Review of Transmission Exit Capacity Transfers in the Gas Market DOCUMENT TYPE: REFERENCE: Consultation Paper DATE PUBLISHED: CLOSING DATE: 24th February 2010 CER/10/037 2nd April 2010 The Commission for Energy Regulation, The Exchange, Belgard Square North, Tallaght, Dublin 24. www.cer.ie CER – Information Page Related Documents: • Gaslink Code of Operations • CER/07/115 - Short-Term Capacity Products Decision Paper • CER/09/171– Review of the Regulated Tariff Formula (RTF) Responses to this consultation should be returned by email, post or fax and marked for the attention of Clive Bowers ([email protected]) at the Commission. The Commission intends to publish all submissions received. Respondents who do not wish part of their submission to be published should mark this area clearly and separately or enclose it in an Appendix, stating the rationale for not publishing this part of their comments. 2 Table of Contents Glossary ............................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction and Background ............................................................................ 5 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Description of the exit capacity regime ........................................................ 6 1.2.1 Exit capacity tariffs ................................................................................ 6 1.2.2 Booking exit capacity ............................................................................. 6 1.2.3 Exit capacity market in practice ............................................................. 7 1.3 Drivers for this Review ................................................................................. 8 2. EU Regime...................................................................................................... 10 3. Market Impact Analysis ................................................................................... 12 3.1 Exit Capacity Transfer Analysis ................................................................. 12 3.2 Impact of Exit Capacity Transfers on Primary Capacity Tariffs .................. 12 3.3 Market Sector Analysis .............................................................................. 13 3.3.1 Non Daily Metered (NDM) ................................................................... 13 3.3.2 Daily Metered (DM) ............................................................................. 14 3.3.3 Power Generation & Unregulated sector ............................................. 15 3.4 Distribution of Impacts if Secondary Transfers Were Ended. .................... 16 3.5 Wider Retail Market Analysis ..................................................................... 16 4. Some Arguments for and against Exit Capacity Transfers .............................. 18 5. Questions ........................................................................................................ 20 6. Responding to the Consultation ...................................................................... 21 3 Glossary Within this document the following terms are used: Exit Capacity Transfer - An Exit Capacity Transfer is where a shipper transfers Primary exit capacity to another part of their portfolio or to another shipper. With an exit capacity transfer, capacity can be moved between sites at different geographical locations. This capacity is commonly known as secondary exit capacity. In the case of sales to other shippers, this capacity can be called back by the selling shipper. Entry Capacity Trading - Entry Capacity Trading is where one shipper sells on to another shipper, rights in relation to all or part of their Primary Annual Entry Capacity at the same entry point. This is known as trading of primary entry capacity. This capacity can be called back by the selling shipper. Secondary Capacity- Secondary Capacity is a term we use in this paper to describe all traded entry capacity and transferred exit capacity in the whole market. NDM – Non Daily Metered DM - Daily Metered MWh – Mega Watt hour GWh – Giga Watt hour RTF – Regulated Tariff Formula I&C – Industrial and Commercial **Please note that the above is merely a glossary of terms used within this document and where appropriate, interested parties should refer to the Code of Operations for specific definitions. 4 1. Introduction and Background 1.1 Introduction In this Consultation Paper the Commission reviews the current regime for secondary transfers of exit capacity in the Irish gas transmission system. Among the key issues on which stakeholders’ views are sought are: ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Is the rationale for continuing to allow such secondary transfers valid, given the development of short term flexible capacity products in recent times? Is the current regime efficient? Is the current regime equitable between categories of gas customers? What would be the likely impact of ending secondary capacity transfers on different customer categories – e.g. residential customers versus I&Cs, between different I&C categories, the power generation sector etc? Do EU rules allow for termination of secondary transfers of exit capacity, as distinct from entry capacity, where it is clear that trading must be allowed? In embarking on this review, the Commission is anxious to emphasise that it has an open mind on the future of the current secondary capacity transfer regime – whether it should be allowed continue, be amended or terminated. Some of the policy issues involved in this review are