TYPES OF LEADERS
FOCUS
TYPE OF
POWER
SOURCE OF
WISDOM &
DIRECTION
SUBORDINATE
RESPONSE
STRONGMAN
TRANSACTOR
VISIONARY HERO
COMMANDS
REWARDS
VISIONS
POSITION/
AUTHORITY
REWARD
LEADER
FEAR BASED
COMPLIANCE
LEADER
CALCULATIVE
COMPLIANCE
SUPERLEADER
SELF-LEADERS
RELATIONAL/
INSPIRATIONAL
SHARED
LEADER
MOSTLY FOLLOWERS
(SELF-LEADERS)
AND THEN LEADER
EMOTIONAL
COMMITMENT
BASED ON
LEADERS
VISION
COMMITMENT
BASED ON
OWNERSHIP
TYPES OF LEADERS
TYPICAL
LEADER
BEHAVIORS
STRONGMAN
TRANSACTOR
• DIRECTION
• INTERACTIVE
GOALSETTING
• COMMAND
• ASSIGNED
GOALS
• CONTINGENT
PERSONAL
REWARD
• INTIMIDATION • CONTINGENT
MATERIAL
• REPRIMAND
REWARD
VISIONARY HERO
SUPERLEADER
• COMMUNICATION
OF LEADER’S
VISION
• BECOMING AN
EFFECTIVE SELFLEADER
• EMPHASIS OF
LEADER’S VALUES
• MODELING SELFLEADERSHIP
• EXHORTATION
• ENCOURAGING
SELF-SET GOALS
• INSPIRATIONAL
PERSUASION
• CONTINGENT
REPRIMAND
• DEVELOPING SELFLEADERSHIP
THROUGH REWARD
& CONSTRUCTIVE
CRITICAL FEEDBACK
• CREATE POSITIVE
THOUGHT PATTERNS
• PROMOTING SELF LEADING TEAMS
• FACILITATING A SELFLEADERSHIP CULTURE
TYPE OF
FOLLOWERS
“YES PERSONS”
“CALCULATORS”
“ENTHUSIASTIC
SHEEP”
“SELF-LEADERS”
SELF-LEADERSHIP
- THE INFLUENCE WE EXERT OVER OURSELVES TO ACHIEVE THE
SELF-MOTIVATION AND SELF-DIRECTION WE NEED TO PERFORM
- SELF-LEADERSHIP OCCURS NATURALLY BUT OFTEN NOT
EFFECTIVELY
* BEHAVIORAL FOCUSED STRATEGIES
SELF-OBSERVATION
SELF-SET GOALS
MANAGEMENT OF CUES
REHEARSAL
SELF-REINFORCEMENT
SELF-PUNISHMENT
* COGNITIVE FOCUSED STRATEGIES
BUILDING NATURAL REWARDS INTO TASKS
SELF-TASK REDESIGN OF CONTENT AND PROCESS
(PHYSICALLY AND COGNITIVELY)
ESTABLISHMENT OF EFFECTIVE THOUGHT PATTERNS
SELF-MANAGEMENT OF INTERNAL DIALOGUES
SELF-MANAGEMENT OF IMAGERY
SELF-MANAGEMENT OF BELIEFS AND ASSUMPTIONS
The POWER of FAILURE:
27 Ways to Turn Life’s Setbacks
into SUCCESS
By
Charles C. Manz
C. Manz, The Power of Failure,
Berrett-Koehler, 2002.
Failure is one of the most
dreaded words in the
English Language.
Success, on the other hand,
is nearly a magical idea for
most people.
Redefining Failure
and Success
“Only he who does nothing
makes no mistakes.”
---French Proverb
Successful Failures
• Albert Einstein (age 10) “You will never amount
to much,” schoolmaster.
• Ludwig van Beethoven. No talent for music …
“as a composer he is hopeless,” music teacher.
• Thomas Edison. too stupid to learn anything, teacher
• The Coca Cola Company. Sold only 400 bottles its
first year in business.
