21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Contents
1
Characteristics of the endurance demands in tennis
2
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
3
Endurance training with young tennis players
4
E d
Endurance
T ti
Testing: „The Hit&Turn
Th Hit&T
T i T t“
Tennis Test“
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Characteristics of the endurance demands in tennis
Basic Endurance versus Tennis Specific Endurance ?
Endurance
Local Endurance
aerobic
dyn
stat
General Endurance
anaerobic
dyn
stat
aerobic
ae
ob c
dyn
stat
aanaerobic
ae ob c
dyn
stat
Hollmann and Hettinger 2002
Contents
1
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Characteristics of the endurance demands in tennis
Basic Endurance versus Tennis Specific Endurance ?
Basic Endurance = Tolerance towards extensive aerobic, dynamic work of large skeletal muscles
Activities:
• Running/Jogging
• Walking/Nordic‐Walking
• Cycling
• Inline‐Skating
• Swimming/Aqua‐Jogging
)
g
• ((Nordic) Scating
• Rowing
• Aerobic/Step‐Aerobic
• Indoor Fitness (e.g. Cross Trainer)
• Cardio Tennis
Endurance
Local Endurance
aerobic
dyn
stat
General Endurance
anaerobic
dyn
stat
aerobic
ae
ob c
dyn
stat
aanaerobic
ae ob c
dyn
stat
Hollmann and Hettinger 2002
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Characteristics of the endurance demands in tennis
Tennis Specific Endurance = ?
Tennis Specific Endurance
Example 1: Intensive Baseline Drill including sprints.
Local Endurance
aerobic
dyn
stat
General Endurance
anaerobic
dyn
stat
aerobic
ae
ob c
dyn
stat
aanaerobic
ae ob c
dyn
stat
Hollmann and Hettinger 2002
Contents
2
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Characteristics of the endurance demands in tennis
Tennis Specific Endurance = ?
Tennis Specific Endurance
Example 2: Volley training with
high repetitions.
Local Endurance
aerobic
dyn
stat
General Endurance
anaerobic
dyn
stat
aerobic
ae
ob c
dyn
stat
aanaerobic
ae ob c
dyn
stat
Hollmann and Hettinger 2002
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Characteristics of the endurance demands in tennis
Tennis Specific Endurance = 1. During the work
Tolerance towards aerobic (and anaerobic), dynamic (and static) work of larger (and smaller) skeletal muscles
Tennis Specific Endurance
Local Endurance
aerobic
dyn
stat
General Endurance
anaerobic
dyn
stat
aerobic
ae
ob c
dyn
stat
aanaerobic
ae ob c
dyn
stat
Hollmann and Hettinger 2002
Contents
3
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Characteristics of the endurance demands in tennis
Tennis Specific Endurance = 1. During the work
Tolerance towards aerobic (and anaerobic), dynamic (and static) work of larger (and smaller) skeletal muscles
2.
After the work
Quick regeneration between intensiv rallies (drills) or matches (trainings units)
Tennis Specific Endurance
Local Endurance
aerobic
dyn
General Endurance
aerobic
ae
ob c
anaerobic
stat
dyn
stat
dyn
aanaerobic
ae ob c
stat
dyn
stat
Hollmann and Hettinger 2002
Individual Determinations of Tennis Specific Endurance:
• Stroke energy and stroke economy
• Body weight and reactive force
• Running economy and coordination
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Characteristics of the endurance demands in tennis
Energy metabolism and oxygen kinetics differ extremly between running and tennis
4
.
VO
2
TENNIS
[l/min]
RQ
VO
RQ
W.R. (VO2 = 1,737 l/min)
Simulation 2
1,5
Simulation 3
2
3
1,3
2
1,1
0,9
1
0
Simulation 1
Pause
Ruhe
Einschlagen
4
10 - 40 min
Pause
Pause
100 - 120 min
0,7
1,5
LAUFEN
W.R. (VO2 = 1,695 l/min)
3
1,3
2
1,1
1
0,9
0
Ruhe
0 - 10 min
10 - 40 min
100 - 120 min
0,7
Ferrauti et al.
Eur J Appl Physiol 2002
Endurance training for tennis players is based on a sufficient general endurance
but has to consider predominantly the tennisspecific endurance !
Contents
4
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
Questions and Contradictions?
„Children have a good
aerobic capacity “
„Children have a low
anaerobic capacity “
Selected Citations
?
?
„Children are not made
for long distance running“
„Children love short and
intense activities“ Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
Biochemical profile
Anaerobic markers
• similar resting values for muscle ATP and PCr
(e g PFK) lower adrenergic stimulation
• lower glycolytic enzyme activity (e.g. PFK), lower
• smaller glycogen stores, less fast‐twitch muscle fibers ?