complex. Similarly, quantifying the likely impact of change on different customer categories is also a complex exercise. The Commission is particularly anxious to hear stakeholders’ views on these issues. A related, but distinct, aspect of the review is the relationship between capacity transfer rules and the Regulated Tariff Formula (RTF) which applies to BG Energy in the retail sector. A review of secondary capacity was anticipated in the Commission’s Review of the RTF (CER/09/171 of 20 November 2009). This was because of the concern that the current rules may allow BG Energy enjoy a particular benefit in this end of the retail market. This is still a valid concern. The primary focus in the present paper, however, is on the whole underlying rationale of the current rules on capacity transfers in the first place and likely broad sectoral impact of amending/terminating it. In other words, the review would be undertaken in any event, regardless of any decision of the RTF regime. Should the Commission conclude from this consultation exercise that the rules on secondary transfers should be amended, or indeed that such transfers should be 5 ended, it would issue a direction to Gaslink pursuant Section 14 of the Gas Interim) Regulation Act 2002. The Gas Code of Operations (Part C/5) would also have to be amended to reflect such a direction. 1.2 Description of the exit capacity regime 1.2.1 Exit capacity tariffs Ireland employs a postalised exit tariff regime where the cost of primary exit capacity is the same at all parts of the Ireland system. The system averages costs across the system; if tariffs were set on a regional basis (as opposed to postalised) it is likely that Dublin and Cork would have much lower exit tariffs than Westport (for example) given the more mature nature of the network and the greater population density. Primary exit capacity and commodity tariffs are calculated as follows. 1.2.2 Booking exit capacity Transmission exit capacity is booked by shippers in accordance with their requirements and more specifically with Part C of the Code of Operations. • • NDM customers must book NDM exit capacity as advised by the transporter. Temperature sensitive customers must book capacity for a 1 in 50 year peak day adverse conditions. This means that at most times during the year the NDM sector has spare capacity that it isn’t using. DM customers have discretion on the amount of capacity they book. They are however issued a transporter recommended exit capacity amount which they are not obliged to book. 6 • LDM customers book capacity in line with their own requirements subject to the transporter respecting overall system integrity. 1.2.3 Exit capacity market in practice At present shippers have the ability to transfer exit capacity as per the Code of Operations. Transfers can occur between shippers, between sectors and between individual LDM sites. There are significant volumes of exit capacity transfers executed within the gas market at present and the number has been increasing. A large portion of the transfers are where unused NDM exit capacity is transferred to other sectors and other shippers. BG Energy supplies over 98% of the NDM residential market and so has more spare 1 in 50 capacity than any other shipper. BG Energy sells on this unused capacity to themselves and other shippers. The Commission sets the floor price for these capacity transfers and the money recouped (from all NDM capacity transfers) is recycled back through regulated NDM tariffs. BG Energy and a number of other independent shippers purchase the discounted secondary capacity and use it for their DM customers. Because of this there are a significant number of DM customers and some LDM customers that only book a nominal capacity amount of 1kWh. In this way shippers can make a margin off the capacity they supply to customers. However, not all shippers in the market utilise secondary capacity transfers. Some potential new shippers have suggested that the current regime actually acts as a barrier to entry to the market. Specifically they do not believe that it is appropriate to have to go to their main competitor (BG Energy) to buy capacity to compete with them and others in the market. Exit capacity transfers are utilised in the power generation sector also. If one station is down the shipper can transfer the capacity to another power station that may be replacing the output of the first. 7 Example of the Impact of Exit Capacity Transfers • • • • • • A new customer connects in Galway and a new pipeline is built to serve their site. Another customer connects in Cork and a pipeline is built to serve their load. In this example two pipes have been built to serve the two customers. Given that pipelines are in place to serve these customers it is fair and reasonable that each customer makes a contribution for them through capacity payments. However, the ability to transfer capacity allows shippers to transfer capacity from the site in Galway to the site in Cork to reduce overall bookings. In such a case, the transporter builds and maintains two pipelines but the shipper does not book sufficient capacity for both customers, hence the pipelines are not being remunerated. If the sites that caused the building of these pipelines are not remunerating them some other customer is. 1.3 Drivers for this Review A key consideration in this review is that the system is remunerated in a fair and equitable way with any financial burden placed on customers in proportion to the service they receive. As part of this exit