• The Beatles (1962). “We don’t like their sound …
guitar music is on the way out,”Meca Records.
• Jack Canfield and Mark Hanson. “Nobody wants
to read a book of short little stories,” one of the 144
publishers that rejected the book proposal for
“Chicken Soup for the Soul.”
A New View of Failure
“ Many people dream of success.
To me success can only be achieved
through repeated failure and introspection.
Success is the 1% that results from the 99% we
call failure.”
---Soichiro Honda
FAILURE
Old Definition
A negative, fatal, and final
result indicating:
•An inability to perform and
a lack of success.
• A falling short because of
ineptness, deficiency, or
negligence.
• A bad, bad thing that should be
avoided, mourned, and punished.
The Olympic Creed
The most important thing in the
Olympic Games is not to win but to
take part, just as the most important
thing in life is not the triumph but the
struggle. The essential thing is not to
have conquered but to have fought
well.
--Baron Pierre de Coubertin,
Founder of modern Olympic Games
Failure is the foundation of
success, and the means by which
it is achieved.
---Lao Tzu
A failure should NOT be viewed
as the end of the story but instead
as a stepping-stone to a larger
success.
FAILURE
New Definition
A short-term unexpected
result that reflects a challenge
in progress and that provides:
•A stepping stone to success.
• An opportunity for learning and
development.
• An opportunity for creative
change and innovation.
Learn From Failure
“ Once you embrace unpleasant news
not as negative but as evidence of a
need for change, you aren’t defeated
by it. You’re learning from it.”
---Bill Gates
Microsoft’s Product Failures Provided Key
Learning for Many of its Biggest Successes
•Years working on a failed database called
“Omega” resulted in the development of
“Microsoft Access”.
• Millions of dollars and countless hours spent on
a failed joint operating system project with IBM
led to the “Windows NT” operating system.
•A failed multiplan spreadsheet that made little
headway against “Lotus 1-2-3” provided key
learning for “Microsoft Exel”.
SUCCESS
Old Definition
A revered shrine of
achievement. An all-positive
final result indicating:
•Superior ability that requires no
further learning or change.
• Performance that is devoid of
flaws, weakness, or failure.
• A good, good thing that should be
sought, celebrated, and honored
above all else.
SUCCESS
New Definition
A way of living founded on
benefiting from all life has to
offer that is:
•A long-term sequence of lifeimproving results.
• An outcome of short-term
setbacks and failures.
• A process of continual
development, learning, and
fulfillment in life.
“I have missed more than 9,000 shots,
lost almost 300 games, on 26 occasions
been entrusted to take the gamewinning shot … and missed. I have
failed over and over again in my life.
And that is why I succeed.”
--Michael Jordan
Leader Centered Approach
•Focus is on commands, rewards,
leader’s vision ...
• Power is based on position, rewards,
charisma…
•Leader does the primary thinking
and others follow
•Followers become “yes persons,”
“calculators,” “enthusiastic sheep.”
Self-Leader Centered
Approach

•
•
•
Focus is on Self-Leaders
Power is Shared
“Followers” (self-leaders) do the primary
thinking and the leader coordinates for good
of the organization
Followers become independent and
interdependent self-leaders
Getting Started:
The Power of Failure Motto
• Failure is a natural part of everyday life.
• Failure, at its best, is a stepping stone to success, a
challenge in progress, and the lifeblood of a
successful life.
• Failure offers the gift of learning, the means to
become stronger and grow as persons, the possibility
for change and innovation, and the chance to see
whole new opportunities.
The Power of Failure Motto
• Failure can provide us with the foundation for longterm success if we learn to redefine it, to use it to win
through losing, and to cope and collaborate with it.
• Ultimately, both failure and success are in the eye of
the beholder.
• We can live successfully by looking beyond ourselves
and seeing all the opportunities that the world has to
offer those who have the courage to take on new
worthwhile challenges and steadily fail toward success.
The Power of Failure Motto
• We can truly live successful lives when we dare to
harness The Power of Failure.
Source: The Power of Failure by C. Manz (2002).