• lower maximal blood lactate concentrations
• better regulation of blood pH and blood [H+] Schwankungen
Aerobic markers
• quicker VO2 response
• higher relative volume of muscle mitochondria and aerobic enzyme activity
• lower RER with better fat utilization
Markers
children
PCr
PFK, Epi, Glyk
blood [La‐]
blood pH
VO2‐Kinetiks
mitochondria Vol.
RER
Interpretation
Children seem to have a lower anaerobic and a good aerobic capacity on the first view,
but this has no implications for aerobic and anaerobic fitness and endurance training!
1.
2.
The lower anaerobic capacity is adapted to body composition and body mass.
The biochemical aerobic capacity is not corresponding to aerobic performance.
Contents
5
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
Body composition from children and adults is different
Children have a lower relative (and absolute) muscle volume and a relative higher blood volume.
Consequently blood [La‐] is lower, but this is no indication for a lower anaerobic fitness!
Adult
80 kg KG
65 ml/kg = 5,5 l
Child
40 kg KG
40 % = 32 kg
72,5 ml/kg = 2,9 l
35 % = 14 kg
blood
muscle
Contents
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
Regulation of blood pH is better in children than in adults
Similar blood [LA‐] correspond to higher blood pH.
Consequently children can better maintain performance during intensive repetitive work!
Ratel et al. 2002
Contents
6
21.10.2008
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
Oxygen kinetic in children is faster than in adults
Adaptation of oxygen uptake is regulated better at the onset of exercise.
Consequently children have a perfect equipment for a variable oxygen uptake !
Armon et al. 1991
Contents
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
VO2max related to body weight has no indication for aerobic performance
Running economy in children is lower (force production, co‐contractions).
Inspite of a high biochemical capacity, the aerobic performance has biomechanical limitations!
Krahenbuhl et al. 1985
Rowland 1989
Contents
7
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
Observational techniques show that children prefer short bursts of intense physical activity
The average duration of all activities was 6 s.
Children playing activity is partly anaerobic and aerobic and corresponds to the tennis demands!
60
% of obs
servations
50
40
30
20
10
3
6
9
12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
267
Duration of activity [s]
Bailey et al. 1995
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Aspects of childrens exercise physiology
ƒ Children are Metabolic Nonspecialists (aerobic, anaerobic alactacid, anaerobic lactacid)
ƒ Aerobic and anaerobic capacity (engine power) is exactly adapted to body composition (autobody)
ƒ No risk of excessive demands because of a „physiological self restriction“
ƒ The smaller engine has less power but produces less emissions (blood lactate)
ƒ The musculoskeletal system (underbody of the car) is not made for long distances
ƒ Children are perfectly suited for short bursts of intense physical activity (city traffic)
Tennis training and competition as well as a semicpecific endurance training (fartlek) correspond exactly to childrens physiological, biomechanical and psychological specifics
Contents
8
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance training with young tennis players
Endurance training with young tennis players should include three categories:
Basic
Endurance
Semispecific
Endurance
Tennisspecific
Endurance
Periodisation: modern concept of pre-season preparation
Semispecific Endurance Training
Tennisspecific Endurance Training
Main
Season
Basic Endurance Training
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Weeks
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Tennis Fartlek
Endurance training with young tennis players
Lauf ABC
Side‐Steps
Slalom
Bergauf‐
ergauf
Sprünge
C lD
Cool‐Down
Side‐Steps
Intro
Hundeknochen
Hundeknochen
Ausfallschritte
Schattenspiel
Total Film
Tempo bergab
Sprünge
Kontakte
Kurzsprints
extensive run
Dreieck I
coordination
5 Bäume
Tapping
Unterholz
Speed, Agility
Competitions
Dreieck II
Verfolgung
Tennis Simulation
Running ABC Cool Down
Contents
9
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance training with young tennis players
Tennisspecific Endurance Training
Principles:
ƒ Integration of tennisspecific movement patterns
ƒ Combination of standardized and open rallies
Tennis Match Play
[Intensity]
ƒ Integration of competitions
ƒ Integration of speed demands
ƒ Increase of work load intensity and stimulus duration
compared to match play
[Duration]
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance training with young tennis players
„Ins and Outs“
30 s „braces“
2 points in a row
T
Dosage:
Braces (Outs)
2 points (Ins)
Recovery
30 s 30 s
30 s
[Intensity]
[Duration]
Contents
10
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance training with young tennis players
„Under Pressure“
Player green plays alternating into FH and BH.
Player blue hits into the target zone.
Hits and errors are calculated.
