09 Moral Accountability Figures and tables Moral agency, Moral Accountability, & Moral Standing Moral Agency? Moral Accountability? Moral Standing? Agent Decision Results 2 Rewarding or blaming Amy Investors Board CEO VP Amy Contract Factory owner New factory Profit O→ O→ → → → O→ → O→ $$$$$$$$$$ Investors Board CEO VP Amy Contract Owner Shoddy Disaster O→ O→ → → → O→ → O→ Problem with causes as sufficient conditions Joint production in the chemical factory 1 litre of chemical A + 1 litre of chemical B → 1 litre of product C + 1 litre of pollutant D Threshold of harm = 20 litres of D. Jack A Jill B A B Productivity per hour (litres) 9 1 1 Assume Jack and Jill each work a 10-hour day. Self-sufficient production of pollutant D 9 Total self-sufficient production of pollutant D 18 Specialized production of chemicals A and B 90 0 0 Total joint production of pollutant D 90 9 9 90 4 Problem with necessary conditions Causal chains Investors Board CEO VP Amy Contract Owner Shoddy Disaster O→ O→ → → → O→ → O→ Problem with causes as necessary conditions Over-determination Victim is shot by two robbers simultaneously. Either shot is enough to kill victim. Neither is necessary. Therefore, neither robber causes death. Problem with cause as a necessary part of a set of jointly sufficient conditions Committee decisions A yes G yes B yes Motion passes by 5 votes to 2 votes. F yes C no E no D yes 7 Retrospective ethical approaches to moral accountability Ethical approach Theory of accountability Consequentialist Hold someone accountable to prevent further harm Principle-based Motivation > examine what principle followed > Keeping promises, respecting rights Find cause and determine guilty intent Retributive justice Compensatory justice Find cause and determine fault Virtue ethics Accountable for character traits displayed Care ethics Accountable for the quality of relationships 8 Agent’s wrongful decision YES Excusing conditions ? Not morally accountable NO NO Causally responsible ? YES Morally accountable in Retributive or Compensatory justice YES Bad motivation ? Morally accountable in Motivation-based reasoning NO YES Bad character ? NO Not morally accountable Morally accountable in Identity-based reasoning Moral standing Theory Identity-based Virtue ethics Ethics of care Criterion of moral standing Who has it? Community membership and Fellow community members community itself Object of caring relationship Nearby human beings, companion animals? Motive or principle-based Special rights Actual formation of explicit or implicit contracts Will theory of rights Ability to give informed consent Interest theory of rights Possession of crucial interests Consequence-based Egoism Self Experience Sentience utilitarianism Preference Ability to form preferences utilitarianism Informed preference Preferences sensitive to utilitarianism information Economic utilitarianism Market participant Designated competent adult humans and other legal entities Competent adult humans All humans, complex animals Self only All humans, many animals All humans, complex animals Competent adult humans, very complex animals Compatriots Focus on one special contract right Shareholder view of moral standing Owners Decisionmaker 11 Focus on explicit and implicit contracts Stakeholder view of moral standing Owners Local community Employees Decisionmaker Customers Suppliers 12 Ethical pluralist perspective Comprehensive view of moral standing Owners Self Employees Environment Suppliers Decisionmaker Posterity Customers Global community Local community
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