capacity transfers are being considered. The facility to transfer transmission exit capacity was implemented in 1998 (before CER came into operation) as part of the first transmission code of operations. At that time there were only ten or so third party access sites in the market and only annual primary capacity was available. Some of the customers had loads that peaked outside of the winter such as the sugar processing plant and the facility to transfer exit capacity was deemed appropriate. Since then a suite of regulated short term Monthly, Daily and Within Day capacity products were implemented in 2007 which gives significant flexibility to the market. The Commission wishes to examine whether it is desirable to retain secondary transfers of primary exit capacity given the flexibility that is available in the short term products. The existence of secondary capacity impacts on areas of the Connections Policy. Under the Connections Policy appraisals for new connections and new towns assume that primary annual capacity will be booked by all new customers and will not be transferred away from the site. However in some cases the new sites 8 are not booking primary annual capacity and in other cases the capacity is being transferred on. This can have an impact on the viability of new connections and can create a burden on other system users. The current Connections Policy ensures that the transporter builds the gas network with capability to supply all customers on the coldest of days. In other words the system is maintained without constraints where the system is reinforced for new connections if reinforcement is needed. Building this capacity and then allowing exit capacity transfers which reduce bookings on the exit may be economically inefficient. In light of this the Commission wishes to examine the impact of capacity transfers on how the system is reimbursed. The Commission is currently reviewing the Regulated Tariff Formula. As part of this the Commission committed to examining the secondary capacity market in detail. The Commission also wishes to examine the impact of secondary capacity on the Non Daily Metered (NDM) market. Domestic NDM customers must book sufficient capacity to meet demand on a 1 in 50 severe winter. Given this, it is important to ensure that all users, including NDM users, pay a fair amount for the capacity made available. 9 2. EU Regime One of the three pillars of European energy policy is competition. As part of this, third party access is a key principle of gas networks. Within the wider European gas market, congestion is seen as a key barrier to new market entry and liquidity. Across mainland Europe contractual congestion has been seen as a major issue. This is where the entire capacity of pipelines has been booked on long term contracts, traditionally by legacy participants. This has meant that in many cases there is no capacity available to new players. For the most part only contractual congestion has existed with physical congestion seen as less of a problem. In order to tackle the issue of network congestion at EU level measures were put forward to promote liquidity and market entry. From a networks point of view probably the most significant piece of legislation was Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005. Regulation 1775 concerned conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and mandated the introduction of a number of new gas capacity products in the market. Short Term products from the transporter (monthly, daily, within-day1) were made available from 1st October 2007 following CER decision paper CER/07/115. The Regulation also provided for the ability of shippers to trade their primary capacity on a secondary market. Regulation 1775 also required the introduction of certain interruptible gas capacity products. There are interruptible products in place at present at Inch where gas leaves the onshore into storage and also where a shipper’s nominations are in excess of their active capacity The business rules for regulated interruptible products at the Entry were developed in 2008 but the product was not systemised on GTMS due to CAG being in development and the absence of congestion on the system. It is expected that an interruptible product will be in place as part of CAG. Regulation 1775 has recently been repealed by Regulation 715/2009/EC (under the EU Third Package) and this repeal takes effect from 3 March 2011. The new Regulation does not require the introduction of new products over and above what is currently required. A key point to bear in mind, however, is that the EU Regulations confine themselves to congestion management procedures (such as secondary transfers or trades) “which facilitate cross-border exchanges in natural gas” (see, for 1 Within-day short term product was made available from June 2008 10 example, Article 16.3 of Regulation 715/2009). They do not prescribe such procedures on domestic exit systems. This is hardly surprising. It is difficult to see how the presence, or absence, of secondary transfers on Ireland’s gas exit system could in any way adversely affect trade between Member States. 