T
Dosage:
intensive (blue)
moderate (green)
change of ends
30 s 30 s 15 s
[Intensity]
[Duration]
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance training with young tennis players
„Bruguera“
The player is only allowed to play forhand and
has to attack the Coach with maximum power.
Coach plays soft and high bouncing volleys.
T
Dosage:
intensiv (green)
activ recovery (blau)
30 s 30 s
[Intensity]
[Duration]
Contents
11
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
T
Endurance training with young tennis players
„Baseliner after sprint“
Players green and blue have to sprint after a signal .
The Coach feeds the ball which opens a rally
between both.
Dosage:
Sprint 3 s Rally
5‐15 s recovery
15 s
[Intensity]
[Duration]
Contents
under support of
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
Endurance Testing: „The Hit&Turn Tennis Test“
Hit & Turn Tennis Test (HTT)
ƒ Translation of the multistage 20 m shuttle run
test (Léger 1988) on tennis demands.
ƒ The Hit and Turn Tennis test is an acoustically
controlled and progressive Fitness Test.
ƒ The test can be easily carried out with a racket
on a tennis court by one or more players at the
same time.
ƒ The object of the test is to follow as long as
possible the audible signals and to hold up the
required footwork.
ƒ The player has to run along the base line and to
hit a forehand or backhand shot in the respective
corners just in time with the signals.
ƒ The maximum achieved test level is assessed
and can be used to estimate the maximum
oxygen uptake.
developed by Ruhr‐University Bochum (2008)
under support of ITF and DTB
contact: [email protected]
© 2008 Prof. Dr. Alexander Ferrauti, Ruhr‐University Bochum, Fakulty of Sport Science
Contents
12
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance Testing: „The Hit&Turn Tennis Test“
HTT test materials
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance Testing: „The Hit&Turn Tennis Test“
HTT ball pendulum
Ifty Patel
Tennismate
2 Claremont Rd
Dewsbury
West Yorks WF13 4LF
Tel: 00441924 459581 or 00447961 961443
E‐mail: [email protected]
Price: $59.00 Contents
13
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance Testing: „The Hit&Turn Tennis Test“
HTT Norm values (male tennis players)
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance Testing: „The Hit&Turn Tennis Test“
HTT individual value discussion
Player R.G. (ATP 576)
Test break-off: Level 17
VO2max: 67.0 ml/min/kg
4 mmol/l: Level 14.2
Evaluation: excellent
Player R.Z. (4th division)
Test break-off: Level 12
VO2max: 51.0 ml/min/kg
4 mmol/l: Level 10.3
Evaluation: average
Contents
14
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance Testing: „The Hit&Turn Tennis Test“
HTT mean oxygen consumption
(national ranked players)
VO2
[ml/min/kg]
VO2
[ml/min/kg]
male
60
60,0
55
55,0
50
50,0
45
female
45,0
U14m (n=17)
40
40,0
U14w (n=11)
35,0
U16w (n=12)
U16m (n=15)
35
O16m (n=14)
30
30,0
25
25,0
20
20,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Level
Level
Contents
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance Testing: „The Hit&Turn Tennis Test“
HTT performance
(age, sex)
Level max
13,4
11,3
[ml/min/kg]
12,0
10 8
10,8
11,9
10,0
10,0
11,6
7,1
7,6
U14 (n=11)
U16 (n=12)
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
U16 (n=12)
U14 (n=17)
U16 (n=15)
O16 (n=14)
57,5
59,5
VO2 max
70,0
50,0
15,3
8,0
U14 (n=11)
60 0
60,0
Level 4mmol
14,0
14 2
14,2
58,0
,
49,1
48,6
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
U14 (n=11) U16 (n=12) U14 (n=17) U16 (n=15) O16 (n=14)
[mmol/l]
18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
9,0
80
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
8,2
U14 (n=17)
U16 (n=15)
O16 (n=14)
LA max
8,0
72
7,2
6,9
6,0
U14 (n=11) U16 (n=12) U14 (n=17) U16 (n=15) O16 (n=14)
Contents
15
21.10.2008
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Endurance Testing: „The Hit&Turn Tennis Test“
HTT Validity and Reliability
n=12
VO2 max
L 4 mmol
Carpet/Carpet
0,942**
0,848**
Reliability
Carpet/Clay
0,713**
0,880**
HTT/Ball Machine Test
0,961**
0,756**
HTT/Threadmill Test
0,619 *
0,617 *
Validity
19 €
19 €
Contents
from the official E‐learning DVD of the German Tennis Federation
Alexander, Luisa and Fabio Ferrauti
Testing and Training Endurance
with young Tennis Players
Thank YOU
16