
(1867-1877)
10% Plan
Quick and easy transition
Bring the Country back together
Punish the South
Treat them like a conquered enemy
19
President Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Acts that were passed by the Radical Republicans in 1867, but
his vetoes were overridden by a 2/3 vote of Congress. The Radical Republicans Impeached President
Johnson over disagreements about Reconstruction plans. Johnson avoided being removed from office
by majority vote.
Standard 3.4
Effects of Reconstruction
Reconstruction Amendments
Presidential Reconstruction
13th Amendment (1865)
Abolished Slavery
14th
Radical Reconstruction
Amendment (1868) 15th Amendment (1870)
1.Gave Equal Rights to all freed
men
2. Outlawed Discrimination
Voting eligible for all males
regardless of race.
Reconstruction in the South
Radical Republicans divided the South (except for Tennessee, which ratified the 13th Amendment
voluntarily) into five Military districts. Radical Republicans believed that the defeated South should be
treated like “Conquered provinces.”
Freedmen’s Bureau: Provide aid for freedmen and poor whites
Carpetbaggers
Moved From North To South
Scalawags
Southern Whites that supported
Reconstruction/Republican Party
The Ku Klux Klan committed acts of violence and intimidation against “carpetbaggers,” “scalawags,” and
freedmen.
Compromise of 1877: Pulled troops out of the south and allowed the Redeemers to take over.
Jim Crow – enforced segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):
Separate, but Equal
20
Standard 3.5
Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells
List the Methods that each of these Activist used in their
battle for Civil Rights
Booker T.
W.E.B Du Bois
Ida B. Wells
Washington
Slow Baby Steps Immediate equality Better Conditions
Compromise
Niagara Movement
Anti-Lynching
Atlanta
NAACP
Movement
Compromise
Standard 4
Standard 4.1
Impact of Government Policy and Construction of the
Railroads on the Native American Peoples
The Dawes Severalty Act
Adopted by Congress in 1887
Made as an attempt to Assimilate Native Americans.
Allowed Native Americans to sign up for Land.
Government took control of all unclaimed lands.
21
Standards 4.2/4.3
Capitalism, Railroads, Big Business through Monopolies
The Gilded Age
Gilded Age: Coated with gold
Impact of the Railroads:
1. Transcontinental Railroad 2. Monopolies 3. Easier access of goods/shipping
Advantages of Corporations
1. Rise of new markets 2. Rise of national market 3. New Industries
Big Businesses:
Andrew Carnegie
John Rockefeller
Business
Steel
Oil
Vertical Integration
Horizontal Integration
Controlling all aspects of
Buying out the competition
Production
Tactics used: Sold Railroads to buy Steel Industry
Oil Monopoly
Social Darwinism: Belief that people are prosperous or poor because they are meant to be.
Sherman Antitrust: Made Monopolies Illegal
Robber Barons:
1. Government support
3. Resources
Governmental Actions that produced Industrial Growth
2. Cheap labor
4. Railroads
Labor Unions v. Big Business
What were the problems of the labor force?
1. Not strong enough 2.Didnt boost the economy 3. No government support
The two major Labor Unions of the era were
Industrial era
1920’s-30’s
Weapons of Labor
Weapons of Business
1. Strikes
1.Strike Breakers
2. Boycotts
2. Government assistance
3. Unions
3. They affected the National Market
22
Labor Strikes
Railroad Strike of 1877
Haymarket Strike
Pullman Strike
Wages Cut
Radicals Set off Bomb
Workers Strike, Pullman
Closed Plant
Sent troops in to stop strike.
Set Precedent
Turned Public against knights
of labor
Sent troops to put down
strike
Causes
Results
Which side did the government take? The side of business
Mother Jones and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory brought public attention to child labor and unsafe
working conditions.
President Roosevelt changed the government’s stance on labor unions when he supported the use of
strikes by labor unions.
Standard 4.4
Populist Movement
Problems of the Farmers
1. Over Production
3. Farms Mortgaged
2. Falling Prices
4. Shipping Cost
Farmers Movements
1.
Greenbacks
Bimetallism
2. Republican Party
Gold Standard
Was the Populist Party successful? It was successful in gaining farmers support but not enough to win
election.
Election of 1896
“Farmers v. Big Business”
Farmers supported the Populist and Democratic Candidate, William Jennings Bryan in the Election of
1896. This candidate gave a very important speech called The Cross of Gold , which argued for
Bimetallism.
Big Business supported the Republican Party candidate, McKinley , and his Front Porch Campaign. He
won the election because he received the support of the workers that feared the inflationary (soft
money) policies of Populist Party.
23
Standard 4.5
Immigration, Ethnic Neighborhoods, and Political Machines
Ethnic Neighborhoods and Immigrant Poverty
In most cases, immigrants were too poor to move beyond coastal cities, leading to the rise of
densely populated ethnic neighborhoods. Immigrants relied on political machines, led by party
bosses, to help them find jobs. The political machines relied on immigrant votes to keep
themselves in power.
Muckrakers, such as Jacob Riis, author of How the Other Half Lives, exposed the poor conditions
in urban tenements (low-rent apartments) and sweatshops, where immigrants performed
cheap labor.
Although most immigrants stayed in coastal cities, such as NYC, many went to Chicago and
other cities in the Midwest where low-paying, undesirable jobs (e.g., meatpacking) were
available. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, exposed the wretched working conditions in
Chicago’s meatpacking industry.
Native born Americans tended to resent the “New Immigrants” for several reasons:
1. They didn’t understand English.
2. Their home countries lacked traditions of Democratic government.
3. Their religions (Catholicism, Judaism, Buddhism) were largely alien to native born Americans.
4. They provided a steady supply of Cheap Labor, which undermined efforts by labor unions to get
better wages.
Catholicism and cheap labor were also reasons why people resented the Irish immigrants during the
antebellum period. However, the Irish did speak English and had traditions of republican government,
so no efforts were made by Congress to limit Irish immigration during the nineteenth century.
24
Migration of African Americans to the North and West
Where they went
Why they went
What they
encountered
Industry Jobs
Discrimination
North
Agriculture
Discrimination but
better than the north
and south
West
Political Machines
Key Figures: Boss Tweed
Key groups: Tammany Hall, New York’s Democratic Political Machine
Examples of Corruption: Grafting, Tammany Ring Scandal, the credit
mobilliers
What strategies did political machines use to gain votes from
Immigrants? Give them work and housing to gain votes
25
Standard 4.6
Progressive Movement
Progressiveness- Social Activism, Reforms, End Corruption in Politics
Progressive
Theory
Activism
Accomplished
Carrie
Chapman
Catt
Women’s
Suffrage
Alice Paul
Jane
Addams
Theodore
Roosevelt
Woodrow
Wilson
Woman’s
Suffrage
Social
Gospel
Movement
Protection
of
Customers
“New
Freedom”
Founder of Lobbied for Hull House,
the League
19th
First
of Women Amendment settlement
Voters, and
house in
President of
U.S.
National
American
Woman
Suffrage
Association
Square Deal
Tariff
Reforms,
Anti-trust
act, Banking
Reform
26