11 3. Market Impact Analysis 3.1 Exit Capacity Transfer Analysis In the next sections we explore the overall requirement for secondary transfers of exit capacity in terms of: • • • Likely impact on Exit Tariffs Likely impact on individual market sectors Likely impact on the wider retail market At the outset it is important to note that we cannot say with any certainty what the effect of removing exit capacity transfers on overall primary bookings would be. Therefore we use a range of assumptions with regard to increased primary capacity bookings. The range of increased bookings used is based on 60-100% of the amount of short term daily products booked during the recent peak day in January 2010 (not including power generation) which we believe to be a conservative range of estimates. In reality the impact on primary bookings may be more or less than the range put forward in this paper. 3.2 Impact of Exit Capacity Transfers on Primary Capacity Tariffs Taking the exit tariff for the current gas year, the required revenue is €116.03m with projected capacity bookings of 241.39 GWh. Under the current 90/10 capacity/commodity regime this gives a capacity tariff of €432/peak day MWh2. Let us now assume a range of increased exit bookings in the absence of secondary transfers. Current Bookings Level Higher estimate of increased bookings Lower estimate of increased bookings 2 Aggregate Exit Capacity Regime Required Revenue Capacity Bookings €116.03m 241GWh Capacity Tariff €432/peak day MWh €116.03m 259 GWh €412/peak day MWh €116.03m 253 GWh €418/ peak day MWh As published in cer/09/149 12 The analysis above takes no account of the revenue from short term products that shippers might book for some of their customers. This would have an impact on the figures but the level is difficult to quantify ex-ante. 3.3 Market Sector Analysis While it may seem to be a statement of the obvious, the removal of the ability to transfer exit capacity would have a negative impact on those (shippers, individual sites, sectors) who gain revenue from the sale of such capacity and those (shippers, individual sites) who buy secondary capacity to lower their capacity costs by reducing their purchases of firm annual capacity or short term products. What is less obvious is the scale of this negative impact on sectors as a whole or on individual shippers / individual sites within these sectors. At a very basic level, it is likely that high load factor “base load” sites should benefit from any reduction in the capacity tariff consequent on an ending of secondary capacity transfers. By contrast, gas customers with a more seasonal or “lumpy” load pattern are likely to lose out. We attempt to shed some light on this in the following sections. 3.3.1 Non Daily Metered (NDM) If we take the NDM market, the current gas year there are circa 100 GWh of capacity bookings forecast. This means that the NDM market will pay €43.2m for its transmission exit capacity. In the higher bookings scenarios above, the NDM market would only pay €40.3m to €41.2m for its transmission exit capacity, i.e. between €2.02m and €2.96m less than it currently pays. Given that BG Energy serves a significant proportion of the NDM market (over 98% of the domestic market) the regulated tariffs they offer set a benchmark in the market. BG Energy is required to give the proceeds from their secondary capacity sales (from their NDM book) back to the NDM market and this is reflected in the end tariff. In the 2008/09 gas year BG Energy gave back some €5m to the NDM market resulting from exit capacity transfers. 13 NDM Exit Capacity Regime Capacity Tariff Capacity Bookings €432.61 /peak 100 GWh Current Bookings Level day MWh €412 /peak day 100 GWh Higher estimate of MWh increased bookings Low estimate €418 / peak 100 GWh of increased day MWh bookings Savings Range NDM Booking cost €43.26m €41.2 €41.8m €1.46 - €2.06m Note: No change in aggregate NDM 1 in 50 booking If the ability to transfer secondary capacity were no longer available, the NDM market would likely be worse off on a year to year basis although this would be difficult to quantify given that sales of BG Energy secondary capacity vary from year to year and the many other factors that impact capacity tariffs (demand being a significant one). Using the lower numbers above (€4.8m – €1.46 = €3.34m) would have the effect of increasing BG Energy NDM tariffs by circa 0.9%. The NDM sector is required, for security of supply reasons, to book capacity for 1 in 50 year conditions. Such conditions have just occurred in 2010 and the system was able to provide gas to all NDM customers. Had the system not been built to such standards, capacity might not have been available for NDMs. Given the benefits that NDM customers receive for booking for 1 in 50 year conditions, it could be argued that it is only equitable that they pay for these. 3.3.2 Daily Metered (DM) Any removal of exit capacity transfer would likely have the most impact in the retail DM and LDM sectors given that these are the customers that rely most on secondary transfers. In the non power LDM and DM sector at present there are in the region of 10.5 GWh of exit capacity booked. If all DM sites booked the transporter recommended DM exit capacity3 there could be over 25 GWh of capacity bookings which would suggest that there could be 15 GWh of secondary capacity used in the sector. This would suggest that if secondary trading of capacity was 3 See Part C Section 6 of the Gaslink Code of Operations 14 disallowed this sector would pay considerably more in capacity charges than at present. However, the impact on end customers in the DM sector may not be as significant as the above suggests. This is because it is unclear whether the benefit of using secondary capacity is passed on either in part or in full by shippers to the final customers. In other words it depends on just how competitive this sector is and is likely to be in the