Logic Functions
• While each logical element or condition must
always have a logic value of either "0" or "1",
we also need to have ways to combine
different logical signals or conditions to
provide a logical result .
• For example, consider the logical statement: "If I move the
switch on the wall up, the light will turn on." At first glance,
this seems to be a correct statement. However, if we look at a
few other factors, we realize that there's more to it than this.
In this example, a more complete statement would be: "If I
move the switch on the wall up and the light bulb is good and
the power is on, the light will turn on.“
• If we look at these two statements as logical expressions and
use logical terminology, we can reduce the first statement to:
• Light = Switch
• This means nothing more than that the light will follow the
action of the switch, so that when the switch is up/on/true/1
the light will also be on/true/1. Conversely, if the switch is
down/off/false/0 the light will also be off/false/0.
• When we deal with logical circuits (as in
computers), we not only need to deal with
logical functions; we also need some special
symbols to denote these functions in a logical
diagram. There are three fundamental logical
operations, from which all other functions, no
matter how complex, can be derived. These
functions are named and, or, and not. Each of
these has a specific symbol and a clearlydefined behavior
AND Gate:
OR Gate
• The OR gate is sort of the reverse of the AND gate.
The OR function, like its verbal counterpart, allows
the output to be true (logic 1) if any one or more of
its inputs are true. Verbally, we might say, "If it is
raining OR if I turn on the sprinkler, the lawn will be
wet." Note that the lawn will still be wet if the
sprinkler is on and it is also raining. This is correctly
reflected by the basic OR function .
In symbols, the OR function is designated with a plus sign (+).
In logical diagrams, the symbol to the left designates the OR
gate.
•
As with the AND function, the OR function can have any number of inputs.
However, practical commercial OR gates are mostly limited to 2, 3, and 4 inputs, as
with AND gates
The NOT Gate, or Inverter
• The inverter is a little different from AND and OR gates in that it always
has exactly one input as well as one output. Whatever logical state is
applied to the input, the opposite state will appear at the output.
• The NOT function, as it is called, is necessary in many applications and
highly useful in others. A practical verbal application might be:
• The door is NOT locked = You may enter.
• The NOT function is denoted by a horizontal bar over the value to be
inverted, as shown in the figure to the left. In some cases a single quote
mark (') may also be used for this purpose: 0' = 1 and 1' = 0. For greater
clarity in some logical expressions, we will use the over bar most of the
time.
In the inverter symbol, the triangle actually denotes only an amplifier, which in digital
terms means that it "cleans up" the signal but does not change its logical sense. It is
the circle at the output which denotes the logical inversion. The circle could have been
placed at the input instead, and the logical meaning would still be the same.
•
http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/basic_gates.html
NAND Gate.
• The NAND gate is a digital logic gate that
behaves in a manner that corresponds to the
truth table to the left. A LOW output results
only if both the inputs to the gate are HIGH. If
one or both inputs are LOW, a HIGH output
results. The NAND gate is a universal gate in
the sense that any boolean function can be
implemented by NAND gates.
NOR gate
• The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that
implements logical NOR - it behaves according
to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output
(1) results if both the inputs to the gate are
LOW (0). If one or both input is HIGH (1), a
LOW output (0) results. NOR is the result of
the negation of the OR operator. NOR is a
functionally complete operation -combinations of NOR gates can be combined
to generate any other logical function. By
contrast, the OR operator is monotonic as it
can only change LOW to HIGH but not vice
versa.
Excusive OR gate
• A simple way to state this is "one or the other
but not both."
• exclusive disjunction is a logical operation on
two logical values, typically the values of two
propositions, that produces a value of true
only in cases where the truth value of the
operands differ.