future. Bookings 15 GWh 15 GWh Aggregate DM Exit Capacity Regime Tariff €/peak day MWh @ €432.61 @ €432.61 x 71%* @ €412 (Higher Bookings) @ €418 (Lower Bookings) Cost €6.48m €4.61m €6.18m €6.27m *One full year of secondary capacity purchased from BG Energy is priced at equivalent to 71% of the primary capacity cost, this is taken as the best estimate of the price paid for secondary capacity but the actual figure depends on the time of year covered by the actual purchase, e.g. summer capacity is sold at 50% of the cost of annual capacity). If the benefit of utilising secondary is passed on in full to the customers (taken as 71% above) then the DM customers pay €4.61m for this capacity. If suppliers retain part of this saving as margin then the customers would not see all of this benefit. It is likely that in the event of removing the facility to transfer exit capacity there would be individual customers within this sector who would gain and others who would loose. 3.3.3 Power Generation & Unregulated sector The impact on the power generation sector is even more difficult to quantify. In theory many of these plants are base load and will book primary annual capacity and so will benefit from lower primary charges. The situation may be somewhat different for lower load profile plants which may not justify booking primary capacity and short term products may be seen as cost-prohibitive. This issue has been raised by generators following discussions held at the industry fora in late 2009. Having carried out some initial analysis, it may be that the impact on gas plants in the merit order may not be significant in terms of fuel choice for peaker plants. Our preliminary analysis would support a view that even with short term daily capacity costs included in the bid price, a gas fired peaker would still be in merit 15 compared to a distillate fired peaker. We have examined this under a number of scenarios (recent prices (08/01/10), high gas prices (30/09/08) and high gas/oil differential (31/10/08)) and it would appear that the gas peaker would in all these cases be in merit ahead of distillate. In addition to power generation there are a number of LDM customers in the unregulated retail sector (consumption >264 GWh/annum). These customers may experience an increase in exit capacity charges depending on how much of the benefits of secondary exit capacity they currently receive. The likelihood is that they do receive discounts on their capacity. However, they will benefit from a lower overall tariff should it be reduced due to increased primary bookings (see Section 3.2). 3.4 Distribution of Impacts if Secondary Transfers Were Ended. In the preceding scenarios the benefit of any extra bookings will be shared prorata between sectors based on capacity bookings. Our analysis would suggest that the benefits would be shared in the following approximate ratios depending on the level of bookings i.e. if power generation has 52% of the total exit bookings then they see 52% of the benefit of any reduced exit capacity tariff). Power Generation Rest of LDMs and DMs NDM Shrinkage Lower Bookings 52% 7% 39% 2% Higher Bookings 51% 8% 39% 2% 3.5 Wider Retail Market Analysis As stated at the outset, the Commission has been considering the issue of secondary capacity transfers at the exit and the RTF consultation issued in 2009 has brought forward a review of the regime. In the RTF Consultation the Commission stated; “The Commission has been examining the secondary capacity market in more detail in recent times and does have some concerns on how it is operating, including its effects both on network tariffs and on the retail sector.” The 2009 consultation pointed towards concerns raised to the Commission about the information asymmetry that exists regarding secondary capacity between BG Energy and all other suppliers. 16 Following Commission presentations at the Code Mod Forum and GMARG it was suggested by some interested parties that there were market intervention solutions available for alleviating any concerns with secondary capacity and reducing, or eliminating, the information asymmetry advantages which BG Energy currently enjoys under the secondary capacity regime. This is probably true, though it should be remembered that often such rules are vulnerable to manipulation and gaming. It may be, on the other hand, that the ending of secondary capacity trading would aid competition in the market. A number of suppliers in the market have complained that no competition has developed at the customer level above the RTF sector. It could be argued that this is due in part to the existence of secondary capacity and the ending of the product could create competition in the sector. 17 4. Some Arguments for and against Exit Capacity Transfers As mentioned earlier, the Commission is satisfied that the current secondary capacity regime warrants review though it has an open mind on the outcome of that review. The purpose of this consultation exercise is to elicit views on the policy issues involved and on the likely impact that termination – should that course be followed - would have on individual gas customer groups. To aid the debate, in this section we set out some of the arguments for and against the current regime that have been have been put to the Commission in recent times or that we ourselves consider warrant addressing. The list of arguments below does not claim to be exhaustive. Secondary capacity allows the NDM market sector mitigate somewhat the cost of booking 1 in 50 exit capacity throughout the year. At present the ability to transfer primary capacity as interruptible does allow NDM customers recoup some of the cost of booking for the 1 in 50 year. However, this process actually results in a lowering of primary capacity bookings which in turn raises the overall tariffs. Secondary capacity provides for an efficient use of the transmission system in a cost effective manner While secondary capacity does provide flexibility to shippers it is unclear whether it actually results in a more efficient system. For example the existence of secondary capacity does not result in less pipes being built given the current Connections Policy Framework. Also while secondary capacity may be cost effective for some market sectors or subsets thereof, it may not be cost effective for the market as a whole. Secondary capacity provides flexibility to the power generation sector and may encourage gas peaker plants and summer peaking loads onto the system The existence of secondary capacity provides significant flexibility to the power generation sector and summer peaking loads. On the other hand, there are now a suite of regulated short term products that provide at least as much flexibility as secondary. It may be that a review of the pricing of these products would be appropriate in the event of any removal of secondary. Regarding the case for summer peaking loads it should be noted that the summer monthly products are currently priced lower than the primary annual equivalent. Secondary capacity provides a facility for primary capacity holders to transfer-on capacity that they no longer require. It has been suggested that the comfort this facility provides may even promote primary bookings. This may be a valid advantage of secondary capacity but such occurrences are more likely to be the exception than the norm. Also, there is significant flexibility 18 availability when booking short term capacity. Given that primary capacity contracts are one year in length the exposure is limited somewhat. Secondary capacity helps to promote sustainable forms of energy like wood pellets where customers can utilise gas when renewable feedstock’s are not available. Again, there is the counter argument that there is sufficient flexibility available to the market in the form of annual, monthly and daily products. Secondary capacity is an important element in the continuing development of competition in the small, medium and large business customer segments capacity. It may be that the existence of secondary capacity (in the RTF sector) has helped to develop competition in the various market sectors. However this may only be because BG Energy are obliged to quote and charge customers for the full amount of primary capacity while independent shippers can offer some or all of the benefit of secondary. If the RTF did not exist, independent shippers would not have such protection, so the potential benefit for independents would not be as significant. Secondary capacity offers scope for discounts and product differentiation between suppliers. See preceding counter argument. Also it may be that secondary capacity currently creates a less than transparent charging regime for customers. If secondary did not exist all customers would be able to more closely reconcile their transporter recommended exit capacity with their bills and capacity would be closer to a pass through only product (although potentially portfolio benefit could differentiate offers). This would see shippers compete in the main on the price of gas and the margin. 19 5. Questions Q1: Should Primary Capacity transfers be allowed on the Exit? Is there a continuing rationale for the product? Q2: What is your view on the assessment of secondary capacity and its impact on the individual market sectors as set out in Section 3 of this paper? Q3: What are your views on the interaction between secondary transfers and the retail gas market, in the light of Section 3.5 of this paper? Q4: Any other comments or submissions you wish to make? If there are questions other than those presented above please feel free to present and discuss in your consultation response. 20 6. Responding to the Consultation The Commission invites comments on this paper from interested parties to be submitted no later than 5.00pm on Friday 2nd April 2010. Comments should be sent, preferably in electronic format to; Clive Bowers Commission for Energy Regulation The Exchange Belgard Square North Tallaght Dublin 24 Tel: +353 1 4000800 Fax: +353 1 4000850 [email protected] The Commission intends to publish all comments received – those respondents wishing for certain sections of their submission to remain confidential should submit the relevant sections in an appendix marked confidential. 21 Appendix A. Relevant EU Legislation. Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005 Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 September 2005 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks Appendix B. Short Term Tariff Information. Short term capacity is priced at a percentage of primary annual capacity. The short term multipliers are included in the table below. Short Term Tariff Multipliers October November December January February March April May June July August September Primary Annual Equivalent Monthly Daily 15% 15% 20% 35% 40% 30% 15% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8.33% 0.75% 0.75% 1.33% 2.33% 2.67% 2.00% 0.75% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.27% 22
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